Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele Nendima Yayo Ekufuneni Nokwehla Komthetho

Inqubo i-Lickot i-Licken system yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, efakwe ezinzimeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane. Ngaphakathi kwayo, ifuna ukuba uhulumeni ahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho abekwe kumuntu, aqinisekise ukuthi zonke iziteshi ezingokomthetho zilungile. Uma kuziwa eSimisweni seSine sokuHlulwelwelwe u-̱ inqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, inqubo efanele yenza kokubili kube isihlangu senkululeko nesimiso esingokomthetho esinikeza ukugcinwa komthetho. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, isivikelo seSiphendulo sesine singaba yizelele, njengoba izakhamuzi zingenakho ukuthembeka ekuvimbeleni uhulumeni ukugxazululwa noma ukuqulwa nokuquleka okuzenza ngaphansi kwegunya elingokomthetho.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenqubo efanele nezindlela zokufuna kanye nezokuvikela zisekelwe kakhulu enkathini yokusungulwa, kodwa buye bashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi ezinqumo zenkantolo, izinguquko zemithetho, nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela inqubo efanele evikela ngayo abantu ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuthuthweni, izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula lezosivikelo, kanye nokungavumelani nomthetho ukuba wenze ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwazi amalungelo akhe nakulabo abasebenza esimisweni sobulungisa ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi lawomalungelo ahlonishwa.

IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zenqubo Efanele NeSichibiyelo Sesine

IsiHluzi sesihlanu simemezela ukuthi akukho muntu ongeke ancishwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. ̵ Ekuqaleni, lo mngcele wasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Ngemva kweMpi Yomphakathi, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seSine seMithetho sinwetshwe ngokufanayo ezizweni, sinikeza ukuthi akukho zwe eliyoke lincishiswe noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. ” Yonke, le mithetho yakha isiqinisekiso somthetho sokuthi amandla kahulumeni ayobe uhulumeni ayosetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ngenqubo emisiwe.

ISichibiyelo sesine, esigunyazwe njengengxenye yeBill of Rights ngo - 1791, sithi: “ ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini zabo, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, ngeke soniwe, futhi akukho mithetho yeSiphepho ehlolwayo, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekile, okusekelwa yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto ezimelwe ziphangwe. ” Lombhalo uveza isivikelo esivamile ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka, futhi imfuneko edinga ukuba isekelwe entweni eqondile futhi ichaze ukuphenywa.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo Sesine ngokubheka inqubo efanele, ikholelwa ukuthi ukucabangela kokuseshwa noma ukuphazanyiswa akunakuhlolwa ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuthi uhulumeni walandela izinqubo ezilungile yini.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, iSichibiyelo sesine sasebenza kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Umbuso nomthetho wendawo kwakungaboshelwanga ngemfuneko yawo egunyaziwe. Lokho kwashintsha ekhulwini lama-20 ngemfundiso ye yokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa [, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma khona ukuthi amalungiselelo amaningi eSivumelwano samalungelo engokomthetho asebenza kumazwe phakathi kweGawula i-AnPPPPPPPP ̱ i-Mqulumo ye-Clausces. Ezimweni ezingokomthetho eziwuphawu [[FLT:]] Mapt v. [196] [19]) futhi i-fulvlat] VFUL [5] [1994], i-Nkathi ye-Ene, i-Nkadendexpectionments, kuhlanganise ne-encelthi, i-evivolution, i-ediyokuhlanganisa nanoma zonke izikhulu, futhi i-uhlu, i-uhlu

Imfuneko Eqaphile Njengesivikelo Esifanele

ISichibiyelo Sesine i-’ umbhalo usikisela ukuthi izimvume ziyindlela ethandwayo yokuhlola nokuquleka. Imvume ekhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi, esekelwe emazwini afungiwe aveza imbangela engenzeka, inikeza i-exicks lokuqinisekisa umthetho ngokusemthethweni i-’ amandla. Lesi sinyathelo se-producture siyisibonelo esivelele senqubo efanele yokusebenza: ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni ungenele kumuntu i-’ imfihlo, kumelwe ibonise umahluleli ongakhethi ukuthi kunesizathu esifanelekile sokukholelwa ebufakazini bobugebengu obuzotholakala.

Inqubo idinga okungaphezu nje kokuthola imvume, nokho. Imvume akumelwe ithathwe ngendlela enengqondo, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora asemini, futhi akumelwe yeqe lokho amajistala agunyaziwe. Uma izikhulu zihlola izindawo ezingachazwanga ekugunyazweni noma zithatha izinto ezingadwetshwanga, lezozenzo zingase zingqubuzane neSichibiyelo sesine futhi zilulaze ukulunga kokuqhubeka. Imfuneko yokungalungi iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangaphansi kwemithetho evamile, ukuphenya impahla yabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efanele ifuna ukuba abantu baziswe ngokuhlola noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kungqongqoze futhi kumemezele ukuba khona kwabo ngaphambi kokungena ekhaya, ngaphandle kokuba kube nezimo ezicacile ezithethelela ukungangeni kwe-knock. Lesisaziso sinikeza abahlala khona ithuba lokuvula umnyango ngokuzithandela futhi bagweme ukuxabana okungadingekile. Ukuhluleka ukulandela lemithetho esemthethweni kungabangela ukusesha okusemthethweni okungekhona okusemthethweni.

Imbangela Enengqondo: Indinganiso Yokulinganisela

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso engokomthetho okumelwe ihlangatshezwe ngaphambi kokuba imvume inikezwe. Ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo ezaziwayo eqenjini lomthetho ingaholela umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu busendaweni okumelwe buhlolwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela ivumelana nezindinganiso ezivamile, hhayi ezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa kumelwe isekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile, hhayi ekusoleni noma ezindaweni ezisemngceleni. Inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nasemikhawulweni yomngcele, umantshisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi wenze ucingo, kunokuba ishiye isinqumo sisekelwe ngokuphelele esikhuluni emgwaqweni.

Inqubo Edingekayo Ngaphandle Kwalesi Simfuneko Esiyinqaba: Sihlukile Futhi Silinganiselwe

Nakuba imfuneko egunyaziwe isisekelo seSichibiyelo sesine, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukuphenya nokuquleka kunezici eziningana okungabhekwa njengezinengqondo ngaphandle komthetho. Lezi zindawo azizona izaba kodwa zisekelwe ezidingweni ezingokoqobo nemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni. Nokho, inqubo efanelekile isabeka imingcele endleleni lokhu kungabi yiyo.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi ngokuphoqelelwa noma ngokukhohliswa. Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni abonise imvume ngokuhlola ubufakazi, futhi izinkantolo ziyobheka ingqikithi yezimo, kuhlanganise ne-̱, iminyaka yobudala, imfundo, nokuhlelwa. Umuntu angahoxa noma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi uma izikhulu ziqhubeka zisesha ngemva kokuhoxa, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obubanjiwe bungabekelwa phansi. Iqiniso lokuthi othile akakuvumeli ukubekela inselele izinga lokufuna uma kuvunyelwa.

Ukuhlola Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Lapho umuntu eboshwa ngokomthetho, amaphoyisa angase afune i-bay ̱ umuntu nendawo elawulwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kugwenywa kulunga ngokuphepha kwesikhulu futhi nesidingo sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Inqubo ibeka imikhawulo: ukuphenya kumelwe kugcinwe lapho eboshiwe futhi kumelwe kugcinwe endaweni lapho oboshwayo angase afinyelele khona isikhali noma ubufakazi. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambe ukuthi izikhulu zingasesha igumbi labagibeli lemoto esenzeka kuleyo ngxenyeni yemoto yamuva nje e-̱ ukuboshwa, kodwa uma nje ababoshwa bebosheshiwe futhi bengase bangene emotweni, noma uma kunengqondo ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuboshwa kuyotholakala kulungile. [FULD] [aN] [FUN]

Izimo Ezibi

Uma kunesidingo esisheshayo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvimbela ukulimala okungokomzimba, ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, noma ukuphunyuka komsoleki, izikhulu zingangena ekhaya noma zifune ngaphandle kwemvume. Isimo esiphuthumayo kumelwe siqiniswe futhi singasungulwa amaphoyisa. Inqubo edinga ukuba uhulumeni abonise ukuthi unyamezelo lukhona futhi lunamandla okushukumisa ukupheka. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa ezwa ukumemeza noma ukwephulwa ngaphakathi endlini, angangena ukuze anikeze usizo. Kodwa uma ezenzela iphuthuma ngokwawo ngokungqongqoza noma ngokumemezela ukuba khona kwawo ngendlela ebangela ukubhujiswa, ukuvuma okungagunyazi ukungena komgunyazo.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto zihamba futhi zingahanjiswa ngokushesha, iNkantolo iye yathi izikhulu ezikholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imoto inesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inobufakazi bobugebengu zingase zifune yonke imoto, kuhlanganise nanoma yiziphi izitsha ezingaphakathi kwayo, ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuncishiswa kokulindele kwabantu abayimfihlo abakwekwenziwa ngezimoto uma kuqhathaniswa namakhaya. Inqubo idinga izimbangela ezilindelekile, futhi ukuphenya kumelwe kube nengqondo. Uma izikhulu ziphenya ngaphezu kwalokho okungathethelelwa yisizathu, ubufakazi bungase bungakhishwa.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu singokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona izinto ezikhombisayo ngokusobala, bangathatha lezozinto ngaphandle kobufakazi. Lemfundiso ifuna ukuba isikhulu sibe nelungelo elingokomthetho lokungena kuleyonto, futhi ukuba isimo sokukhetha into sibe sobala ngokushesha. Inqubo iphakama uma isikhulu esiphethe i’ ukuma kwasekuqaleni akuvunyelwe, noma uma ukuphenya kwakuyizaba zokuthola ubufakazi. Imfundiso esobala ayinakusetshenziswa ukuthethelela ukuphenywa okuvamile.

Umthetho Wokuqeda: Ikhambi Lokuhlola Okungenangqondo

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kweSichibiyelo sesine umthetho owenqabela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna noma ukuthunjwa okungagunyaziwe uma kuqulwa. Umthetho usebenza kuzo zombili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezesifundazwe, futhi uklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isisusa sokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphandle komthetho wokuzihlukanisa, iSiphendulo Sesine singaba sincane kakhulu kunesithembiso esingokomfanekiso, njengoba kungeke kube nomphumela osebenzayo wokwephula lokho.

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa unemingcele. Usebenza emicimbini yomphakathi, enqubeni ezinkulu zamajaji, noma ekubukezeni i-habeas corpus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza inqwaba ehlukile, enjenge elungile ehlukile [[, evumela ubufakazi ukuba buvunywe uma izikhulu zithembele ngokunengqondo empendulweni eyathi kamuva yaphenduka yaba yize, noma ewumthetho owathi kamuva awusasebenzi ezicatweni. Inqubo efanelekile isasebenza kulezindaba ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu zasebenza ngokunenjongo, futhi umphumela wokuvimbela ubufakazi ubungakhombanga.

Naphezu kwalokhu kungabi nandaba, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uhlala uyisiphephelo esibalulekile. Uqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke azuze ngokungemthetho, futhi uqinisekisa isimiso sokuthi isiphetho asiyithetheleli indlela. Abavikeli abangabonisa ukuthi ukuphenywa kweSichibiyelo Sesine ngokuvamile kuyophumelela ukwenza ubufakazi obungasasebenzi bukhishwe, okuholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala noma ekucelweni okuhle.

Inqubo Efaneleke Enkathini Yamanani: Izinselele Zanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buye bawushintsha kakhulu umsebenzi wokusesha nomthetho wokuphazanyiswa. Ukwaziswa kwe-inthanethi, kuhlanganise ama-imeyili, imiyalezo yokuthumelelana imiyalezo, ukwaziswa kwendawo, nokugcinwa kwamafu, kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuthi iyini i-#820; ehlola i-” futhi yiziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba babe bodwa ngokunengqondo ezingxoweni zabo nakumathuluzi, ngisho noma leyo mishini ingekho esikweni se-#820; indlu. ”

Raley v. California (2014, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi i-Court ayinakuhlola isenzakalo socingo lwamakhalekhukhwini ukuze aboshwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi ama-cell phone anamuhla anenani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu, okungaphezulu kakhulu kunento engokoqobo efana nemali yemali noma iphakethe kagwayithi. INkanto yaphetha ngokuthi uhulumeni ’ isithakazelo ekuvikeleni kwesikhulu nobufakazi asizange sithethelele ukuvalela imfihlo eyimfihlo okungenamvume yokufuna iselula. Lesi saziso siyisibonelo esiyinhloko sokuzivumelanisa namaqiniso amashadie.

Ngokufanayo, i-Carpeent v. i-United States (2017), iNkantolo yathi uhulumeni i’ uthola amasonto amaningi agciniwe ezindawo zengqamuzana asuka kumshini we-elective weSimende sesine esinemibhoshongo. INkanto yalahla impikiswano yokuthi amarekhodi ebhizinisi agcinwe yiqembu lesithathu futhi yaqaphela ukuthi indawo ethatha isikhathi eside yembula umfanekiso oseduze womuntu i-̱s. Njengomphumela, ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu sokungena engqamuzaneni-mendeni yomlando. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa inqubo efanelekile yokuzibophezela ukuhambisana nokushintsha inqubo yezobuchwepheshe kangangokuthi isivikelo se-Gromastern

Imali Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Inkathi ye-minucture iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezinhlelo ezinkulu zokuhlola, njengalezo eziqhutshwa ngaphansi kwe-Freigent Surveillance Act (FISA). Nakuba izithakazelo zokuphepha kwesizwe zinamandla, inqubo efanele idinga ukuqondisa ngokwezinga elithile, njengokuvunyelwa kwezokwahlulela yi-International Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISIC). Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimo esiyimfihlo se-FISIA sengxoxo nokusetshenziswa kwengxenye engu-702 ye-FISA izimendementss Act yokuqoqa amalungelo afanele ezakhamuzi zase-U.S. Abantu abazokuxhumana kwabo kuqoqwe ngokulandelana. Umbango phakathi kwenhlala ingcingo phakathi kwenqubo enzima yokuphikisana okucindezelayo yenkathi yethu.

Misa futhi uthathe i-Frisk: Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo

Umkhuba wokumisa futhi ne-frisk, owaziwa futhi ngokuthi Terry ukuma (kusuka ku Terry v. Ohio), ivumela amaphoyisa ukuba avimbele umuntu kafushane ngenxa yokusola okunengqondo ukuthi umsebenzi wobugebengu uhamba ngezinyawo, futhi afake intethelelo engathi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Le jele le-Accampering lifice ukuboshwa ngokuphelele futhi alidingi mvume, kodwa liseyimpatho ngaphansi kwe-mestry.

Inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba ukusola okunengqondo kusekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile, angenakungatshazwa, hhayi nje ekwisici sokuzalana kwabantu. Izinkantolo ziye zaqeda imikhuba yokuyeka-futhi ne-frisk encike ekusebenziseni i-profilifini noma esetshenziswa ngendlela yokulawula. [idolobha laseNew York [202013], inkantolo yesifunda yezwe ithole ukuthi i-New York Police Department ̱ imisa-fulksstionstion ngoba izikhulu ze-Dintshiyanu nezinga ze-Greadentia, abantu abamnyama naban-Slandstiki babevayodwa kakhulu ngaphandle kokusola. Inqubo edinga ukuphatha umthetho wonke isithunzi futhi ingagobelwanga, i-swonday ehlose-enzile.

Ngisho noma i-top hot met ilungile, ubukhulu be-frask bulinganiselwe ekubekeni phansi kwezingubo zangaphandle zezikhali. Uma iphoyisa lizwa into ebonakala ngokushesha njenge-ctrabist, lingase libanjwe ngaphansi kwe-“ lichazelwe phansi i-̵ ngaphandle. Kodwa noma ikuphi ukuphenya okuqhubekayo kudinga ukuvuma noma imbangela elindelekile. Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi into ima ingeyesikhashana futhi ukuthi abasoleki abasoleki abathonywanga noma ababambeki ngokungadingekile.

Inqubo Efanele Nokulandisa: Indima Yezinkantolo Nezakhamuzi

Nakuba uhlelo olungokomthetho lwezimvume, okungenzeka luyisizathu, futhi lubalulekile, inqubo efanele ixhomeke ekuqinisweni okunenjongo. Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebucayi ngokukhipha izimpawu zokuvimbela ubufakazi, ngokuyala abahluleli ngomthetho, nangokukhipha imibono ecacisa imingcele yamandla amaphoyisa. Izakhamuzi, nazo zingaqinisa amalungelo azo ngokwenqaba ukuphenya, ngokucela ummeli uma evalelwe, nangokukhononda uma zikholelwa ukuthi amalungelo azo aye ephulwa.

Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zinikeza imithombo yokusiza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo. Ngokwesibonelo, ACLU̱s Sazi Amalungelo Enu ikhasi linikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo sokusebenzelana nokugcinwa komthetho. Cornell Information Institute inikeza isifushaniso esifingqiwe somthetho weSine seSimende. neProjekthi ye- ye-oyez i-oyez] umediooooower nemiyalezo yeNkathi yeNkanto yeNkanto ephuma ezimweni eziningi ezinkulu ezisemthethweni zeze-Genearde.

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho nazo zinesibopho sokuqeqesha izikhulu ngezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokwamukela izimiso ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhamera omzimba, angaveza irekhodi elisiza izinkantolo ukuba zihlole ukuthi uphengululo luhlolwe kahle yini noma luthathelwe kahle. Amabhodi azimele ahlola izindlela zokuziphatha okubi. Zonke lezi zindlela zisiza esimisweni esifanelekile esingesona nje esisemthethweni kodwa esisebenzayo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwenqubo Edingekayo

Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okusesha nokubamba awasetshenziswa ngokuthanda. Ngokufuna iziqondiso ezisekelwe entweni okungenzeka, ngokufuna ukuba ithethelelwe ngesidingo sangempela, nangokunikeza amakhambi anjengesimiso sokuhlukanisa, uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela wonke umuntu i-̱ unelungelo lokukhululeka ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungenangqondo. Kusukela enkathini yobuchwepheshe, lezisivikelo zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, njengoba ubuchwepheshe busiza abasunguli ukuba baqaphe isilinganiso esithile.

Ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo efanele isebenza kanjani kunika izakhamuzi amandla okugcina uhulumeni unecala. Kukhumbuza futhi ukugcinwa komthetho ukuthi ukuqashelwa akuxhomekile nje kuphela ekufinyeleleni imiphumela kodwa nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo alabo abakhonzayo. ISichibiyelo sesine neSimemezelo se-STITED Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane nesine zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe indawo engokomthetho lapho inkululeko nokulondeka kungahlala khona ngokuvumelana nomthetho.

Lapho lesosibopho sigcinwa, ukuphenya nokuquleka kuhlala kungokomthetho futhi kufanelekile, futhi isithunzi somuntu silondolozwa emphakathini okhululekile, ngeke kube khona ukulondeka okubalulekile.