Ukuhlangana Kwenqubo Elindelekile Nokulingana Ezimisweni Ezingokomthetho

Izimiso zenqubo efanele nezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla emhlabeni wonke zisebenza njengesisekelo somthetho wezwe. Zivikela abantu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sombuso ngokungenazimiso futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa ngokulunga ngaphansi komthetho. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukuthi lemiqondo emibili isebenza kanjani ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukusebenza kobulungisa, umthetho wemithetho engokomthetho, namalungelo omphakathi. Inqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo engokomthetho iqhutshwa ngokungakhethi futhi amalungelo ayisisekelo awabhidliki futhi awanciphiswanga ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ukulingana, ngesimo sayo esingokomthetho, ifuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, inqande ukucwasana okusekelwe ezinhlangani, ubulili, inkolo, noma ezinye izimo zomphakathi. Uma lezinsika ezimbili zisebenza ndawonye, ziveza izinhlelo ezingoko ezingokondlayo futhi ziveza iziqondiso ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi umbuso kumelwe ulandele izinqubo ezilungile futhi uhloniphe amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ngaphambi kokuba unciphe umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. E-United States, iziHlulo zeSimemezelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane zinikeza isisekelo sombhalo: IsiHlaziyo sesihlanu sibopha uhulumeni, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi Nane sidlulisela imfuneko ezindaweni. Lemfundiso iye yashintsha yaba amagatsha amabili ahlukene: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile enikezwayo igxila ezindleleni nasezimisweni uhulumeni okumelwe azisebenzise lapho ethatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nomuntu. Kudinga ukuqaphela isenzo esihloselwe ukuzwakala, ithuba elibalulekile lokuzwa, isinqumo sokungakhethi, nesinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yawandisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela [[FLD:0]] Matheridge v. Eldit[ [196] ukunquma ukuthi inqubo ifanele: izinkantolo zihlola isithakazelo sazo siqu esiphakanyisweni, ingozi yokulahlekelwa izinhlelo zamanje, nenzalo kahulumeni ngokusebenza kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuletha izinzuzo, isimo kumelwe sinikeze ukuhlawuliswa kwenhlala ngenxa yokukhokhwazwa koma komakhokhwawa. Inqubo eqhubekayo enikezwa abantu abahoxisiwe inqunyweni engokomthetho, noma engenziwangaboshweni, noma ekwenziweni ngezenzo zomthetho.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho nalapho kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezilungile. Lemfundiso isekela ukuthi amanye amalungelo agxile kakhulu emlandweni wezwe nasesikweni ukuthi angenakuphazanyiswa ngaphandle kwesithakazelo esiphoqelelwe. Izehlakalo ezingathi [ Grislold v. Connecticut[ [65] [65] [aqaphela ilungelo lokungasese], kodwa lihlala liyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela ubuhlobo bomkhaya, [[[FLT:]] Roe. [[FLT:][3] [73]] [73] [ezenyuse] kamuva inqubo yokucabanga elungile yokukhetha. Ukungacuthanga okufanelekile [inqunyiwe], kodwa ihlala iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela ubuhlobo bomkhaya, futhi i-custone projectivestion of Geographicstion of the Folations]

Isimiso Sokulingana

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kusho ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu elinelungelo lamalungelo akhethekile, futhi bonke abantu bathola isivikelo nenzuzo efanayo yomthetho. Emthethweni womthetho wase-U.S., i-Livice Protected Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14th Isinciphisi esiyinhloko esilinganayo. Siye sachazwa njengokufuna ukuba abantu abasendaweni efanayo baphathwe ngokufanayo, futhi izakhiwo zikahulumeni kumelwe zithethelelwe ngezinhloso ezingokomthetho. Ukulingana okungokomthetho kungahlukaniswa ngokwesilinganiso esingokomthetho nangokwesilinganiso esingaphansi.

Ukulingana Okungalingani

[ Ukulinganisa okukhona kufuna ukuba imithetho iphathe wonke umuntu ngendlela efanayo, ngaphandle komehluko womuntu ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenqabela bonke abantu ukuvilapha ngokulinganayo usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke ebusweni bayo. Nokho, ukulingana okungokomthetho kungaqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani okukhona uma umthetho uhluleka ukuveza izimo zesimiso. [[FLT:] [[2]] ukulinganisa isilinganiso sokulingana [[FT] ngokuqaphela ukuthi ukuphathwa okulinganayo kungadinga ukwelashwa okuhlukile ukuze kufinyelele imiphumela elungile ngempela. Izinhlelo zesenzo eziqinile, ngoba isibonelo, kuklanyelwe ukulungisa ubandlululo olungoko futhi kwakha amathuba alinganayo, nakuba abantu bephatha ngokwehlukile kwezinhlanga noma ubulili obufanayo. [vB] [5] I-F4] i-f4] ebumbene yokuqonda okulinganayokusetshenziswayokuhlukuhluza ukulinganayo.[enye ukulingana kohlelo lomthetho oluphelele lohlelo lomthetho oluphelele.[Fosekuncibilika , kungaqhubeka uku

Ukungavumelani Nokukhula Kokulinganisa

Ngaphandle kwe-Uncimeal Protection Clause, izimiso zikahulumeni namathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu ezwe lonke aqinisa isimiso sokungadibanisi. Isihloko VII soMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka-1944 sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. AmaMelika anezinkinga ze-Agesal en'sscrection Act anikeza isivikelo kumaqembu engeziwe. [FLT:] Umthetho wobuzwe lonke] uveza ukuthi bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngamalungelo. Lezi zici ezingokomthetho zisebenza ndawonye ekupheliseni imingcele evimbela ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini.

Ukuhlangana Kwenqubo Elindelekile Nokulingana

Inqubo efanele nokulingana akuyona imiqondo ehlukene; ihlala iqinisana futhi yazisana. Uma inqubo efanele inamandla, isebenza njengenqubo yokufinyelela ukulingana ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda, uthola ukulalelwa okulungile ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uthathe isinyathelo esinzima.

Inqubo efanele njengethuluzi lokulingana

Izixwayiso ze-procedual zibaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini encishisiwe engase ibhekane nokucwaswa kwemithetho. Ilungelo lokululeka eliqashelwayo Gideon v. Wainconright[ [1963]] iyisibonelo esiyinhloko: iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zinikeze ummeli ukuba anikeze abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abanecala elibini ngenxa yezehlakalo ezingeni ezibucayi ngenxa yokuthi isimiso se-adversarial as angeke sibe sihle ngaphandle kokumelelwa. Ngaphandle kwale siqinisekiso, abamangalelwa abacebile bebengaba nenzuzo ephawulekayo, benciphisa ukulingana phambi komthetho. Ngokufanayo, inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela amalungelo abamukelwayo, abafudukiswe ebhekene nokudingiswa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho. Inqululekiswayo, i-Ennerton, i-emounity.

Ukulingana Okufeza Inqubo Efanele

Ukulingana futhi kuhlela lokho okudingwa yinqubo efanelekile emongweni othile. Uma umthetho ukhetha ngokulandelana okucatshangelwayo okusekelwe ezinhlabeni ezinjengohlanga noma ubulili, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula, zifuna isithakazelo esishukumisayo nezindlela ezicushwe kancane. Lokhu kuvikeleka okukhudlwanayo kuyinqubo edinga i-Encictal Protection Claus. [Obergefell] v. Hodges[[FLL:1] [2015], iNkantolo ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi umshado uyinqubo eyisisekelo evikelwa inqubo efanelekile, nokuthi ukulahla imibhangqwana efanayo i-6 enelungelo lokushada kokubili inqubo efanelekile nelinganayo. Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi “isinqumo somuntu siqu [[FLT] [205] [205] [i, iNkadek'ume ingumthetho oqinileyo kanye nemithetho ehlukene, futhi iveza ukulingana, futhi inqubo evumelana, iyakuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo engokomthetho.

Ukuhlola Izimpawu Zophawu

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

[[FLT: 0][FLT], iNkantolo Ephakeme yalahla ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi njengokwaphulwa kwe-Encility Protection Claus. INkantolo yalahla imfundiso “ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” esungulwe ewubupheli.[[[FLT][FLT]] [1866] [186]], iphethe leyo ndawo encitshiswe ngokwemvelo ilinganiselwe ngenxa yokuthi iveza imizwa yokungalingani phakathi kwezingane ezincane. Nakuba icala liyisinqumo esilinganayo, liyinqubo efanele: ukwenqaba amathuba alinganayo emfundo ancishiswe abantwana ukuze bathole inkululeko engcono. [FLT:][5] Ukugcinwa kwemigomo yemiyase.[5]

URade (1973)

Roe v. inqumo eyisisekelo yenqubo edingayo. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi umbono weSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane wenkululeko yomuntu siqu uhlanganisa ilungelo lowesifazane lokuqeda ukukhulelwa kwakhe, okumelwe kuvikelwe isithakazelo sombuso ekuvikeleni impilo kamama nokuphila okungase kwenzeke. Isinqumo futhi sithinta ukulingana ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane bangalawula ukuphila kwabo kokuzala, okunemiphumela ejulile yenqubo ephakathi kwesigaba sobulilingo. Nakuba [FLT]] Ro [i] yayiyintando enqabeni yokuvikela impilo kamama [ist:] amaDobs v.Amen’s Health Organization [FFFFFom] [5] [20], [20] inqubo ephakathi kwenkulumo eqhubekayo yenkulumo engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ebhekiselwayo futhi iqhubeke.

UGideon (1963)

[[FLT: 0] Gedeon ime njengesibonakaliso senqubo efanelekile ye-procedical nemiphumela yayo elinganayo. UClarence Earl Gideon wamangalelwa ngokuphula nangokungena endlini yetheku eFlorida, kodwa akakwazanga ukukhokhela ummeli. Uzimelela, walahlwa futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ngokuvumelana ukuthi ilungelo leSimemezelo seSimemezelo seSiphakamiso semithetho liyilungelo elibalulekile ezingeni leSinyusi, nokuthi abamangalelwa bamacala angathi sína emacaleni obugebengu kumelwe banikezwe ummeli. Lesinqumo senkundla yokudlala phakathi kwezicebi nabampofu, iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yezehlulelo ayinciphi yeze. Inqubo yezeNkathi Yezehlulelo yeze.[5]

Izinselele Ekusekeleni Inqubo Efanele Nokulingana

Naphezu kwesimiso esicatshangelwayo nesingokomthetho, ukuphoqelelwa kwenqubo efanelekile nelinganayo kwangempela emhlabeni kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Imingcele yezomnotho ilokhu iyisithiyo esibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni efanelekile. Ilungelo leseluleko likhona kuphela emacaleni obugebengu aphethe isigwebo esingase sibe sejele; abamangalelwa abasemthethweni (ukususa, ukuvalela, ukuvalela abantwana, noma ukuxoshwa). Izeluleko ezingokomthetho aziqiniseki. Imali yokusiza ihlala ingenayo ihleliwe, ishiya abantu abaningi abaphansi abathola usizo ukuze bazibonakalise, isimo ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi “i-vil Gideon”. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokwaneleyo, isivikelo se-procedroba iqala ukuphatha. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi abameleliji bafeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu kunalabo abangamelelwanga, baqokomisa indlela ukuntu ukuntu ukuntula usizo olungokomthetho lululaza kokubili inqubo efanelekile nokulingana.

Ukucwaswa Okungokwemvelo Nezinsalela Eziphelele

Ngisho noma izinqubo zingathathi hlangothi ngokusemthethweni, ubandlululo lungaveza imiphumela engafani. Ukuhlukana ngokohlanga esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu kufakazelwa kahle: Abamangalelwa abansundu nababhishobhi base-Hispanic basengozini kakhulu yokuboshwa, bamangalelwe ngezono ezingathi sína, futhi bagwetshelwe izintambo zejele ezinde uma kuqhathaniswa nabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Ubandlululo oluphelele luthinta ukukhethwa kwabahluleli abasemthethweni, ukuqapha, nesinqumo sokwahlulela. Izinselele zokuvikela ezinhlangothini ezinjalo ngokuvamile zibhekene nezithiyo ezisobala, zidinga ubufakazi bokucwasana ngenhloso kunokuba igwebo olungaqinile.

Inqubo Efanele Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe kuye kwasungula inqubo entsha edingayo. Isinqumo somthetho sokwenza inqubo esemthethweni ezindaweni ezinjengokugweba, ukugamula amaphoyisa angaphambili, nokufaka isikweletu kungasebenza ngaphandle kokubonana noma ukulandisa. “ibhokisi elimnyama” lohlelo lwemithetho yenza kube nzima ngabantu ukuba baphikise izinqumo ezithinta inkululeko yabo noma amathuba ezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa komthetho ukusebenzisa imishini yokuhlola imishini, ukuqaphela ubuso, kanye nokumba ulwazi kungaphazamisa amalungelo emfihlo ngaphandle kokuvikela ngokwanele. Izinkantolo ziseyahluleka ukusebenzisa izimiso ezingokwesiko kulamathuluzi anamuhla.

Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo Efanele Nokulingana Kwemfundo

Abafundisi banomthwalo wemfanelo oyingqayizivele wokufundisa lezizimiso hhayi nje njengezimfundiso ezingekho emthethweni kodwa njengezindinganiso eziphilayo ezithonya ukuqonda kwabafundi ubulungisa nezakhamuzi. Ukudlulisela inqubo efanele nokulingana ezifundweni kulungiselela abafundi ukuba babe abadlali abanolwazi ekubuseni ngentando yeningi futhi kubanike amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo abo esengozini.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundo Nemithombo

Othisha bangahlanganisa izigigaba eziphawula izenzakalo, imibhalo eyisisekelo yemithombo yezincwadi, nokulingisa ezifundweni zomphakathi, zomphakathi, neze-ofulls. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqulwa kwecala lokugcona okusekelwe [ku-[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainfright kuvumela abafundi ukuba bazibonele ngokwabo ukubaluleka kokumelelwa okungokomthetho. [[FLT:] [[2]] izikhonkwane [[[FLT]] iqo linikeza imidlalo ekhululekile nezifundo ezihlela inqubo efanelekile, isivikelo esifanayo, futhi neBill of Rights. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] BB] inikeza umthombo oyinhloko wezimiso zokufundisa izimiso zomthetho. Izikhulu ezingokomthetho. Izikhuluminye izivakashi, izikhulumelana, izigebengumela-Gromgwegwegwe, noma izigeqe, izihloko zelungelo zomphakathi.

Ukucabanga Okukhuthazayo Kwezenzakalo Zanamuhla

Izingxoxo zekilasi ezihlola izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izikhundla zamaphoyisa ezibonisa ukuziphatha okubi, noma izimpikiswano zokuvuma kusiza abafundi ukuba baxhumanise imiqondo engabonakali nokuphila okungokoqobo. Abafundi bangacelwa ukuba bahlaziye ukuthi isimiso esithile siyanelisa yini inqubo efanelekile, noma ukuthi sikhuthaza ukungalingani. Izimpikiswano ngezihloko ezinjengokuvikeleka okufanelekayo, ibheyili yemali, noma imithetho ye-ID ebolekisayo iphoqelela abafundi ukuba balinganise izindinganiso eziphikisanayo zobulungisa, ukuphumelela, nokulingana.

Ukwakha Isimo Senqubo Nesilinganiso Ezikoleni

Ngaphandle kwezifundo, izikole ngokwazo kufanele zilandele lezi zimiso. Izinqubo zokuyala abafundi kufanele zihlanganise isaziso kanye nokuqulwa kwecala, okuvumelana nenqubo efanelekile. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Gos v. Lopez [18] iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi ababhekene nesikole somphakathi ababhekene nenqubo abanelungelo lokulalela ngokwethukela. Izimiso zezemfundo kumelwe ziphoqelelwe ukuba zisebenze ngendlela efanayo, futhi izindlela zokwahlukahluka-hlukene kufanele zihlose ukulingana. Uma izikole zihlanganisa izindinganiso ezifundisayo, abafundi bafunda ukuthi inqubo efanele nokulingana akuyona nje kuphela inkulumo yencwadi kodwa isivikelo esibalulekile abangalindela futhi balindele futhi basekele.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwenqubo efanele nokulingana akuyona indawo eqondene kodwa ubuhlobo obunamandla obushintshayo nomphakathi. Isimiso ngasinye siqinisa esinye: inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi ukulingana akusona isithembiso nje kodwa kuyinto engokoqobo esebenzayo, kuyilapho ukulingana kufuna ukuba inqubo efanele ifinyeleleke kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcebo noma isimo. Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo [[FLD]] ku- ku-Gideon[[] ku-[FLT:] Ogle] ihlela [[ ibonisa indlela ukuhlanganiswa kwalemibono okuye kwandeka ngayo eUnited States. Kodwa izinselele zesimiso esisha, nobuchwepheshe obusha bokwenza umsebenzi wethu womthetho, ukuhlolela ukufaneleka kwalezi zimiso ezingoko zomthetho eziyisisekelo zokufundisa futhi zihlomisela ukufaneleka kwazo zonke izimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.