Isingeniso: I - Cornerstone Yobulungisa

Igatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni wase-United States lisebenza njengomtoliki nomphathi womthetho. Limiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, lisebenza ngokwalo kumagatsha emithetho nezikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokulunga, izingxabano zixazululwa ngokuthula, futhi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wezakhamuzi zonke avikelwe. Ngaphandle kwale jaji elizimele, umthetho ungaba sengozini, futhi ukulinganisela kwamandla achaza idemokratistiki yaseMelika kungawa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi ngalokho igatsha lokwahlulela elikwenzayo, indlela elihlelwe ngayo, nokuthi kungani liyindaba kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segatsha Lokwahlulela

OFata Abasungulwayo baklama igatsha lokwahlulela njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo. ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sifaka amandla okwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho ezingase zimiswe. Leli lungiselelo lidala isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni esihlukaniswe namagatsha emithetho nesikhulu. Ukuzimela kwejaji kuvikelwa kakhulu ngokuphila kwabahluleli bombuso, abangasuswa kuphela ngokungagunyazwa, futhi ngesiqinisekiso sokuthi iholo labo alincishiswe phakathi nenkonzo yabo.

UMthetho-sisekelo awugcizeleli yonke imininingwane yokusebenza kwezinkantolo. UKhongolo lunegunya lokwakha izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, ukumisa amagunya, nokunquma inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ijaji liye lavela ngomthetho ophawulayo njengoMthetho weJadicary ka 1789, owaqala ukumisa isimo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nezenzo ezilandelayo ezadala izinkantolo zesifunda zezezikhalo nezinkantolo zesifunda. Isisekelo somthetho-mthetho siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha lezokwahlulela lingasebenza njengesehlolo kwezinye amagatsha, umqondo odumile oqinisekisiwe [[FLT:].[FLT:] [FLD]].[FLT1] [1] [18]

Umtapo womtholalwazi nemithwalo yemfanelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni komthetho-mthetho wentando yeningi. Indima eyinhloko yejaji iwukuchaza incazelo yemithetho futhi inqume ukuthi ivumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza izenzo zegatsha eliphetheyo nemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Uma umthetho utholakala uphula umthetho, izinkantolo zinamandla okuwubulala, kanjalo ziqede ithonya lawo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lejaji. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkantolo zichitha imithetho, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. La mandla awabhalwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ] burybry v. Madison. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukubukezwa komthetho kuye kwasetshenziswa emacaleni amaningi ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukulinganisela ukuphambana kukahulumeni, nokugcina ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Isibonelo, [[FLT:]Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [195], iNkathi yenkantolo yasetshenziswa ukubukeza i-voluntsworces eziko ezikoleni ezingosini ezingahlangene.

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo

Enye inzuzo eyisisekelo yisinqumo sengxabano phakathi kwezigaba. Izinkantolo zilalela amacala ahilela abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zimpikiswano zingaba umphakathi (jengesibonelo, izingxabano zesivumelwano, ukulimaza impahla, ukulimala komuntu siqu) noma ubugebengu (umz., ukumangalelwa ngokwephula imithetho). Igatsha lokwahlulela linikeza ukungathathi hlangothi lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, izimpikiswano zingenziwa, futhi kukhishwe isinqumo esibophekayo. Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo, izingxabano zingaxazululwa ngosizo lwako noma ngobudlova, kungase kunciphelwe ngokuzisiza noma ngokululaza ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Igatsha lokwahlulela liyindawo yokugcina enikeza amalungelo nenkululeko. ISigqi Samalungelo abantu kanye nokulungisa okulandela kuqinisekisa inkululeko enjengenkulumo, inkolo, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esifanayo. Izakhamuzi zingaletha amacala okuphoqelela lamalungelo, futhi zinegunya lokuyala amakhambi, kuhlanganise nemithetho, ukulahla, nokukhulula abantu abavalelwe ngokungafanele. Icala lezwe elifana [FLT: 0] [iMiranda v. Arizona [196] kanye [[FLT:] ne [[FLT:]GON]

Izakhiwo Zesimiso Sokwahlulela Sase - United States

Isimiso sokwahlulela e-United States sihlukene saba yizimiso ezimbili ezihambelanayo: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Isimiso ngasinye sinegunya laso, isakhiwo, nemithetho. Ukuqonda lesi simiso esihlangene kubalulekile ezakhamuzini okungase kudingeke ukuba ziqondise izinkantolo.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinhlu ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda - Lawa izinkantolo zamacala lapho amacala eqala khona. Kunezinkantolo zesigodi ezingu-94 kulo lonke izwe, ngayinye ihlanganisa indawo ethile. Zisingatha kokubili amacala omphakathi nowecala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, nezingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (ukulawula imingcele).
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa amacala - Kunezinkantolo eziyi 13 ezihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. Aziphathi amacala kodwa kunalokho zihlola irekhodi ngamaphutha angokomthetho. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo esifundeni sesifunda lingadlulisela icala enkantolo yesifunda uma likholelwa ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha.
  • Inkantolo ephakeme yase-United States - Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, ehlanganisa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye. Izwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda nasezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni lapho kuhileleke umbuzo kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhetha ingxenye encane kakhulu yamacala acelwa unyaka ngamunye, ngokuvamile lawo ahilela izimpikiswano ezibalulekile zomthetho-mfantu noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlalo ezintathu, kunamankantolo kahulumeni akhethekile njengeNkantolo Yezohwebo Yamazwe Ngamazwe yase - United States, iNkantolo Yase - United States Yeziphakamiso Ze - Federal, neNkantolo Yentela yase - United States asingatha izindaba ezithile ezichazwa uMkhandlu.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Umbuso ngamunye unesimiso sokwahlulela sawo siqu, ngokuvamile esibonisa isimo sikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise nokumangalelwa kobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, ukuthatha iziphakamiso, ukuphikisana, nokuphula umthetho. Izimiso zenkantolo zoMbuso ngokuvamile zinezinkantolo eziqulwayo (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme), izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme. Isakhiwo namagama ahlukene ngokwezwe, kodwa umsebenzi uhlala uqinile: ukuchaza imithetho nemithetho yesifundazwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, vakashela iwebhusayithi ye-U.S.: [[FLT][1] Indima yeQuery ne-Borce.]

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezizenza Ngayo Izinqumo: Ukucabanga Okungokomthetho Nokukhohlisa

Ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela kuqondiswa ukuhlanganiswa komthetho wezomthetho, izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, kanye nezinqumo zangaphambi kwenkantolo. Imfundiso ye stares decis[ [i-Latin esho “ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe”) idinga izinkantolo ukuba zilandele izenzakalo ezimisiwe ngaphambili. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela, nokulunga emthethweni. Uma inkantolo ephakeme ihlulele impikiswano engokomthetho, izinkantolo eziphansi ziboshelwa ukusebenzisa leso sinqumo ezicaleni ezifanayo.

Indima Yezandulela

Iqophelo eliyinhloko lezimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala afanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo, ayikho kulunga. Nokho, izinkantolo zingagumbuqela inqubo lapho izimo zishintsha noma lapho isinqumo sangaphambili sibhekwa njengephutha. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa la mandla ezimweni eziphawulekayo, njengaye Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo , eyagumbuqela imfundiso yezentengiselwano elinganayo]. [i-Py] v. [18]] [ikhono lokuphindelela isibonelo] livumela umthetho ukuba uguquke ngezindinganiso ze-social.

Inqubo Yesinqumo

Endabeni evamile, le nqubo iqala ngokuqulwa kwecala. Enkantolo, inqubo ihlukile: Abameli bafaka iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe, badlulisele ubufakazi, futhi bangafaka ubufakazi. Uma kuqulwa, kunikezwa ubufakazi, bafakaze, futhi umahluleli noma abahluleli banqume amaqiniso. Umahluleli ube sebesebenzisa umthetho obalulekile kulawo maqiniso futhi bakhiphe isinqumo. Ezinkantolo eziphethe ikomiti, inqubo ihlukile: abameli bafaka izinkulumo ezibhaliwe futhi banikeze izimpikiswano zomlomo, futhi iqembu labahluleli (noma inkantolo egcwele) banqume ukuthi inkantolo yenza iphutha elingokomthetho yini. Khona - ke abahluleli bakhipha umbono obhaliwe bechaza ukucabanga kwabo.

Inqubo yokwenza kwesinqumo kweNkantolo Ephakeme inzima kakhulu. Ngemva kokunikeza i-certiorari (ivumelwa ukuzwa icala), amajaji abukeza izimpikiswano, azwa izimpikiswano, futhi abambe umcimbi wangasese ngamabomu. Umbono ubekwa, ngokuvamile ngomahluleli abahola kulengxoxo, futhi basakazwe ukubukeza. Umbono wokugcina uba yisibonelo esibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Namalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zejaji ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abantu ngabanye. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengesivikelo kuhulumeni ophakele futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi awukho umthetho noma isenzo esingaphazamisa inkululeko eyisisekelo. Izakhamuzi zingabekela imithetho ezikholelwa ukuthi iphula amalungelo azo, futhi izinkantolo zinamandla okubulala leyo mithetho.

Amacala Aphawula Amalungelo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izinqumo eziye zandisa futhi zachaza amalungelo ezakhamuzi.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - - Izwe lalelo geqe ezikoleni zomphakathi laphula i-Encict Protection Clause, ligumbuqela imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”.
  • [[INTLA:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – i-active-mthetho efunekayo ukuze yazise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo okuthula nokuba nommeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – waqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza abamangalelwa emacaleni obugebengu abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) - Waqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu, nakuba kamuva lapheliswa, icala libonisa indima yejaji ekuchazeni amalungelo ezindaba zangasese.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) - Imisiwe leyomibhangqwana exhunyiwe inelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi Emisiwe neSivikelo sika-Claus esilinganayo.

Amacala abonisa indlela igatsha lokwahlulela elingaba ngayo isisekelo soshintsho lwezenhlalo, kodwa futhi umthombo wempikiswano.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Izakhamuzi akudingeki zihileleke ecaleni eliphezulu ukuze zizuze ekuvikelekeni kokwahlulela. Uma inkululeko yomuntu yokukhuluma ivinjelwe umthetho wendawo, zingamangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma umthetho kahulumeni ukhetha iqembu elincane, izinkantolo zinganikeza ikhambi. Ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile liqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ukuqulwa kahle kumelwe kwenzeke.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ngayo Negatsha Lokwahlulela

Izakhamuzi eziningi ziyohlangana negatsha lokwahlulela esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwazo, kungaba njengejaji, iqembu eliquliswa icala, isisulu sobugebengu, noma ummangalelwa.

IJury Duty

Enye yezindlela eziqondile izakhamuzi ezihileleke ngayo ejajini yinkonzo yamajaji. ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa icala ngejaji elingakhethi, futhi iSichibiyelo seSemberi sidlulisela lelo lungelo emacala omphakathi. Uma zicelwa ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe. Zilalela ubufakazi, zilalela izikhulu ezikanye nabo, bese zibuyisa isinqumo. Inkonzo kaJury iyisibopho nelungelo, inikeza abantu abavamile iphiwe izwi ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

Ukuphonsa Umthetho

Abantu ababoniwe bangafaka icala enkantolo yomphakathi. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukulinyazwa komuntu siqu, ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, nokuxabana kwempahla. Inqubo yenkantolo ivumela abakhokhi ukuba bafune imbuyiselo, iziyalezo, noma izahlulelo zokukhipha izijeziso.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela Ngezigebengu

Uma othile emangalelwa ngobugebengu, baba nengxenye esimisweni sokwahlulela. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukuquliswa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa. Ijaji liqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelwe, ukuthi ummangalelwa uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wobufakazi, nokuthi isijeziso singokomthetho. Ngisho nalabo abangamangalelwanga bangaxhumana nenkantolo njengofakazi, izisulu, noma amalungu omkhaya abamangalelwa.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ngeshwa, isimiso somthetho singabiza futhi siyinkimbinkimbi. Izakhamuzi eziningi azinakukwazi ukuthenga ummeli, ongaholela emiphumeleni engalungile. Igatsha lokwahlulela liye lathatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni ngosizo lomthetho olugunyazwe uhulumeni, izinhlelo ze-probono, nezinqubo ezenziwe lula kwezinye izinkantolo. Imivuzo enjenge [FLT][1] Inhlangano yamaMelika ye-Constitute e-Legic Servitution [[[ inikeza isiqondiso sokuthola usizo oluphansi olungokomthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yezindaba Ezizimele

Ikomiti yezomthetho ezimele ibalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kwayo, umthetho awunakusinda. Abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ukunquma izigwebo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela emagatsheni aphethe noma emithetho, futhi ngaphandle kwethonya lombono womphakathi noma izithakazelo zomuntu siqu ezinamandla. UMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokuphila nangeholo, kodwa izimiso zomphakathi nokwethenjwa komphakathi kubaluleke ngokufanayo.

Izindlela eziningi zokusongela ukuzimela kokwahlulela zingavela. Imizamo yokupakisha izinkantolo, ukunciphisa ukuxhasa ngemali, noma ukwesabisa amajaji ilulaza isimiso. Ijaji lincike nakwamanye amagatsha ukuze liqikelele iziyalezo zalo. Uma igatsha eliphethe likhipha umthetho wenkantolo, igunya lejaji linciphile. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqaphele ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezinkantolo, njengoba kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo azo.

Ukwazi okwengeziwe ngendima yejaji elizimele, [[FLT]] ikhasi elingokomthetho leNkantolo linikeza incazelo ejulile yenhlangano nomlando wayo.

Isiphetho: Igatsha Lokwahlulela NjengeNsika Yentando Yeningi

Igatsha lokwahlulela aliyona indawo yokuxazulula izingxabano. Lingumhumushi woMthetho-sisekelo, umlondolozi wamalungelo abantu, negatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo elihlola amandla amanye amagatsha amabili. Kubantu abambalwa bakhona inkantolo eyisa eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, abahluleli basebenza nsuku zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela kulawulwa kahle futhi umthetho uyaphumelela. Izakhamuzi zonke zizuza kulesi simiso, futhi zonke zinendima ekusisekeleni ngokukhonza enkantolo, ngokuqondene nezinqumo, noma ngokusekela umthetho owe-jajiwe.

Ukuqonda lokho igatsha lokwahlulela elikwenzayo akulona nje ulwazi lwemfundo; kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Njengoba inkantolo ephakeme ishilo, “Ijaji liyisivikelo senkululeko yethu nempahla yethu ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo.” Ngokuyazi indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingawavikela kangcono amalungelo azo futhi zigcine uhulumeni unecala.