Table of Contents

Inqubo yokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States imelela enye yezindlela eziklanywe ngokucophelela kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo okunikeza ngayo ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela imithetho eyisisekelo yesizwe sethu engashintsha ngayo kuyilapho ilondoloza ukuqina nokuvumelana okubanzi. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola zonke izici zenqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuhlolweni ekuhlaziyweni, futhi sihlole ukucatshangelwa okungokomlando, okungokomthetho, nokuwusizo okulawula lomsebenzi obalulekile wedemokrati.

Ukuqonda Isihloko V: Isisekelo Soshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

Igunya lokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States lithathwe ku-Athigin V yoMthetho-sisekelo. Leli lungiselelo limisa ukulinganisela ngamabomu phakathi kokuvumelana nokuzinza, liqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungavumelana nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho uvimbela izinguquko ezithathekayo noma ezingacatshangelwanga kahle kumthetho-mthetho wesizwe oyisisekelo.

James Madison, ebhala ku-Federalist No. 43, wachaza ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa "igada ngokulinganayo kuleyondawo engathiwa kakhulu eyonikeza uMthetho-sisekelo i-transmistry; futhi leyo nkinga enkulu engaqhubekisela phambili amaphutha ayo atholakele khona." Lokhu kulinganisela okucophelelayo kubonisa ukuhlakanipha koMsunguli lapho edala isimiso esingawuthathi mthetho-sisekelo isikhathi futhi esingasishiyi ngokuthanda.

Umbhalo weSiphakamiso V ngokwaso unikeza uhlelo oluphelele lokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Umisa izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokulungisa izinguquko kanye nezindlela ezimbili zokuzilungisa, zidala izindlela ezine ezingase zishintshe umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuvumelana kwahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe kanye nemibuso kungaqala izinguquko ezidingekile.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zokunquma Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso V simisa izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene okungahlongozwa ngazo ukulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo. Indlela ngayinye ibonisa izici ezihlukene ze-unistism yaseMelika futhi inikeza izivivinyo nezilinganiso phakathi nenqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo.

Isimiso Senhlangano: Indlela Yesiko

Indlela yokuqala idinga kokubili iNdlu neSigele ukuhlongoza ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokuvota kwamalungu amabili-ntathu akhona ("asho ukuba khona kwe-quorm(*) futhi angavoti amalungu ahlukene amabili-sithathu, akhona nangekho. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zisekelwa kakhulu abameleli abakhethiwe kuwo wonke umehluko wezombangazwe.

Lena ukuphela kwendlela yokulungisa okuye kwasetshenziswa kuze kube manje. Eqinisweni, uMkhandlu uye wasebenzisa izinqubo zeSiphakamiso V ukuhlongoza izinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zomthetho-sisekelo kusukela uMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa, ubonisa ukuphumelela nokusebenza kwalendlela.

Inqubo yesivumelwano sengqungquthela iqala lapho ilungu leKhongolo lenza isinqumo esihlongozayo esihloselwe ukulungisa. Lesi sinqumo sibhekiselwa ekomitini efanelekayo ukuze ihlolwe, lapho ingaphikiswa khona, ilungiswe noma inqatshwe. Uma ikomiti ivuma isinqumo, singena egumbini eligcwele ukuze kuqhutshwe ingxoxo futhi kuvotelwe.

I-Congress iveza ushintsho oluyisinqumo esihlanganyelwe. Njengoba uMongameli engenayo indima ekwakhiweni komthetho-mthetho enqubweni yokulungisa, isinqumo esihlangene asiyi eWhite House ukuze sisayinwe noma sivunyelwe. Lokhu kukhishwa kwengxenye kamongameli kubalulekile, kusho ukuthi ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho akunandaba nomthetho-mgomo kamongameli, uveza umbono wabasunguli ukuthi ukulungisa kufanele kube yindaba yeKhongolo-ngquthela nezifundazwe kuphela.

EHollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi akudingekile ukubeka izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo phambi kukamongameli ukuze athole imvume noma athole imvume.

Indlela Yomhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo: Inye Indlela Engasetshenziswanga

Indlela yesibili yokulungisa ihlanganisa umhlangano womthetho-mthetho obizwa yi-Congress ngesicelo sezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Indlela yesibili yokumisa ukumiswa koMthetho-sisekelo ingavela uma iziphethu ezimbili kwezintathu zezishaya-mthetho zicela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba zimise umhlangano ozohlanganisa izihambeli ezivela ezweni ngalinye. Okwamanje lokhu kungadinga ukusekelwa kwezifunda ezingu-34 kwezingu-50 ze-Congress ukuze kudingenwe iSiphakamiso V.

ISiphakamiso V asizange sisetshenziswe; kodwa izinguquko ezingu-33 ziye zahlongozwa ngenye indlela, amavoti amabili-sithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zobumba; futhi ezingu-27 zalezi ziye zagunyazwa abantu abathathu kwabane be-United States. Naphezu kokuba zingacelwa ngokuphumelelayo, lendlela ehlukile ihlala iyisivikelo esibalulekile somthetho-mfantu.

Inqubo yomhlangano yayihlanganisiwe eSiphakamiso V ngenjongo ethile. U-Alexander Hamilton, ebhala kuFederalist No. 85, waphikisa ngokuthi ukukhetha komhlangano kwakuyokwenza izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zikwazi "ukuvimbela ukungenela kwegunya lesizwe." Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi icebo linendlela yokuveza ukulungisa ngisho noma uMkhandlu ungazimisele ukwenza okuthile, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezingase zilinganisele amandla enhlangano.

Umlando waleli lungiselelo ukhanyisa. UGeorge Mason waveza phansi e-Ivention ukuthi kuyakuba "kungafanele ukucela imvume yeSishaya-mthetho sesizwe, ngoba bangase basebenzise kabi amandla abo, futhi benqabe ukuvumelana kwabo ngenxa yalokho kanye." uMason wanezela ukuthi, “azikho izinguquko zohlobo olufanele eziyoke zitholakale ngabantu, uma uHulumeni eba nonya."

Imibuzo eminingana engaxazululwanga ihlobene nendlela yomhlangano. Izazi nochwepheshe bezomthetho baphikisana ngokuthi umhlangano onjalo ungaba nezihloko ezithile noma ungaba negunya elikhulu yini ukuveza noma yiziphi izinguquko. Abanye abahlaziyi baye baphikisa ngokuthi kungase kuhlolwe ukuthi iSiphakamiso V singanquma izinga lomhlangano ngokufaka isicelo somhlangano ngesihloko esithile noma iqembu lezihloko. Iziphakamiso ezilinganiselwe zingabiza umhlangano weSiphakamiso V ukuba ucabangele ukumiswa kwesivumelwano noma ukudinga igebeko lemali kahulumeni elilinganiselwe, ngokwesibonelo.

Eminye imibuzo esebenzayo isala ingaphenduliwe: Izihambeli zingakhethwa kanjani? Imiphi imithetho elawula izenzakalo zomhlangano? Izwe lingazikhipha izicelo zalo ngaphambi kokuba kubizwe umhlangano? Lokhu kungaqiniseki kuye kwabangela ukuba amazwe abe namadolonzima ukuphishekela lendlela, naphezu kwemizamo eminingi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Izikhathi ezintathu ekhulwini lama - 20, abasekeli bezinguquko ezithile benza imizamo ebumbene ukuze balondoloze inani lezicelo ezidingekayo ukuze kubuthwe iSiphakamiso V Convention.

Inqubo Yokuhlunga: Ukulungisa Indaba Ebanzi

Uma nje isilungiso sesihlongozwe ngenqubo ethile, kumelwe sigunyazwe ngaphambi kokuba sibe ingxenye yoMthetho - sisekelo. Inqubo yokulungisa iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zisekelwa kabanzi kulo lonke izwe, hhayi nje eMkhandlwini noma ezizweni ezimbalwa.

Ukukhishwa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni

Indlela evame kakhulu yokulungisa ihlanganisa ukuvunyelwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokushesha lapho kugunyazwa abantu abathathu (abangu-38 kwamashumi amahlanu). Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvumelana kubonakalisa ukuvumelana kwangempela kwesizwe kunokuba kuboniswe ukuthandwa kweningi elingenalutho.

Inqubo yombuso kahulumeni isetshenziselwa bonke ngaphandle kolunye lwezinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuMthetho-sisekelo. Isishaya-mthetho ngasinye sicabangela ukulungiswa okuhlongozwayo ngokwezinqubo zaso siqu, ngokuvamile okudinga imvume kuwo womabili amakamu ondlu yomthetho (ezindaweni ezinezishaya-mthetho ze-bimeral) noma igumbi elilodwa (eNebraska, enesishaya-mthetho esine-uncameral).

Ukuvota kwezwe ngalinye (ukuguqula noma ukulahla isilungisi esihlongozwayo) kunesisindo esilinganayo, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu bakahulumeni noma ubude besikhathi e-Union. Lokhu kuphathwa okulinganayo kwezifunda kubonisa isimo sombuso wesimiso saseMelika futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda ezincane zinezwi elilinganayo ezinguqukoni zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukunqanyulwa Komhlangano Wezwe

Enye indlela yokulungisa ihlanganisa impela imihlangano yezwe. Imihlangano ekhethekile ingabizwa ngokuthi i - United States Congress ngokukhethekile ngenjongo yokucabangela nokulungisa okuhlongozwayo. Indlela yokulungisa inqunywa yi - United States Congress.

Lenqubo yasetshenziswa kanye kuphela emlandweni waseMelika ngo1933 ngokuhlelwa kweSichibiyelo Sakuqala samashumi amabili. ISichibiyelo sakuqala, esaphinde sakhishwa iProhibition, sagunyazwa ngemihlangano kahulumeni kunangezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, cishe ngenxa yokuthi uMkhandlu ukholelwa ukuthi imihlangano yayiyobonisa ngokunembe ngokwengeziwe umuzwa womphakathi ngalendaba eyimpikiswano.

Inqubo yomhlangano wesifundazwe inikeza izinzuzo eziningana. Imihlangano ingakhethwa ngokukhethekile ukuze kucatshangelwe ukulungisa, inikeze ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwentando ethandwayo kunamalungu ombuso, akhethwe amalungu awo ukuba akhulume ngezindaba eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imihlangano ingase ingabi ngaphansi kwezingcindezi zezombangazwe nokucabangela okungathonya amavoti emithetho.

Indima Yezinqolobane Zesizwe

Ngemva kokuba i-Congress ihlongoza ukulungisa, i- Archivist yase-United States, ephethe i-National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), inomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlukanisa. I- Archivist iphathise imisebenzi eminingi yenkonzo ehlobene nale misebenzi kuMqondisi we-Federal Register.

Uma iHhovisi le-Federal Register liqinisekisa ukuthi liye lathola inani elidingekayo lezincwadi eziqinisekisiwe, lihlela isimemezelo esingokomthetho se-Archivist sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kuyasebenza futhi sekuyingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sitifiketi sikhishwa kuyi-Federal Register nase-U.S. izishaya-mthetho ezinkulu futhi sisebenza njengesaziso esingokomthetho eMkhandlwini naseSizweni ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa isiqedisiwe.

Ukuphumelela Nokuhluleka Ngokomlando: Izinqumo Ezingamashumi Ayisikhombisa

Kusukela ekuFumeni, uKhongolo-mfutho lusebenzise izinqubo zeSiphakamiso V ukuhlongoza izinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zomthetho-sisekelo. Izifundazwe ziye zagunyaza ukubuyiselwa kwamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kwalezi ezihlongozwayo, okuhlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights. Lelizinga lempumelelo cishe ngamaphesenti angu - 82 libonisa ukuthi nakuba inqubo yokulungisa idinga, ayinzima kakhulu.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Neziphendulo Zokuqala

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njengeBill of Rights, zahlongozwa iSishaya - mthetho Sokuqala ngo - 1789 futhi zagunyazwa ngo - 1791. Lezi zinguquko zazibalulekile ekusekeleni uMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo, ngoba amazwe amaningi ayegunyaze incwadi yokuqala ngokuqonda ukuthi incwadi yamalungelo yayizokwenezelwa ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

I-Bill of Rights yasungula isivikelo esiyisisekelo kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, kanye nezindaba; ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali; isivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni; amalungelo afanele enqubo; nesivikelo ekujezisweni konya nokungajwayelekile. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba yisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika futhi kuye kwalololonga ukuqonda kwesizwe amalungelo aso.

Iziphendu Zokulungisa

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, seshumi nane neseshumi nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saguqula uMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane samisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi futhi savikela ngokufanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sanqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni. Lezi zinguquko zamelela ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo, okwanikeza ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokombuso futhi ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nemibuso.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nezinqumo Zanamuhla

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu sagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesikhombisa samisa ukukhetha okuqondile kwabameleli, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesikhombisa samisa iProjini, futhi iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu sanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota.

Kamuva izinguquko zaqhubeka zandisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nesakhiwo sikahulumeni sokukhuluma. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane salinganisela amongameli emagameni amabili, iSichibiyelo seNguquko samashumi amabili nane se-Fourth saqeda intela yokuvota, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba yishumi elinesishiyagalombili, futhi iSichibiyelo seMithetho samashumi amabili nane sandisa inkokhelo ebhekiswe kumthetho.

Izinqamulo Ezihlulekile

Kuye kwaba neziphakamiso ezingu-33 eziphelele zokulungisa inguquko ezidluliswe ngama-32 e-Congress futhi zathunyelwa ezifundeni. Kulezi, ezine zisalindile. Lezi zinguquko ezisele azihlanganisanga izenzakalo ezimisiwe zokugcinwa kwemigqa, okusho ukuthi zazingagunyazwa uma izifunda ezanele zikhetha ukwenza kanjalo.

Izinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu zihlanganisa iSichibiyelo samaLungelo esilinganayo, esawayo nezifunda ezintathu ezingasakwazi ukuhlukanisa naphezu kwenkathi ethatha isikhathi eside, nezihlongozo ezihlukahlukene zezimfuneko ezilinganiselayo zemali, imingcele yemithetho ehlangene nezinye izinguquko zokwakha. Ukwehluleka kwalezi zinguquko kubonisa ukuthi isisekelo esiphezulu soshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo nobunzima bokufinyelela ukuvumelana okudingekile emazweni ahlukene kanye nemiqondo yezombangazwe.

Ukuthula Nezigwegwe Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

ISiphakamiso Sesihlanu asisho lutho ngokuqondene nezikhathi ezimisiwe zokulungisa okuhlongozwayo, kodwa izinguquko eziningi ezihlongozwa kusukela ngo-1917 ziye zahlanganisa isikhathi sokugcinwa kwemingxube. Lomkhuba waqala ngeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalombili futhi usuye waba indinganiso yezihlongozo eziningi zesimanje zokulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesilinganiso sawo seminyaka eyisikhombisa sithola isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokuqala, nakuba iMikhandlu iye yayithatha ngezikhathi ezithile.

Umbuzo wokuthi izifundazwe zingakuvala ukubola kwazo ngaphambi kokuba kulungiswe ngokuphelele kusalokhu kungaqiniseki. Abanye abahlaziyi bangathi cha [1] Ngesinye isikhathi isimo siye sagunyazwa, esibhekene nezingxenye ezintathu ezidingekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isifundazwe senzani kamuva. Kodwa abanye abahlaziyi bangasho ukuthi uhulumeni ungabuyisela ukuthandeka kwawo isikhathi eside kakhulu njengoba nje enza kanjalo ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yokulungisa iqedwe. Ngakho, akukho mpendulo eqinisekile yalo mbuzo.

Ithonya Elinamandla LeSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba inqubo engokomthetho yokuguqula uMthetho - sisekelo ichazwa ngokucacile, amandla ezombangazwe anquma ukuthi iziphi izinguquko eziphumelelayo noma ezihlulekayo ayinkimbinkimbi futhi anezici eziningi. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kunikeza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ezinye izinguquko ziphumelela kuyilapho ezinye zihluleka, naphezu kwamazinga afanayo okusekela kokuqala.

Ukwakha I - Consensus Ngalé Kwezithakazelo Ezingefani

Izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu kokubili ekuhlongozweni nasekuhlolweni kwezindlela zokulungisa ezihlukene zisho ukuthi izinguquko eziphumelelayo kumelwe zikhange ezindaweni eziningi ezihlangene, amaqembu ezombangazwe, kanye nemibono ehlukahlukene. Lemfuneko yokuvumelana isebenza kokubili njengamandla nokulinganiselwa kwenqubo yokulungisa.

Le nqubo idinga izinguquko ukuze kusekelwe ukuvumelana. Kodwa kunezizathu ezinamandla zokufuna ukusekelwa okunjalo, njengokuvimbela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo amelene ngokuqinile nedlanzana lezwe ukuba aqhutshwe, okungalulaza ukwethembeka kwesizwe kuMthetho-sisekelo.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinguquko eziningi eziphumelelayo ziye zaba umphumela wezinhlangano eziqinile zezenhlalo ezakha ukusekela komphakathi eminyakeni eminingi noma ngisho amashumi eminyaka. Inhlangano yabesifazane yokuzihlupha, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, kanye nenhlangano yokwehlisa inkathi yokuvota konke kubonisa indlela ukuhleleka komthetho ohleliwe ekugcineni okunganqoba ngayo ukumelana komphakathi nokufinyelela ushintsho olungokomthetho.

Lezinhlangano zisebenzisa amasu amaningi: izimpande ezihlela utshani, imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi, ukugqugquzela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuqashelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, nokwakha izivumelwano ezihlukene. Impumelelo yalemizamo ayixhomekile nje kuphela ekulungiseni okuhlongozwayo kodwa nasekhonweni lokuzikhuthaza ukuphikelela kwezombangazwe nokuzigcina zinamandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukucabangela Okuhlukile

Nakuba ezinye izinguquko ziye zathola ukusekelwa kwe-bipartisan, ezinye ziye zahileleka kwezombangazwe ezilwayo. Ubunzima bokuthola ukusekela okumabili amashumi amathathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomthetho kusho ukuthi ukulungisa okuthathwa njengokuzuzisa iqembu elilodwa phezu kwenye izithiyo ezinkulu. Lomshiqela onamandla angavimbela ukucabangela izinguquko ezingase zibe nokufanele, njengoba izibalo zezombangazwe zisusa inqubo eyisisekelo.

Ukuqhathanisa Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Neminye Imibuso

Inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo waseMelika inzima kakhulu kunaleyo yezinye izizwe eziningi ezibusa ngentando yeningi. Amazwe amaningi avumela ukuthuthukiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngemithetho eyisisekelo noma adinga kuphela izikhulu ezinkulu eziphansi. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa amapasenda ukuvuma izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, anikeze indima eqondile yokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo.

Inkinga elinganiselwe yenqubo yaseMelika inazo zombili izinzuzo nezingozi. Kwesinye isandla, iqinisekisa ukuzinza futhi ivimbela izinguquko ezivamile ezingase zilulaze igunya loMthetho-sisekelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingenza uMthetho-sisekelo ungasabeli kakhulu ezimweni zezenhlalo ezishintshayo nasezintweni ezithandwa yidemokrasi.

Abasekeli besimiso samanje baphikisa ngokuthi ubunzima bokulungisa buye banezela ekuphileni isikhathi eside nasebungeni bomthetho-mthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States uwumthetho-mthetho wesizwe omdala kunayo yonke obhaliwe emhlabeni osekhona, futhi ukuzinza kwawo kuye kwanikeza isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubunzima bokuguqulwa kwamasiko buye baholela ekuthembeleni ngokweqile ekuchazeni incazelo yomthetho ukuze kuvumelani noMthetho-Constitution nezimo zanamuhla, okungabangela ukulahlekelwa yicala lentando yeningi.

Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo Lwethukela

Nakuba iSiphakamiso V sinikeza indlela engokomthetho yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wavela ngezindlela ezithukela. Lezinguquko ezingahleliwe aziwushintshi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo kodwa zithinta kakhulu incazelo nohlelo lwawo.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela

Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlola kokwahlulela, asungulwe eMarbury v. Madison (1803), avumele iNkantolo ukuba ichaze amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela eziwavumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Izinqumo ezilandelwayo ezimayelana nezimpikiswano kusukela ekuhlukaniseni abantu kuya ekukhipheni isisu kuya emshadweni ongowesilisa siye sayishintsha ngokuphumelelayo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukuba uhlale ufanelekile futhi usabela ekususeni izindinganiso zomphakathi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uvumela abahluleli abangakhethwanga ukuba benze izinqumo okufanele zishiyelwe enqubweni yentando yeningi, okungase kubangele ukuncishiswa kwenqubo ngokwayo.

Umkhuba Wokushaya Indiva Nokwengamela Umthetho

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho futhi iye yavela ngemikhuba yokushaya umthetho neyabaphathi emisa izenzakalo nezimiso. Ukukhula kwezwe lokuphatha, ukwanda kwamandla kamongameli ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokusungulwa kwesimiso sekomiti eSishaya - mthetho konke kumelela izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zomthetho zenzakalela ngaphandle kokushintsha okungokomthetho.

Inguquko Yezenhlalo Nempucuko

Izinguquko zezenhlalo nezempucuko nazo zithinta incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Izimpikiswano Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokwayo iye yaba indaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo nezihlongozo zenguquko. Izazi ezihlukahlukene, izazi zezombangazwe, namaqembu okulawula asikisela izinguquko ukuze lenqubo yentando yeningi yenze kube lula noma ibe nentando yeningi.

Izimpikiswano Zokwenza Isinqumo Sibe Lula

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo yamanje inzima kakhulu futhi ivimbela izinguquko ezidingekile zomthetho - sisekelo. Bakhomba ukuthi inguquko eyathola ukusekelwa okuningi kodwa eyayingenakufinyelela izinzuzo ezinkulu ezidingekayo, njengeSichibiyelo Senkululeko Ephelele noma izihlongozo zenguquko yezezimali ezidingekayo.

Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa ukunciphisa izici eziyinhloko ezidingekayo ekuhlolweni noma ekuhlaziyweni, ukuvumela ukumiswa kwezwe ekulungisweni komthetho-mthetho, noma ukumiswa kwemingcele yesikhathi okufanele iSishaya-Mkhandlu sibize ngayo umhlangano lapho ucelwa yizwe. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lezi zinguquko zingenza uMthetho-sisekelo uthathele phambili izintando zentando yeningi futhi unciphise ukuthembela ekuchazeni komthetho.

Izimpikiswano Zokulondoloza Izimfuneko Zamanje

Abavikeli besimiso samanje baphikisa ngokuthi inkinga yokulungisa isimo iyisici, hhayi isilokazane. Baphikisa ngokuthi ibhande eliphakeme loshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo liqinisekisa ukuqina, livimbela izinqumo ezisheshayo, futhi lidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba umthetho oyisisekelo ushintshwe.

Laba bavikeli baphawula ukuthi le nqubo yokulungisa iphumelele ekulungiseni inkathi engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, ebonisa ukuthi ifuna kodwa ayiyona into engenakwenzeka. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukwenza ukulungisa kulula kungaholela ezinguqulweni ezivamile ezingase zibangele ukululaza igunya nozinzilo loMthetho-sisekelo.

Umhlangano Wenhlangano Kahulumeni

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaba nesithakazelo esivuselelwe ekusebenziseni indlela yomhlangano ukuze kuhlongozwe ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo. Amaqembu ahlukahlukene ahlela imikhankaso yokuqinisekisa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba zifake isicelo somhlangano ukuze zicabangele ukuhlelwa kwemibandela enjengemingcele yesikhathi, izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, noma imingcele engokomthetho kahulumeni.

Lemizamo iye yadala impikiswano enkulu mayelana nendlela yomhlangano. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza i-exception edingekile embusweni kahulumeni futhi ivumela amazwe ukuba ahlongoze izinguquko ukuthi uMkhandlu awusoze waqala. Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuba umhlangano "wesigodi obalekayo" ongase uhlongoze ukubuyiselwa okungaphezu kwezinga ohlosiwe, okungasongela izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo ezimisiwe.

Ukucatshangelwa Okuwusizo Kwabameleli BeSichibiyelo

Kulabo abafuna ukuphishekela izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amaqiniso angokoqobo ale nqubo. Imikhankaso yokulungisa ephumelelayo idinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, umzamo oqhubekayo nokucabanga okuhleliwe.

Ukwakha Isivumelwano

Izinguquko eziphumelelayo zidinga ukusekelwa yiziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene. Abasekeli beSichibiyelo kumelwe bakhe imifelandawonye ehlanganisa izifunda ezihlukene, amaqembu ezombangazwe, namaqembu athakazelo. Lokwakha ingxube idinga ukuhlukanisa isisekelo esifanayo, ukuxoxa ngezinkathazo zabanga abaphikisi, nokubonisa ukusekela komphakathi obanzi.

Isikhathi Nesimo Sezombangazwe

Izigwegwe ziphumelela kakhulu lapho zisingatha izinkinga eziqashelwa kabanzi, lapho zinomuzwa wokuphuthuma noma wenhlekelele, noma lapho zihambisana nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezibanzi. Ukuqonda isikhathi sezombangazwe nokukhetha isikhathi esifanele sokulwela ukuxazulula izinkinga kungaba okubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele.

Ukuphoqa Nolimi

Ulimi oluqondile lwezinguquko ezihlongozwayo lukhulu. Izigwebo kumelwe zibekwe ngokucophelela ukuze zifeze injongo yazo kuyilapho zigwema imiphumela engahlosiwe. Ulimi kumelwe lucace ngokwanele ukuba lunikeze isiqondiso kodwa luvumelana nezimo ngokwanele ukuba luvumele ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo.

Iqhinga lendlela yesimo sezwe

Ukuze kuqalwe isigaba sokulungisa, abameleli bezokulungisa kumelwe bathuthukise amasu alandelana nesifundazwe, baqaphele ukuthi amazwe ahlukene anamasiko ezombangazwe, izinto eziza kuqala, nezinqubo ezihlukene. Impumelelo idinga ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kahulumeni ngamunye, ukuhlukanisa abenzi besinqumo abayinhloko, nokulungisa izimpikiswano ezihlobene nezinkathazo nezindinganiso zendawo.

Ikusasa Lesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguquka, imibuzo ephathelene nokulungisa komthetho - sisekelo iyohlala ibalulekile. izindaba ezihlanganisa izinto eziyimfihlo zobuchwepheshe, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokuqonda okushintshayo kwamalungelo nenkululeko kungase ekugcineni kudinge ukusabela komthetho - sisekelo.

Inqubo yokulungisa cishe iyoqhubeka ibhekana nokucindezeleka okuyisisekelo okufana nalokho ebilokhu ibhekana nakho: isidingo sokulinganisela ukuqina nokuvumelana nezimo, ukulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo kuyilapho uvumela ushintsho oludingekile, nokuqinisekisa kokubili ukusabela kwentando yeningi nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokulungisa okungokomthetho noma ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungahleliwe, uMthetho-sisekelo uzoqhubeka ukhula ngokuvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa (inqubo) umlando, omakhenika, kanye nezinga lokusebenza) kusemqoka kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Isinyathelo Ngenqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

  • Inqubo yokulungisa idinga ukuvumelana okungavamile, nokusekelwa okudinga amahora amathathu namathathu ukuze kuthathwe
  • Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulungisa: isiphakamiso somhlangano (esisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinguquko ezingu - 33 ezihlongozwayo) nomhlangano womthetho - sisekelo (ongakaze usetshenziswe)
  • Kukhona izindlela ezimbili zokuhlaziywa: izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (ezisetshenziselwa izinguquko ezingu-26 kwezingu- 27 ezagunyazwa) nemihlangano yombuso (ezisetshenziselwa isiHluzi sokuQonda samashumi amabili kuphela)
  • UMongameli akanandima engokomthetho enqubweni yokulungisa, futhi ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo akudingi ukuvunyelwa umongameli
  • Izinguquko ezingu - 20 nesikhombisa ziye zagunyazwa kusukela ngo - 1789, zibonisa ukuthi nakuba kunzima, ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo lungenzeka
  • Ibhande eliphakeme lokulungisa liqinisekisa ukuzinza kodwa liye laholela ekuncikeni okwandayo ekuchazeni ukwahlulela ukuze kuvumelaniswe noMthetho - sisekelo
  • Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ingabe inqubo yokulungisa kufanele ilungiswe yini ukuze kwenziwe ushintsho olulula ngomthetho - sisekelo noma lwentando yeningi ngokwengeziwe
  • Ushintsho oluphumelelayo ngokuvamile ludinga izinhlangano eziqhubekayo zezenhlalo, imifelandawonye emikhulu, nemibono emihle yezombangazwe

Imicebo Engeziwe Yokuqonda Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokulungisa yomthetho-sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi. Izinqolobane zeNational Archives zilondoloza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yokulungisa nomlando wakho konke okuhlongozwayo nokugunyazwayo. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ sinikeza imithombo yemfundo, ukuhlaziya kolwazi, nemifanekiso ethatha isinyathelo ehlola umlando nencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko.

I- I-Constitution Annoted, eshicilelwe yi-Murail of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwelungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nengxoxo ebanzi yenqubo yokulungisa inqubo yendaba nomthetho ovumelana nayo. Omagazini be-Academic kanye nokuhlolwa komthetho njalo banyathelisa izihloko zezazi zihlola izici ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, zinikeza ngokuhlaziya ngokujula kwezindaba zomlando nezesikhathi samanje.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kusemqoka ekuqondeni idemokrasi yaseMelika ngokwayo. Lenqubo ibonisa ukulinganisela ngokucophelela koMsunguli kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuqina nokushintsha, amandla ombuso nombuso, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane. Nakuba le nqubo ifuna futhi ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa labo abafuna inguquko, iye yasiza isizwe kangcono amakhulu amabili eminyaka, ivumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uzenzeke kuyilapho ulondoloza ubuntu negunya laso eliyisisekelo.

Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda indlela umthetho wethu oyisisekelo ongase ushintshwe ngayo kusinika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni zentando yeningi ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo nenguquko. Noma umuntu ufuna ukulondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba ubhaliwe, ukuwuchaza ngokwezindinganiso zamanje, noma ukuwulungisa ukuze abhekane nezinselele ezintsha, ulwazi ngenqubo yokulungisa lubalulekile. Lokhu kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuzinza okuphawulekayo koMthetho-sisekelo kanye namandla awo okwenza ushintsho oludingekile, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lombhalo wesisekelo uhlala ubalulekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.