Inqubo efanelekile iyisimiso esiyisisekelo esimisweni somthetho esiqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga ngenqubo yokwahlulela. Siyitshena elibalulekile lokuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamanye emisebenzi kahulumeni ozimele. Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kubalulekile kokubili kubafundisi nabafundi, ikakhulukazi lapho kuxoxwa ngokubaluleka kokulingwa okungakhethi. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho, futhi isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni. E-United States, inqubo efanele ifakwa eMthethweni wesihlanu nowesine weSiphendulo, kodwa imisuka yaso idlulela emuva emuva emuva emthetho ovamile wesiNgisi. Lesi sihloko esinwebe sihlola incazelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, izingcingo ezingokomlando, izimemezelo ezisebenzayo, nokunikeza noma inqubo ebanzi yokwaziswa edinga noma ubani ofuna ukuqondwa ngomthetho womthetho.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo efanelekile ibhekisela emfunweni engokomthetho wokuthi umbuso kumelwe uhloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akwenzelwe umuntu. Igama livela eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, esisebenza kuhulumeni wezwe, neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esihlanganisa imfuneko yohulumeni. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sithi akukho muntu ozobe enziwa "engalawuleki ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho. ISichibiyeli se-14th sisebenzisa ulimi olufanayo ukubopha imibuso. Zonke lezi zibuye zakhelwe phansi komthetho ngaphansi kwesenzo sikahulumeni esingenakuwa. Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona inqubo ehleliwe yemithetho; kunalokho, ingumqondo oguquguqukayo ovumelana nezimo zendaba ngayinye, ukulinganisa ukulingana kwemibandela kahulumeni, idinga ukubophana kwelungelo lomuntu ngamunye.

Izazi ezingokomthetho zivame ukuhlukanisa inqubo edingekayo ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo efanele nenqubo efanelekile. iprojectedal ikhathalela inqubo efaneleyo yenqubo nomthetho olandelwayo ngaphambi kokuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Idinga isaziso esilungile, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nomenzi wesinqumo ongenamkhethe. inqubo efanelekile ye-Substantition project [, ngokwehluke, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo kahulumeni ekuphazanyisweni, ngisho noma izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo ziphelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amalungelo anjalo njengendawo yomuntu siqu, ukuzala, ukuzala, nokuzinza. Zombili izigaba zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi inqubo yanamuhla i-HPLYPrime.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Efanele Ekulingweni Okufanele

Inqubo efanelekile ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhutshwa ngokulunga nangokulunga. Kunikeza uhlelo oluvikela amalungelo omangalelwa futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buyafezeka. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, isimiso somthetho singabeka ingozi yokuba nonya nokucindezela. Izici ezilandelayo eziyinhloko zibonisa ukuthi inqubo efanele inengxenye kangakanani ekulingweni okulungile:

  • Kulungile ku-Fair Heart: Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokuveza icala labo phambi kwenkantolo engakhethi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ithuba lokubiza ofakazi, ofakazi abaphikisayo be-examine, futhi banikeze ubufakazi.
  • [ Ukubekwa icala kobumpofu: abantu abasolwayo babhekwa njengabangenacala kuze kube yilapho bethola ukuthi banecala ngokungenakungatshazwa ezicabeni zobugebengu. Lesimiso siguqula umthwalo wobufakazi kubashushisi.
  • Akwesokudla elulekweni:[ Abalweli banelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho phakathi nokuqulwa kwabo icala. Kulabo abangakwazi ukunikeza ummeli, umbuso kumelwe unikeze enye(a okuyilungelo elimisiwe [ Gideon v. Wainright [63]).
  • [ Umthetho wePublic Ament: Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kuvulekelwe umphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukubonakala nokulandisa. Ukuqulwa kwamacala omshoshaphansi kweSithathu kweSichibiyelo.
  • Akwesokudla sokudlulisa: Abantu bangabekela inselele isinqumo uma bekholelwa ukuthi kunephutha enqubweni yokuhlola. Lokhu kunikeza ulwelwesi lobungameli ekulungiseni amaphutha.
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana noFakazi ababhekene nabo:[ Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli bakhe, kuvimbele ubufakazi obungaziwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivikelo sokumelana nokuzivumelanisa: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaphoqelelwa ukuba azifakazele, ilungelo elivikela ekuvumeni okuphoqelelwe.

Lezi sivikelo azikho ndawo. Zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso esiklanyelwe ukunciphisa izinkolelo ezingalungile futhi zigcine ukuthembela komphakathi enkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kokuthi umuntu akanacala nelungelo lokululeka kusiza ekunciphiseni indawo yokudlala phakathi komuntu nombuso. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, ukulingwa bekungeke kube semthethweni futhi umthetho ungabikho.

Umlando Wenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanele unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando. Kungalandelelwa emuva eMagna Carta ngo-1215, eyaveza ukuthi akekho ongancishwa inkululeko ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lesi simiso siye savela futhi saqiniswa futhi saqiniswa ngezincwadi zomthetho nezimemezelo zenkantolo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqonda lomlando kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani inqubo efanele ihlala iyinsika yezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla.

I - Magna Carta

IMagna Carta yayiyincwadi eyingqophamlando eyabeka isisekelo sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla. Yaqala umbono wokuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nenkosi, wayengaphansi komthetho. Lena kwakuyinyathelo elibalulekile lokumisa umthetho nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokuqondile, iSahluko 39 seMagna Carta sasithi: "Akekho umuntu okhululekile ozobanjwa noma agqunywe ejele, noma asuswe amalungelo akhe noma impahla, noma adingiswe, noma ancishwe ukuma kwakhe nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, futhi asisoze saqhubeka silwa naye, noma sithumele abanye ukuba benze kanjalo, ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kwabalingana naye noma umthetho wezwe." Amazwi athi "umthetho wezwe" kamuva wavela ekubeni "kusukela enqubo yomthetho wezwe".[FLD] [F] [5]

Umthetho Ovamile WesiNgisi NaseMelika Eyikoloni

Ngemva kweMagna Carta, umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi waqhubeka uthuthukisa umqondo wenqubo efanele. I-Anglence of Iburyo (1628) ne-Ngilandi Bill of Rights (1689) yagcizelela ukulinganiselwa emandleni obukhosi futhi yaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga. Lezizimiso zathunyelwa ezindaweni ezibuthweni zaseMelika, lapho zavela khona emthetho wemithetho-sisekelo wezwe nemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, abasunguli bafaka inqubo efanele eMthethweni weSigqi sesihlanu njengendlela yokuhlola uhulumeni omusha wombuso. Inkulumo ethi "inqubo ephambili yomthetho" yathathwa ngokuqondile kumthetho we-Odwa 1354 we-EdwaIS (inqubo ye-Edwa) eyaphinda futhi yandisa isiqinisekiso sikaMagna Carta.

UMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States NeziNkambiso Zokulungisa

E-United States, inqubo efanele ikhulunywe ngokucacile ezinzimeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, sagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSigqi samalungelo abantu, ekuqaleni sasebenza kuhulumeni wezwe. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango ye 144th Isichibiyeli sadlulisela inqubo efunekayo emazweni. Lokhu kwakwandiswa kwakubalulekile ngoba kwavumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zibukeze imithetho nezenzo ezidedela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkanto ePhakathi iSikhundla se-145 seSinyunde seSinyunde seSinyunde (1868) ukuba zifake ingxenye enkulu yenqubo ye-Bill of Rights eyaziwa njenge-octivetiontiontion. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ukuhlonipha amalungelo okukhulunywa ngenkululeko, ukuqulwa kweminyango, ukuphenywa kwezelele nokungacabange kwabanye.

Izinhlobo Zenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo yokulungisa iprocedural nenqubo edingekayo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunendima ehlukile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu futhi ludinga ukuhlaziywa okuhlukene.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo edingayo engokwenqubo igxila ezinqubweni nasezindleleni ezisetshenziswayo ekuqulunyelweni kwecala. Iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu baphathwa ngokufanele ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Notice: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe baziswe ngamacala noma izenzo abazenzayo. Lokhu kumelwe kunikezwe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi futhi ngomniningwane owanele ukuze kuvunywe ukulungiselela.
  • I-Opportunit to Oniww: Abalweli kufanele babe nethuba lokuveza udaba lwabo, kuhlanganise nokunikeza ubufakazi nempikiswano, phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi.
  • I-Impartial: Abenzi besinqumo akumelwe bahlulwe. Abahluleli nabasizi bejaji abanezingxabano zenzalo abanakufihla isithakazelo.
  • Akwesokudla kubufakazi obukhona: Imikhosi kumele ivunyelwe ukunikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo nofakazi abamelene ne-exmonine.
  • ekuqondiseni esinqumweni esilotshiwe: Ezimweni eziningi, kudingeka incazelo ebhaliwe yomphumela ukuze kuvunyelelwe i-examplitwane enengqondo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlola okuvumelanayo kokulinganisela inqubo efanelekile yokulungisa inqubo [i-FLT:0] Mathews v. Eldiridge [197]. Ukuhlola kunesisindo sezici ezintathu: isithakazelo somuntu siqu esiphakamisweni, ingozi yokuncishwa okunganembile ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezikhona, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekufezekeni kahle. Lokhu kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zilungise izinqubo ezihambelanayo kumo eziqondile mayelana nomongo(*) ngokwesibonelo, ukuqedwa kwenhlalakahle kudinga inqubo eyengeziwe kunelayisense yemvume yomshayeli.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko elawulayo, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho nalapho izinqubo zilungile. Iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezimiso akuwephuli amalungelo abantu ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Loluhlobo lwenqubo efanele luvame ukuhilela izindaba ezinjengezi:

  • Amalungelo omphakathi: Ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo zomuntu siqu mayelana nokuvimbela inzalo, umkhaya, kanye nokusondelana, njengoba kuqashelwa ku Griswold v. Connecticut[ [1965] kanye [FLT] LAWREnce v. Texas
  • Ukwenzeka namalungelo Omkhaya: Ilungelo lokushada, ukuhlala ndawonye, nokukhulisa abantwana, elivikelwe emacalani anjenge . Virginia[ [1967] [[FLT]] kanye fell v. Hodges
  • Amalungelo Omzali:[ Ilungelo labazali lokwenza izinqumo ngemfundo nokunakekela kokwelapha kwezingane zabo, eliqinisekiswe ku Pierce v. Society of Swede [ [1925] kanye [FLT] Troxel v. Granville
  • I-Autonomy ezenzekelayo: Ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa futhi wenze izinqumo mayelana nomzimba womuntu siqu, eziqokonyiswe ku Cruzan v. UMqondisi, uMnyango wezempilo we Missouri [1990]) kanye Roe v. [[FLT] [[FLT][3][77]

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kunikeza abahluleli ukuqonda okukhulu, kuyilapho abasekeli bekubona njengokubalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungadingekile.

Inqubo Edingekile

Ukuqonda indlela inqubo efanele esebenza ngayo ezimweni ezingokoqobo zokuphila kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwayo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zenqubo efanele ekwenziweni ngaphaya komongo womthetho ohlukile:

  • Uvivinyo olungenacala: Abalweli kumelwe batshelwe ngamalungelo abo namacala ababekwe wona, futhi banelungelo kummeli. Umbuso kumelwe ubonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, futhi abamangalelwa bangahlala bethule, bebhekene nofakazi, futhi badlulise icala.
  • Icala leCivil:[ Abantu abahilelekile ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi banelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi. Nakuba amanye amalungelo angokwesiko engaqinile kakhulu kunasezicaleni zobugebengu, inqubo eyisisekelo isadinga ukuqashelwa, ukuqulwa, nomahluleli ongakhethi.
  • Izindlebe eziphetheyo:[ Abantu ababhekene nezenzo zikahulumeni, njengokuncishwa kwelayisense, ukuzuza ukuphika, noma ukuqedwa kwemisebenzi, banelungelo lokuncintisana nalezozenzo ngenqubo elungile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokumisa ilayisense kachwepheshe, inxusa kumelwe linikeze isaziso nethuba lokuqulwa.
  • Isiyalo sobuwula: Ku Gos v. Lopez [1997], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abafundi besikole somphakathi ababhekene ne-okensi kumelwe bathole isaziso ngomlomo noma esibhaliwe samacala kanye nethuba lokuchaza uhlangothi lwabo. Lelicala landisa inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela esimisweni semfundo.
  • Ukudingiswa: Nakuba ukudingiswa kuyimicimbi yomphakathi kunokuba kube ubugebengu, izinkantolo ziye zathi abantu abangabomzi banelungelo elithile elifanele lenqubo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala nomelo (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akusona iseluleko esimiswe uhulumeni ezimweni eziningi).
  • [[QLT: 0] Isibopho sezempilo sezengqondo:[ Ukuzibophezela ngokuzenzekelayo esibhedlela sengqondo kudinga inqubo efanele, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lokululekwa, nobufakazi obucacile bokuyingozi. INkantolo Ephakeme yahlela lezizindinganiso ku [ Addington v. Texas [1997]).

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi inqubo efanele ayiyona inqubo yohlobo olulinganayo. Isilinganiso senqubo edingekayo sixhomeke ekutheni isithakazelo sisesigxotsheni noma umongo wesenzo sikahulumeni sinjani.

Izinselele Zokwenza Okufanele

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, inqubo efanele ibhekene nezinselele ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho zanamuhla. Ezinye izimpikiswano ezivamile zihlanganisa:

Abashisekeli bezomthetho bayaqhubeka besekela isivikelo esiqine ngokwengeziwe, kuhlanganise nezimali ezandisiwe zabavikeli bomphakathi, ukususwa kwebheyili yemali, ukwengamela amathuluzi okulawula imithetho esemthethweni, nokubonakala okukhulu kwezenzo zikahulumeni.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Isenqubweni Efanele

Nakuba i-United States inenqubo eqinile engokwenqubo, lomqondo ukhona ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njengeSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi namalungelo ezombangazwe (ICCCPR), iqinisekisa amalungelo obulungisa. ISiphakamiso 10 se-UDHR sisho ukuthi: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokulingana ngokugcwele ekulaleleni okungakhethi nasobala ngeNkakhulu, ekuzimiseleni kwamalungelo nezibopho zakhe nezibopho zakhe nanoma iziphi izibopho zecala." Ngokufanayo, iSiphakamiso 14 se-ICICPR sinikeza inqubo efanele yokuvikelwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nokukhishwa kwecala, ukuvunyelwa kweseluleko, nokuvunyelwa kwecala.[FLD:0] [HCR: ISiphakahlulo se-AR]

Izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene zisondela enqubweni efanelekile ngokugcizelela okungafani. Noma kunjalo, izimiso eziyisisekelo zesaziso esilungile, ukuphikisana okungakhethi, kanye nelungelo lokuzwana kuseduze kakhulu. Inkantolo yaseYurophu yeSishaya - mthetho samalungelo abantu ifaka isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 6 se-European Convention on Human Rights. Umthetho we-Profection usiza ukuveza ukuthi inqubo efanele ayiyona eyingqayizivele kodwa iwumthetho ongakhethi, ukusekela okungakhethi, nelungelo lokuzwakalayo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo edingekile ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukulingwa okulungile nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukubaluleka kwayo komlando, kusukela kuMagna Carta kuya kuMthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla we-U.S., kanye nezinhlelo ezisebenzayo eziseqeleni lobugebengu, lomphakathi, kanye nezokuphatha kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwayo okuhlala njalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo efanelekile ibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho eziqinile, ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zezobuchwepheshe, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokucindezela kwesizwe. Abafundi ngokufanayo kumelwe baqonde kokubili imicabango kanye namaqiniso enqubo efanele yokusekela isimiso esilungile somthetho. Njengoba iNkanto ePhakathize yangaqinisekisi inqubo ayiyona isivikelo esiyinhloko kodwa ayisona isivikelo esiyisisekelo sokusekela lobushiqela. Ukulawula lezizimiso zomthetho nokugcina amalungelo okusahluzenelisa umphakathi.