Isisekelo Sobulungisa: Isimiso Esijulile SeNkantolo Yase - United States

Isimiso senkantolo yase-United States sakha umgogodla wemithetho yaseMelika, siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ichazwa kahle futhi ubulungisa bunikezwa ngokungaguquguquki. Isakhiwo sayo esimbaxambili ``izinkantolo zombuso nezombuso) zenza kubonakale kunzima ukubuka okokuqala, kodwa ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwayo kubalulekile kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukukhomba ngokusheshiswa kwesimiso senkantolo sase-U.S., izihlalo, izifunda, izifunda, nezindima ezibucayi ezisetshenziswa abahluleli, kuyilapho kuqokomisa indlela izindaba eziqhubeka ngayo nge-patrole yokwahlulela.

Isimiso Senkantolo YaseDual: UHulumeni Ozimele.

I-U.S. isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobukhosi obumbaxambili, okusho ukuthi kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni wohulumeni nohulumeni ngabanye banezimiso zabo ezihlukene zenkantolo. Leli lungiselelo, elisekelwe eMpathini-sisekelo we-United States , livumela izigaba ezihlukene zegunya. Izinkantolo zesifundazwe zisingatha izindaba ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano zesifunda, nezingalandu lapho i-U.S., ngokwehlukene. Izinkantolo zoMbuso, zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nalezo ezivela ngaphansi kwemithetho yombuso, umthetho wendlu yempahla, nokuqulwa kwecala okuningi. Ukuqonda okuphethe inkantolo kuyinyathelo lokuqala ekudluliseni noma isiphi isici esingokomthetho somthetho.

I- Ihhovisi lombuso leNkantolo yase-U.S. linikeza ukucubungula okubanzi kwendlela ijaji likahulumeni elihlelwe ngayo, kuyilapho umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza isimiso sawo siqu senkantolo, ngokuvamile esifanekiselwa isakhiwo sikahulumeni kodwa nezindlela ezihlukene ezisemfashinini nasenqubeni.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele: Isimiso Esineziphethu Ezintathu

Ijaji likahulumeni liyisigaba sesigaba sekhulu esinezintathu: U.S. izinkantolo zesigodi (izinga lokwahlulela), U.S. iziNkantolo zeZingcingo[ (i-intermeta appeltate), kanye U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme[[[ (ikhambi lenhlebo yokugcina). I-palethi ngalinye linendima ehlukile, futhi ngokuvamile lihamba lidlulela phezulu esimisweni.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseU.S.

Kunamacala angu- 94 okwahlulela kahulumeni, ngalinye elineNkantolo Yesigodi yase-U.S. Lena izinkantolo zamacala lapho kuqalwa khona amacala kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zesigodi zinegunya kokubili ezindabeni zomphakathi nezezobugebengu eziphakama ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Amacala eClivil [ angahlanganisa ukuphulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, amalungelo omthetho, noma umbuso wokwahlukana (izigebengu phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezingaphezu kuka-R3 000). Icala lobugebengu lihilela ukumangalelwa kobugebengu obufana nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuphanga, noma ukukhohlakazwa kwezindawo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaqhutshwa phambi komajaji (ukuviswa) noma inkantolo yesifunda ngasinye. [FLT] Izehlulelo lezelelwa futhi izikhulu zesifunda ezibo.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States

Uma iqembu lilahlekelwa enkantolo yesigodi, lingase lidlulisele icala kwenye yeziNkantolo ezingu-13 ze-U.S. iziNkantolo zokudlulisa izigwebo. Ishumi nambili lalezi yizifunda zesifunda (umz., isifunda sokuqala simboza iNew England, iSithili seSifunda sesifunda simboze izifundazwe zasentshonalanga), futhi esinye singu [[[FLT].S. iNkantolo Yezingcingo ze-FLL [[FL], ephethe izifunda zonke izinkantolo zezwe ezikhethekile zomthetho wemvume nezohwebo. [FF] [3], izinkantolo eziphansi] [FFFOT], futhi i-FOLT] [5], esikhundleni sazomthetho owembusahlulo, indawo egciniweyo, futhi izimpikiswano ebhalwe ngokwezinkantolo.[5]

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., eyakhiwa yiziJaji ezingu-9, iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo nokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana komthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo inegunya lokuqala elilawulayo ezicabeni ezimbalwa (umz., izimpikiswano phakathi kwezizwe) kodwa ngokuyinhloko inqubo yokulawula inqubo yezicelo [[FLT:]] ewunyaka ngamunye . Icala liza eNkantolo Ephakeme lifuna isivumelwano seNkantolo ePhakathini ngokwezingangokwayo] [[FLT] [i FLT], inqubo yokuzingasese], inqubo yokukhomba izicelo. Ngokuyinhloko, cishe unyaka ngamunye, iNkanto enqumayo idinga imvume engaphansi kwekhulu eliyikhulu. Inkantolo idinga isivumelwano esingu-19, noma umthetho wokugcina, ngaphandle kwesinqumo sezwe lonke.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi yezibalo nemithetho ehleliwe, vakashela i-parti ye-website ye-'U.S.[.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso: Amahhashi Okusebenza Obulungisa baseMelika

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha inqwaba enkulu yamacala e-United States, cishe amaphesenti angu-90 awo wonke amacala. Nakuba isifundazwe ngasinye sinendlela yaso ehlukile, eziningi zilandela uhlobo olufanayo olunesithathu.

Izinkantolo Zecala Likahulumeni

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zenkantolo zihamba ngamagama ahlukahlukene: Inkantolo Ephakeme, iNkantolo Yesifunda, noma iNkantolo Yesifunda, kuxhomeke kuhulumeni. Ziyizinkantolo zegunya elivamile, okusho ukuthi zingazwa noma yiliphi icala elingagcinelwanga ezinye izinkantolo. Lezi zinkantolo zisingatha zonke izimpikiswano ezibangelwa ukulimala komuntu siqu kanye nezimpikiswano zezesehlukaniso, ukuwiswa kwezingane, nokuvinjelwa kwecala. Izinkantolo eziningi zinemingcele elinganiselwe yemithetho yezindaba ezithile: [[FLT:] [FLT: 0] ezikhomba inkantolo enkantolo [[FLT: 1] [5] nezinga] (i-fT:1] [inani]]] [inani elithile lemali) [inani], inkantolo evame ukumiswa.[FLT] [5]]

Izinkantolo Ezihlolwa Uhulumeni

Izifundazwe eziningi zinezinkantolo ezithatha iziphakamiso ezibukeza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ezinkantolo. Ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Yamacala noma i-Appellate Division, lezi zinkantolo zisebenza ngendlela efanayo eZinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala zikahulumeni. Zilungisa amaphutha omthetho futhi ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ezinkantolo zamacala ngaphakathi ezwe. Ezizweni ezincane ngaphandle kwenkantolo ephakathi nendawo, izikhalo ziya ngqo enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni .ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala (umz., New York) noma iNkantolo Ephakeme (umz., Massachusetts) inegama lokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho. Izinqumo ezivela enkantolo ephakeme zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi kulelozwe. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokudlulisela amacala yi-U.S. iNkanto ephakeme, kodwa uma icala linikeza umbuzo wecala lomthetho ] .[FLT:]]

Izinhlobo Zamacala Nendlela Ezigeleza Ngayo

Ukuqonda izigaba zamacala kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo enegunya nokuthi yimiphi imithetho engokwesiko esebenzayo.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Izindaba zombango zihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano — lapho umbhishobhi efuna khona ikhambi elinjengemali ewohlokile noma imvume. Icala elivamile lomphakathi lihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukungezwani kwempahla, nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Umthwalo wobufakazi uwukuthi uphazanyiswa ubufakazi [ (cishe]). Icala elivamile lixazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa labo abaya ekuqulweni kwecala noma umahluleli.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Amacala ezigebengu alethwa uhulumeni (icala noma umbuso) ngokumelene nomuntu omangalelwa ngokwephula umthetho. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthetho waseMelika. Icala lobugebengu lingaphumela ekuhlawulweni, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa. Ubugebengu obuhlangene buchazwa ngomthetho (umk., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukukhwabanisa ngocingo), kuyilapho amacala angokomthetho emboza njengokubulala, ukweba, nokuhlasela. Abalweli bomthetho bangathola ilungelo lokukhombisa icala elingathi sína.

Icala Eliphathayo

Umthetho ophethe uhlanganisa izimpikiswano nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lamacala ngokuvamile aqala enqubeni yokuzinqumela yangaphakathi yenhlangano (umzk., ukuzwa phambi koMahluleli woMthetho ophethe inkantolo III) ngaphambi kokudluliswa eSigabeni se-Agament III. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izikhalo ze-Social Security Security, ukuthunyelwa kwemithetho yezezoburhulumente, nezinselele ezisemithethweni. Izinqumo zobuqondiso ngokuvamile zibukezwa ngaphansi kwendinganiso ye-ntelentelent, njenge "arbitrary ne-scrective"."

Icala Lomthetho - sisekelo

Izehlakalo zomthetho-mthetho ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokusebenza kwemithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. noma umthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Izibonelo ze-lockmark zihlanganisa Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [i-racial] [i-racture] ne[FLT]Roe v. Wade [ilungelo le-abration]]. Lamacala angaqala enkantolo yezwe noma yenkantolo yezwe, kuye ngokwezisholo. INkantolo ephakeme isho okokugcina ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kuyilapho umbuso uyinkantolo yokugcina yesizwe, uma nje engaphuli izindinganiso ze-mthetho kazwe.

Izindima ZabaHluleli Namaphupho

Ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kwesimiso senkantolo kuncike ezindima ezihlukene kodwa ezivumelanayo zabahluleli nabahluleli.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli abathathi hlangothi abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, ukubusa ngezenzo, ukuyala amajaji, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala aqulwa ngokufanelekile. Ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshi, umahluleli futhi unquma isinqumo. Abahluleli bamafayane bamiswa nguMongameli ofaka isiqinisekiso soMphathi, isici esiklanyelwe ukuba sibavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Abahluleli bangabamiswa noma bakhethwe, kuye ngokwezwe. Abahluleli bachaza futhi imithetho nezimiso, bazenze abadlali abayinhloko ekuthuthukiseni umthetho. Izinqumo zabo zihlela indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni zesikhathi esizayo.

IJuries

Isimiso sabahluleli sivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni isahlulelo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamajaji:

  • [[FLT: 0] Izehlulelo zejaji ze-pat (noma izijaji zokuqulwa kwecala) zizwa ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu futhi zikhiphe isinqumo. Ezicabeni zomthetho zikahulumeni, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ukungalingani kuyadingeka ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelana ngenye indlela.
  • [ Iqumo lomkhulu lojula lisetshenziswa emacalani kahulumeni abangela ukuphambana kanye nezinye izimo zikahulumeni ukuze kubonwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokusola umuntu osoliwe. Amajaji amakhulu awanqumeli icala; akhipha icala uma ethola ubufakazi obanele.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli emacaleni obugebengu, futhi iSichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza lo mthwalo emacaleni omphakathi ahilela ama - dollar angaphezu kuka - 20.

Izinkantolo Nezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwezinhlalo eziyinhloko, isimiso sezinkantolo zase - United States sihlanganisa nezinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile ezisingatha izici ezithile zomthetho.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Ezihlangene

  • U.S.U. Courts: Ingxenye yesimiso senkantolo yesifunda, lezinkantolo zisingatha i-consolery aments ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Amacala engathwa abahluleli abawi bemali abamiswe ngeminyaka engu-14.
  • [[[INKANTLO] U.S. iNkantolo yentela: Inkantolo yesizwe elalela izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela neNkonzo yeNguqulo. Abakhokhi bentela bangancintisana nezikhala ngaphambi kokukhokha.
  • Inkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala yase-U.S. yeFederal Frigent: Izwi lezicelo ezigunyaziwe, uphawu, namacala okuhweba emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezisholo kuhulumeni kahulumeni.
  • Inkantolo yase-U.S. eshoyo: izwa iziphakamiso zemali kuhulumeni wase-U.S., njengokuphikisana kwesivumelwano noma ukuthatha iziphakamiso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu.
  • Inkantolo yokudlulisa izigwebo yase-U.S. yeMidlalo ehlomile: inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yezisebenzi zezempi, ihlola izinkolelo zenkantolo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izigodlo eziningi ziye zamisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze zisingathe kangcono izinhlobo ezithile zecala, ngokuvamile zigxile ekwelapheni imiphumela. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zezelaphayo zobudlova (kwizigebengu zezidakamizwa ezingenabudlova ezisebenzisa ukwelapha esikhundleni sokuzifaka), izinkantolo zezempilo , [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] ubudlova obungenabudlova [, [[FLT]] nezinkantolo eziphethe iziboshwa . [izinkantolo zisebenzisa inqubo ehilela abahluleli, abashushisi, abameli, izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nomgomo wokuncintisana nezindaba ze-acidcid recid.

Indlela Indaba Ehamba Ngayo Kulesi Simiso: Isibonelo Esilula

Cabangela icala lobugebengu likahulumeni: Uma icala liqhubeka futhi ummangalelwa eboshwe i-FBI ngenxa yokuphanga ebhange. Icala liqala eNkantolo Yesifunda yase-U.S. lapho ummangalelwa ebekwe khona icala, kungamiswa khona ibheyili, futhi kubekwe ibheyili yangaphambi kwecala. Uma icala liqulwa futhi ummangalelwa emangalelwe, ummangalelwa angase adlulisele icala e-U.S. inkantolo yokudlulisa izigwebo lapho isifunda sihlala khona. Uma i-aste collet ibukeza umlando wecala elingokomthetho (umk., ukuvunywa okungafanele kobufakazi). Uma icala lifakazelwe, ummangalelwa angase afake isicelo senkantolo yecala elivamile yase-U. Uma i-certtart (njengoba inqaba ecaleni elikhulu). Uma icala linikezwa, icala eligunyaziwe futhi inkantolo enqunywe ngecala elivamile, noma icala elivamile, noma elingumphumela onecala.

Ukuze uthole ibalazwe elihambisanayo kanye nemithombo yemfundo eyengeziwe, bheka Isiqondiso seFederal Judicial Center sendlela amacala ahamba ngayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yezindaba Ezizimele

Isakhiwo sesimiso senkantolo yase-U.S. siklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukulunga, ukungaguquguquki, nokuzimela. ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza amajaji angohulumeni ukuphila, sibavikela ekujezisweni ngezinqumo ezingathandeki. Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso zihlanganisa nezivikelo ezinjengezimiso zokwahlulela nokukhetha okusekelwe. Isimiso senkantolo siwukuhlolwa kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihambisana nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi ukuthi izenzo zesikhulu azidluli imingcele engokomthetho. Izehlulelo zokuphatha ezingokomthetho ezifana nomthetho zikhokhwama njenge-.

Kubafundisi nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda okujule kakhulu, i- Project inikeza amakhasethi aqoshiwe kanye namaphindwane ezindaba zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuyilapho U.S. izinkantolo zezemfundo ikhasi[ inikeza amasu esifundo kanye namathuluzi ahilela ukuxoxa.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esakhelwe Ubulungisa

Isimiso senkantolo yase-U.S., nesakhiwo sayo sawo sombuso esihlangene, isigaba sesigaba sesigaba se-othority esineziphakamiso ezintathu, nezinkantolo ezikhethekile, iyinjini eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa evumelanayo yobulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo − ekutholeni iqiniso lenkantolo enkantolo equlweni elithatha indima enqubeni engokomthetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme (‘amandla ezakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izinselele ezingokomthetho, ziqaphele imithetho yesazi sezemvelo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yedemo yedemo-democrali. Nakuba kungekho simiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo, ibonakalisa isibopho esiqhubekayo sokulawula umthetho nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukuba ufunda izinqumo zomthetho, ucabangela umsebenzi ongokomthetho, noma ufuna nje ukuqonda inqubo yamanje, ukuthatha isisekelo esiqinile sale simiso somthetho.