Ngaphesheya kwe-Afrika ne-Asia, ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni wanamuhla — kusukela ekumisweni kwephalamende kuya egunyeni lemantshi yendawo — kunezisekelo ezisobala zokubusa kwezwe. Imingcele, imibuso, iziqondiso zomthetho, ngisho nezilimi zokuphatha ezizweni eziningi zangemva kwe-colonist akuzange kusungulwe ngokwemvelo kodwa kwabekwa noma kwashintshwa ezindaweni ze-palamente. Lelifa alisona nje isisekelo esingokomlando; liyaqhubeka libumba ukuqina kwezombangazwe, isikhundla sombuso, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo. Ukuqonda izinselele zezombangazwe nezokubusa kwalezi zindawo, umuntu kumelwe aqonde kuqala indlela ukubusa kwemibuso yemibuso yezwe ne-democralizimu evuselela ngayo izimiso zawo zegunya.

Imishini Yokubusa Kwamazwe: Isimiso Esilawulayo

Abaphathi bekoloni babengaklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwendawo noma ukuzinqumela. Injongo yabo eyinhloko kwakuwukukhipha ingcebo, ukulawula okungokohlelo, nokulungisa i-tranoble ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Ukufinyelela lokhu, amagunya okulawula amakoloni aqala izisekelo zokubusa ezivame ukuthatha indawo noma ukusungula kabusha izakhiwo zombuso wendawo. Umphumela waba yisimiso senhlanganisela esahlanganisa ukuhluzeka kwemizwa ye-Europe eqalayo engokwenhlalo, ngokuvamile okwabangela izingxabano ezikhona nanamuhla.

Izibonelo ezimbili ezibanzi zokubusa kwamakoloni zavela. Eyokuqala, ukubusa okungaqondile , kwathandwa yiFrance nePortugal. Lesibonelo safuna ukuhlanganisa izihloko zamakoloni ezindaweni zomphakathi, ukumisa amahlelo okulawula, isiFulentshi noma isiPutukezi njengolimi olusemthethweni. IsiFulentshi [[FLT:] [2] [commune[[FLT]]], ngokwesibonelo, safakwa eNtshona Afrika, sakha imikhankani yendawo ephendule ngqo eParis kunakumakhosi avamile. Isibonelo sesibili, [FLT] ukubusa okungantententene, okwakuyikhomba kweze kakhulu eBrithani, ikakhulukazi kulesimiso se-Afrika, izikhulu zendawo, ibusa ababusi bendawo futhi isebenzisa inzuzo engokwesiko. [FLT:] eyaziwa kakhulu kunaleyo ezindaweni ezikhona, futhi inzuzo ezinkulu zezindawo zezindawo zemvelo, kodwa ezikhona, kodwa ezisekela kakhulu, eziphuma ezingeni ezingeni ezinculweni zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezivamile, kodwa ezivamile.

Naphezu kwesibonelo, ukubusa kwamakoloni kwaqala imiqondo emisha mayelana nezindawo. Amakoloni ase-Afrika nase-Asia ayenemingcele yoketshezi, izimbulunga ezinamacala ahlukene, nezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-urzerainty. Abalawuli bamakoloni, ngokungafani, badweba imigqa eqinile emabalazweni anjenge-Berlin Conference of 1885-85, ukuqopha amakoloni ngaphandle kokwazisa uhlanga, ulimi, noma imingcele yamasiko. Lemingcele yaba yizindawo ezizimele zamazwe azimele, futhi ihlala ikhona i-rona yemibuso ehlala ikhona neyahlukene kakhulu yamakoloni. Umphumela uyibalazwe lapho imingcele yezombangazwe ivame ukuhlangana nemingcele yezizwe — njengamaqembu amaSomali, amaKurd, namaBakongo, azithola ehlukene emazweni amaningi, futhi ehlukene.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Umnwe Ohlala Njalo Wamandla AsebuSontweni

I-Sanharan Africa: Federalism v. Centralation

Ukukhetha iBrithani ukubusa ngokungaqondile kwaphumela emalungiselelweni kahulumeni noma e-quasi-federal. Nigeria iyisibonelo esivelele. IBrithani yahlanganisa inyakatho, intshonalanga, nezifunda zasentshonalanga ngo-1914, ngayinye enesiko elihlukile lokulawula namagama esizwe. Ngo-1960, iNigeria yazuza isakhiwo sikahulumeni esakhelwe ukuhlalisa le zindawo ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, izifunda zazingalingani emphakathini nasemthonjeni, okuholela ekuncintisaneni okukhulu okwaphumela eMpini yaseBians (1967-70),. Namuhla, ubuzwe baseNigeria buhlala bungenabunhle, ngezingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezinkonzweni zombuso nezindawo zayo ezingu-666. Isimo sombuso ngokwaso siyaqhubeka ukuguqula isizinda sezwe ukuba izwe lisebenze kahle.

Ngokuphambene, amakoloni aseFrance eNtshonalanga Afrika, anjenge Senagal, Côte d'Ivoire, neMali, azuzwe njengefa ephakathi kakhulu, izifunda ezihlangene. Ifaksi eFrance yagxila ngamandla anamandla kumongameli onamandla nesimiso esiphakeme, izikhulu zendawo ezimiswe enhloko-nkabeni kunokukhethwa imiphakathi yazo. Le ndawo yenza la mazwe asengozini yokubusa ngokwezentengiselwano futhi yavimbela ukubusa nokulandisa kwendawo. Lapho kusungulwa ukhetho lwezigaba eziningi ngo-1990, umbuso ophakeme kakhulu waba umklomelo wokubanjwa yimifelandawo, i-modeli eqoka izombangazwe, futhi kwezinye izimo, eholele ekulweni kwempi yombangowase-Cevoluston, njengoba kwaqala ngo-20000.

ENingizimu Asia: I - Institution Imprint of the Raj

E-South Asia, i-Raj yashiya izakhiwo ze-British ebanzi. yagcina isimiso se-Indiya Communial Service i-Indiya, inkonzo yomphakathi efanekiselwe i-Indiyan Civil Service, ijajiya esekelwe emthethweni ofanayo, nebutho lezempi elihlelwe ngemigqa eBrithani. Lezi zikhungo ziye zanikeza izinga lokuqhubekela phambili nokuzinza okwenza ukuba amanye amazwe amaningi aswele. I-Endiya i-Ecostation Commission, ngokwesibonelo, yamiswa ngohlobo lwe-1950, futhi iye yabaluleka kakhulu ekuqondiseni ukuphathwa kwe-volovotaltal, futhi iye yaba yenziwa kakhulu ekulawuleni izwe eliphethe izwe. Nokho, ifa lamakoloni lihlanganisa nemibuso ephakathi kwezindawo zokuvinje, ukuvikelwa kwe-Activement, ukuvince, ukuvingculment, ukumiswa kwezizwe ezisendayo.

uBangladesh kanye uPakistan uhlanganyela ifa elifanayo lenhlangano, kodwa izifunda zabo ziye zahluka. iPakistan, ikakhulukazi, yabhekana nokungenela okuphindaphindiwe kwezempi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ubudlelwane bebutho lempi, elabeka ibutho lempi endima yokuvikela, akuzange liphinde lilinganiswe ngokugcwele. IBrithani yayithembele eMbuthweni we-Indian, futhi lelifa lokuhileleka kwempi ezindabeni zezempi kwamazwe avamile labonakala kunzima ukulahla. Indima yezempi kwezentengiselwano kwezentengiselwano, ezombangazwe, futhi ngisho neyaseJudicariary ingalandela emuva emuva ezilungiselelweni ze-Ray.

ENingizimu - mpumalanga Asia: Izindlali Zamazwe Angaphansi Kwezwe Nezimiso Ze - Hybrid

I-Southeast Asia inikeza umbono oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yokufakwa kwamathonya amaningi amakoloni. I - Indonesia, ehlaliswe amaDashi, yazuza ifa lesimiso somthetho wezwe samaDashi esihlanganisa umthetho wesizwe nemisebenzi engokwesiko u-adat umthetho. Le nqubo exubile yenza uhlelo olusemthethweni olubanzi oluphikelelayo namuhla, nakuba ludala ukudideka kwezwe. AmaDashi abuye amise futhi imfucuthe yomnotho ehlukene, kanye nengxenye yesimanje esebenzela amakolo nengxenye eshiyelwendawo ephansi — umehluko oye wabonakala kunzima ukunqoba. [FLT:]Vetm, Laols, ne-Kolme, ne-Flade, i-fuldamu elivene, i-fulentshiwe, i-fulene, i-fulethi enziwayo enziwayo enziswayo futhi isisekelo esingokomthetho.

I-Philippines ingumthetho ohlukile, owenziwe yi-Spain (iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-300) kanye ne-Melika yobukoloni (iminyaka engu-50). Ukubusa kweSpain kushiyeka kuyifa lezwe eliphakathi, elinobushiqela neSonto lamaKatolika elinamandla. Ukubusa kwaseMelika, ngokungafani, kwasungula imfundo yomphakathi, isimiso sobumongameli esimi eU.S. uMthetho-Constitution, kanye nemithetho yamalungelo. Lefa elimbaxa-kabili liye laveza isimiso sezombangazwe esiwumbuso wentando yeningi nesobukhomanisi, kanye nezinhlangano eziqinile ezivame ukusebenza enkonzweni yemikhaya enamandla. Umbuso wase-Phillippine ubonisa ukuphikisana komlando wawo: usebenza ngohhlwini lwezwe, kodwa ulwahluzomthetho oqinile, nokulwa kwemithetho ye-amkhasime, nokubusa umthetho ophansi.

Imithetho Ejulile: Umthetho, Umbuso Waseburhulumenteni, Nohulumeni Wezomnotho

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho: Imithetho Edlulisiwe Nesimiso Somthetho

Enye yemithetho ehlala njalo yamakoloni yisimiso somthetho. Engxenyeni enkulu ye-Afrika ne-Asia, amakoloni amisa imithetho yawo siqu engokomthetho, ngokuvamile abekwa ezindaweni ezisemthethweni wesiko noma wenkolo. Lokhu kwadala isimiso somthetho esihlangene noma othandweni. , amaNgisi asungula isimiso somthetho esifanayo, kodwa imithetho yomuntu siqu ebusayo, ifa, nezindaba zomkhaya zashiyelwa emiphakathini yezenkolo ekhona — amaHindu, amaSulumane, namaKristu, nezinye. Le ngxenye ye-buni yenkolo iye yaba umthombo wakho kokubili ukuhlalisa nokuphikisana kwezombangazwe. [FLT:] [FLT], futhi ingeniswa nangokwezimome, isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: umthetho wezezentebo eMithethweni efanayo namasiko avamile, namasiko ahlukene, ngezinye izikhathi ezihlukene, futhi eziphikisanayo, futhi ezingokwakhelwa kakhulu, futhi ezingokomthetho.

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi, ezazuzwa njengefa eFrance, ePortugal, nase-Spain, zikhona ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Afrika nase-Latin America. Lezi zimiso zigcizelela imithetho egunyaziwe nenqubo yokwahlulela ebanzi. I-French Common yabekwa eNtshona Afrika eFrance, futhi ihlala iyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho emazweni anjenge- ISAGALI, Côte d’Ivoire, neMali. Nakuba lezimiso zinikeza ukucaca nokubikezela, zingaqina futhi zingasheshibhikisela ekushintsheni isimilo somphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso ezingokomthetho ezivame ukuhlanganisa isivikelo sempahla yezakhamuzi nezebhizinisi, ukuchaphaza i - protencesting eyaye kancane kancane.

Uhulumeni Waseburhulumenteni Nobuhlobo BoMbuso Nomphakathi

Imibuso yamazwe azimeleyo yayiklanyelwe ukukhipha imithombo yemali nokugcina uhlelo, hhayi ukukhonza izakhamuzi. Yayiyi-hiepical, imfihlo, futhi ngokuvamile yonakele. Ezizweni eziningi zangemva kwe-Polonia, lempucuko yaphikelela. Ifa lezembubhiso emazweni anjenge Brangladesh, Ghana, neKenya[[FLD] [[FLD]] iyaqhubeka iphawulwa yi-intevocance, ukuhluleka, nokungalawuleki kwe-patting. Ifa le British lenkonzo yezentengiselwano yesizwe — lapho abalawuli bedabula khona ama-gridgie kanye nezigaba — baye bagxekwa ngenxa yokuntula ulwazi. Ifa laseFrance, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwayo okuphakeme njengezikolethi eziko [FLC:] i-Ectenetic quest [Foctivecratic][3]

Ubuhlobo bombuso namazwe amaningi angemva kwezindawo ezihlala amazwe angaphansi kombuso buye bathonywa yizenzakalo zamakoloni. Emiphakathini lapho umbuso wamakoloni wawuhlasela futhi uthatha khona, izakhamuzi zahlakulela ukungathembani okukhulu ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Lokhu kungabi nakwethenjelwa kwenza kube nzima ngemibuso yanamuhla ukuqoqa intela, ukuphoqelela iziqondiso, noma ukuhlongoza izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe isinyathelo sokubambisana. Ukusebenzisa ubudlova kombuso wamakoloni ukuze ucindezele ukuphikisa kwashiya ifa lamaphoyisa namabutho ezempi ajwayele kakhulu ukulawula izakhamuzi kunokuba azivikele. Ukuguqula lezi zinhlangano zezokuphepha kuyinselele enkulu emazweni aguqula idemocriodenti.

Ukubusa Kwezomnotho: Ukulahlwa Kwengcebo Nokuncika Kwemali

Umnotho wamazwe azimele wahlelwa ukuba ufeze izidingo ze-tropole. Lelifa liye lathonya kakhulu ukubusa kwezomnotho emazweni azimele. Izomnotho eziningi zase-Afrika nase-Asia zincike ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe okuyinhloko — uwoyela, amaminerali, imikhiqizo yezolimo — indlela eyasungulwa ngezikhathi zobukoloni. Lokhu kubangela ukungenwa kwenani lemali nokunciphindwa kwezomnotho. [[FLT: 0] ukungcola okungathandeki kwezomnotho [[[FLT: 1]] kuncike kakhulu emazweni anjenge [FLT:] umkhiqizo we-Nagersia, Angola, ne-Dramacratic Republic of Congo [[FLT], lapho ukukhiswa kwamafutha namagugu emboni, ukuphangwa, ukuphana kwempi. Izinhlangano zakha imfucucumfuyo, ukuphatha imithombo yezwe kazwe kahulumeni wesizwe — izinhlangano zezindawo ezingoko elivamile kanye nezinzuzo zezindawo zezindawo zakwamanye amazwe.

Izimiso zentela zamazwe ahlala kuwo nazo zashiya uphawu oluhlala njalo. Emakoloni amaningi, intela yabekwa njengendlela yokuphoqelela abantu base-Afrika nase-Asia ukuba basebenze kanzima noma bakhiqize imali. intela ne intela intela] ewusheshisayo [[ eBrithani, ngokwesibonelo, yayiklanyelwe ukuphoqelela abantu base-Afrika ukuba basebenze emapulazini nasezimayini. Le mvelaphi ebhayisekile yentela iyenze kwaba nzima emadolozweni okumisa intela yokuzithandela. Ngokomphumela, amazwe amaningi e-Asiya ancike kakhulu ezintela ezingaqondile nasenkosweni eziholweni eziphambili, imingcele yentela ehambisana nemali etholakalayo ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ibhizinisi Elingachithiki Lokukhohlisa

Izinkolo Ezibuthakathaka Nokubusa Komuntu Siqu

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu zamanje ubuthakathaka bezikhungo ezihleliwe. Ezizweni eziningi zangemva kwe-colonia, umthetho awuqinile, amalungelo empahla awalondekile, futhi ijaji lisezikhundleni eziphazamisa kwezombangazwe. Lokhu buthakathaka benhlangano kungatholwa emuva ezimisweni zamakoloni ezinamandla agxilwe ezandleni zezikhulu futhi zilulaze izilinganiso ezizimele. Isimiso saseBrithani sokubusa okungaqondile, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile amakhosi endawo ezikhushumayeza esebenzela izimoto, isibonelo esiye sadluliselwa ngeposi-empepho. Umphumela ukwenziwa kwesimiso sokubusa kwabantu ngabanye — ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi [[FLT:] ne-oprialmism [FFFF:1] [FLD] — lapho umongameli wezentestricracy, noma imfuyodwa yempahla, isikhulu sezentengiselwano efuna ukubusa, ukubusa kwezelelana.

Ukwehlukana Kwezinhlanga Nezifunda

Izindlela zokuphatha zabhebhethekisa futhi ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga nezifunda. Inkambiso yaseBrithani "yokuhlukanisa amaHutu namaTutsi" eNigeria, eNdiya, kanye nakwezinye izindawo yakhuthaza ngentshiseko ukuhlukanisa ubuhlanga nokuncintisana. Rwanda, abaphathi bekoloni laseBelgium basebenzisa amakhadi okuhlukanisa amanani amaHutu namaTutsi, beqinisa lokho okwabe yizigaba zezenhlalo eziningi futhi babeka isisekelo sokuqothula izinhlanga ngo 1994. kumar , izinhlangano zezindawo zamakoloni zamazwe athanda izinhlanga eziqekelelwayo (Karen, Shan, Kachin) kuyilapho behlukanisa izigaba eziningi zezindawo zase-Smarbamall, inqubo eshiye ifayise yempi yale yomba embubhithi. Kulolu suku oluvamile inzondo oluvamile.

Inselele Yokuqinisa Intando Yeningi

Amazwe amaningi e-Afrika nase-Asia amukela imithetho-mthetho yentando yeningi ngemva kokuzibusa, kodwa idemokrasi iye yabonakala inzima ukuhlanganisa. Ifa lamakoloni asemaphakathini, izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, kanye nokuhlukana kohlanga kudala isimo esinzima sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izinhlelo ngokuvamile zonakaliswa ubudlova nokukhohlisa, futhi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zibanjwa njalo yizikhulu zentando yeningi. Ngisho nakuwo wonke amazwe aphumelela ngokuqhathaniswa ukubusa ngentando yeningi njenge India[FLT], i-dia , ukuthambekela kwamuva ngokulawula kwentando yeningi kanye nokuwohloka kwezimiso zentando yeningi nokungamela kuphakamisa imibandela encikelelwayo ngezinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi. Ifa awenziwa incithakalela imingcele encipheka imingceleni ezindaweni zentando yeningi — amanye amazwe ayakwazi ukwakha izimiso zentando yeningi naphezu komlando wawo — kodwa kuyisithi esingapheli.

Indlela Eqhubekayo: Ukunqoba Ifa Lasebukoloneni

Ukuqaphela ithonya lefa lamakoloni kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esidingekile, kodwa akusona izaba zokungathathi hlangothi. Izazi nodokotela baye baveza izindlela eziningana zokunqoba lezizithiyo ezingokomlando. Izinguquko zeCubialitions[ ezisusa amandla ohulumeni bendawo, ziqinise izinhlangano ezizimele, futhi zivikele amalungelo amancane angasiza ekukhulumeni ngefa lenkani. [[FLT:]] Isimiso somklamo — ikakhulukazi ukukhetha phakathi kokumelelwa kwe-acentialgist ne-ariantialgist systems [F], i-ftkt , i-ftlect:[5] kanye ne-'exft , i-ftlective , i-'exmong [Fod] esting [Foctive], kuyilapho ezinye izinqubo zikhona]

Inguquko yenkonzo ye-CUII ingenye indawo ebucayi. Ukusungula uhlelo lwe-computer, ukumisa imishayelo nenyuselwa kwezakhamuzi, nokusungula izimiso zobuphathi kungasiza ekunqobeni ifa le-patrimonial mode. [ Inguquko ye-Jucial — kuhlanganise nokuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zomthetho ezise-iiibhilidi, ukumiswa kwabahluleli abazimele, nokwanda kokufinyelela ekwahluleleni komthetho — kubalulekile ekumiseni umthetho. [[FLT:]] ushintsho lwesigaba [[FLT] [FLT]] lubalulekile futhi: ukuguqula amaphoyisa namabutho ezindaweni zokulawula izinhlangano zeze zezenzwe zezenyukshine ukuba kube yinqubo ewusizo enqubwelwe isikhathi eside kodwa inquisi. [[FLT:]]]

Okokugcina, ukuncishiselwa kwezomnotho kanye nemithombo yemali kubalulekile ekunqandeni umjikelezo wokuthembela nokonakala. Amazwe aye aphumelela ekulawuleni ingcebo yemvelo, njenge Botswana[, ayenze kanjalo ngokumisa izinhlangano zobucuphi, imithetho esobala yezezakhamuzi, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganyela. Ama-invection Instrustrive Incopection (ETI) kanye nezindinganiso zembulunga yonke ezifana ne-injini ethuthukisa ukubusa komnotho emazweni acebile. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FFF]]

Isiphetho

Ithonya lefa likahulumeni wase-Afrika nase-Asia aliyona indaba elula yokunqanda ukubusa kwezwe noma ukuthethelela ukuhluleka kwamanje. Yiqiniso elinzulu neliyinkimbinkimbi elingokomlando eliguqula indawo yezombangazwe ngezindlela ezibonakalayo nezingaqondakaliyo. Imingcele ezimele, imingcele ephakathi, izimiso zomthetho eziningi, nezimiso zezezigebengu ezasungulwayo ezabekwa phakathi nokubusa kwekoloni ayaqhubeka ebeka imibandela ekwazi ukubusa namuhla. Nokho, umlando awuyona isiphetho. Amazwe amaningi aye abonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqula izinhlangano ezizuzwe, ukwakha izinhlelo ezizimele ezizimele, nokusungula indlela yentando yeningi phambili. Isihluthulelo siwukuqonda ngokucacile ifa, ukuphikelela nokuklama kwayo. Inqubo eqhubekayo yokuziveza izimpawu zayo. Inqubo ye-decolon — uhlelo lokuhlakanipha, nezimiso zezombangazwe eziningi zezombangazwe ezisezinziwayo.

Amazwe anjengaye Botswana, Mauritius, neCosta Rica — nakuba iCosta Rica iseMazweni aseMelika — abonisa ukuthi amazwe anamakoloni akhona angakha imibuso eqinile nezimiso zezomnotho ezichumile. Impumelelo yawo isikisela ukuthi amafa angaphansi kwamazwe anganqotshwa ngokuklanywa ngamabomu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe, nokuphikiswa kwesizwe. Izindlela eziphambili zidinga ukuhlaziya okusobala kwamazwe ase-Afrika nase-Asiya, umsebenzi wokwakha impumelelo, ukulandisa, nezimiso zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho zihlala ziyinseleleko ephakathi — inseleleko engahlanganwa kuphela ngokubhekana nokulawulwa, kunokuba izakhiwo ezijulile ezingokomlando ezishiyyé embusweni yaso, kodwa ezivusemuva, intengovusemkhathini engcono kakhulu, kodwa idinga ukuvusekulwa, isibopho sokulungisa umbono, nokubusa kwabantu ababusayo. [ngemuva] Imboni engubushizinye intene, intethensi, intena, intena eyaziwa kakhulu, kodwa inte, inte