Table of Contents
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zakha umgogodla wesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, ukusingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho eziphakamayo e-United States. Icala elikhulu linqunywa ezinkantolo eziphansi, kokubili ezikahulumeni nohulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela lezinkantolo ezihlelwe ngayo, ezikhonza kuzo, futhi imisebenzi eziyenzayo ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukulawula isimiso somthetho noma umane nje aqonde ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa kanjani ezingeni likahulumeni. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, izindima zezikhulu ezihlukahlukene zenkantolo, nemithwalo yemfanelo ethile yenkantolo ngayinye.
Isisekelo Sezimiso Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zimisiwe zimelene nomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho yezwe ngalinye. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezithola igunya kuzo eSigabeni III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-mthetho wezwe owakhiwe yimibuso yazo. Lomehluko oyisisekelo usho ukuthi nakuba izimiso zenkantolo yezwe zinezici eziningi ezifanayo, umbuso ngamunye uye wasungula isakhiwo sawo sokwahlulela esiyingqayizivele esivumelana nezidingo zawo eziqondile namasiko angokomthetho.
Kokubili uhulumeni wombuso ngamunye nohulumeni bamazwe banezimiso zabo siqu. Lesimiso senkantolo ezimbili siyisici esichazayo sombuso waseMelika, lapho kubusa khona ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zinegunya elibanzi. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ngokuyinhloko zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, izindaba zomphakathi njengokulimaza komuntu siqu, izindaba ezinkantolo zomkhaya, iprobate yentando nezindawo, kanye nezimpikiswano zempahla yangempela.
Nakuba isimo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni sihlukahluka kakhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye sinenkantolo yamacala asemacaleni okungenani eyodwa engahlola izinqumo zenkantolo eziphansi. Naphezu kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubiza imihlangano kanye nemininingwane ethile yokuhlela, izimiso eziningi zenkantolo zilandela isakhiwo sezikhulu ezilandela amazinga amathathu noma amane, kuye ngokuthi uhulumeni unazo yini izinkantolo eziphakathi nendawo.
Izakhiwo Ezingahleliwe: Ukuqonda Izinga Lenkantolo
Isimiso senkantolo yombuso siveza isimo sesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni ngokuthi ngokuvamile sakhiwa amazinga amathathu ayinhloko: izinkantolo zomthetho, izinkantolo zenkantolo zesifundazwe neNkantolo ePhakeme. Lendlela elandelanayo iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala angaqulwa ekuqaleni ezingeni lokuqulwa kwecala bese ebukezwa izinkantolo eziphakeme uma kudingekile, inikeza amathuba amaningi okuhlolwa namaphutha ukuze alungiswe.
I-Teer-4 vs. Izimiso ezintathu ze-Tier
Cishe engxenyeni yezwe nesimiso sikahulumeni, kunezinhlu ezimbili ze-apellate. Kulezindawo, isigaba senkantolo sakhiwa ngamazinga amane: izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala engxenyeni yesithathu, izinkantolo eziphakathi kwezinga lokuqulwa kwecala, futhi inkantolo ephakeme ephethe iqophelweni. Kulezo zindawo ezinezitebhisi eyodwa kuphela, ayikho inkantolo ephakathi, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo esezingeni lesithathu lesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sekhulu.
Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwenkantolo ephakathi kuthinta kakhulu indlela amacala ahamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso. Ezindabeni eziphakathi, lezinkantolo zisingatha izikhalo eziningi, zivumela inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ukuba igxile emacaleni angokomthetho noma ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho wezwe.
Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Lapho Ubulungisa Buqala Khona
Izinkantolo zenkantolo zimelela ukufakwa kwecala ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zegunya lokuqala, noma izinkantolo zamacala, zilalela amacala ngokokuqala ngqá. Lezi izinkantolo lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, kufakazelwa khona ofakazi, futhi kwenziwa khona izinqumo zokuqala zomabili amaqiniso nomthetho.
Indima Nendima Yezinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala
Inkantolo equlwayo yenza kokubili okutholakele kweqiniso nomthetho ngokuqulwa kwecala lonke ngokuchaza ubufakazi balelicala. Izinkantolo zasesifunda zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Le nkonzo ehlukene phakathi kwezinkantolo zokwahlulela ezikhothayo, ezivame ukubukeza kuphela imibuzo yomthetho kunokuphendula izinqumo eziyiqiniso.
Izinkantolo zecala zinegunya ezindabeni zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugwetshwa, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, nokukhishwa kwesigwebo. Lomyalo obanzi usho ukuthi amajaji asenkantolo aqondisa amacala kusukela ekuhlolweni kwawo kokuqala ukudlulela esimweni sokugcina, aqondisa yonke into kusukela ekuqulweni komthetho kwasekuqaleni nasekwenzeni inqubo yokuhamba kuya ekuqulweni okungokoqobo nasekuhlolweni kwangemva kwesigwebo.
Emagameni amaningi omthetho ovamile, inkantolo yamajaji ivame ukuqulwa ijaji futhi ibe yijaji elilodwa; emacaleni anjalo, abahluleli basebenza njengehlasi leqiniso. Kwezinye izimo, ijaji noma amajaji asebenza njengezithasi zeqiniso noma zomthetho, ngokwesivumelwano, noma ngokwesiko, noma ngesivumelwano samaqembu; lokhu kubhekiselwa ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshini. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kuxhomeke ohlotsheni lwecala nasenkantolo okuzwakala kuyo.
Uhlelo Olulinganiselwe Lokuziphindiselela
Izinkantolo zenkantolo ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezisekelwe egunyeni lazo: izinkantolo zegunya elivamile nezinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe.
E-United States, inkantolo equlwayo yegunya ligunyazwe ukuzwa uhlobo oluthile lwecala lomphakathi noma lobugebengu elingabekwanga kwenye inkantolo. Izinkantolo eziningi zokuqulwa kwecala azigcini ngendaba ethile kodwa zingasebenza kuyo yonke imikhakha. Izinkantolo ezinjalo zokuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile zichazwa njengezinegunya elivamile kusukela zihlanganisa izindawo zomthetho jikelele (umzekelo, ezingezona ezikhethekile).
Ezinye izinkantolo, ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe kuphela zinegunya lokuzama ukuphula umthetho, ukuphula umthetho, nobugebengu obuncane (iziphakamiso) kuyilapho ezinye izinkantolo, ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zegunya elivamile, zinegunya lokuzama amacala amakhulu (icala) kanye namacala amancane. Inkantolo yokuqulwa kwemithetho elinganiselwe ingase ilalele izinhlobo ezithile zamacala asekelwe endabeni yendaba, alinganayo, angokomthetho, noma izindaba zokulawula.
UMasipala Nezinkantolo Zendawo
Izinkantolo zendawo, ezaziwa futhi njengezinkantolo zikamasipala, izinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe ekwahluleleni amacala amancane namacala angafanele awenziwe edolobheni elithile. Lezinkantolo zivame ukusingatha ukwephulwa kwemithetho yasemgwaqweni, ukwephulwa kwemithetho yendawo, nezindaba ezincane zobugebengu. Imithetho ebusa izinkantolo zikamasipala yileyo emiswe imithetho kahulumeni, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, inqubo engokomthetho iyahluka kuye ngokwezwe.
Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezikhethekile
Izwe lisungule izinkantolo ezikhethekile noma eziningi ezizosingatha izinkantolo ezithile ezingokomthetho. Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zigxila ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamacala, zivumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile zomthetho futhi ngokuvamile zisebenzise izinqubo ezivumelana nezidingo eziyingqayizivele zalawomacala.
Izindawo ezivamile ezinikezwa izinkantolo ezikhethekile yizimemo nezindawo (zabelwe izinkantolo ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zeprobate), isehlukaniso, ukutholwa, noma ezinye izici zomthetho womkhaya (izinkantolo zomkhaya noma zezemiphakathi), kanye nezenzo ezisekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi we-equity (izinkantolo zezezezimali). Izinkantolo eziningi ezihlukene zigxile ezindabeni ezithile zokuphatha.
Ezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingase zihlanganise:
- Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa: Izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha amacala enziwe abantu abaluthwe yizidakamizwa noma utshwala, abanezimo zempilo yengqondo, noma abangomakad ’ ebona bezempi, abafuna ukuvuselela izaphulamthetho ngokwelashwa ngokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, izinkinga zempilo zengqondo kanye nezindaba ezikhethekile ezithinta omakadlelwano.
- Inkantolo yeJuvenile: izinkantolo ze Juvenile zinegunya emacaleni okuncika nokungalawuleki ahilela ubusha.
- Izinkantolo zempilo yentamo: eziklanyelwe ukusingatha amacala ahilela abamangalelwa abanezinkinga zempilo yengqondo
- Inkantolo: izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezikhuluma ngezidingo ezikhethekile zebutho elingomakad ’ ebona esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu
- Izinkantolo eziqamulayo: izinkantolo zagxila ezimpikiswaneni ezikhona zomnikazi wendlu nokwephulwa kwemithetho yezindlu
- Iziphakamiso Ezincane zezinkantolo:[ Izinkantolo ezisingatha izimpikiswano zomphakathi ezihilela imali encane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngezimiso ezenziwe lula
Abantu Abasebenza Enkantolo Yamacala
Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izikhulu zokwahlulela ezihlukahlukene nezisebenzi ezisekelayo ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze ziqinisekise ukuphatha okufanele kobulungisa. Isikhulu sokwahlulela esiyinhloko umahluleli, owengamela amacala, obeka imithetho engokomthetho, oqondisa inkantolo, futhi oqulisa amacala ebhentshi, unquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho osebenzayo.
Izinkantolo eziningi zokuqulwa kwecala zisebenzisa amajaji noma amakhomishane asingatha izinhlobo ezithile zezindaba ezinjengokuqulwa kwamacala okuqala, ukuqulwa kwecala, izinqumo zebheyili, namacala amancane obugebengu. La baphathi bahluleli basiza ekulawuleni icala lenkantolo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi amacala aqhubeke kahle phakathi kwesimiso.
Ngaphandle kwamajaji, izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala zithembele kwabanye ochwepheshe abaningi kuhlanganise nomabhalane basenkantolo abalondoloza amarekhodi nokuqondisa amafayili amacala, abaqaphi abanikeza ukulondeka nokugcina ukuhleleka enkantolo, izintatheli zenkantolo ezibhala amaphepha angokomthetho aphathelene namacala, nezikhulu eziqondisa abamangalelwa futhi zilungiselele imibiko yangaphambi kokuba bagunyazwe.
Izinkantolo Eziqulwayo: Ukubukeza UMthetho
Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo zinezitebhisi eziphakathi ezinhlalweni eziningi zenkantolo, zisebenza njengezinga lokuqala lokubukeza izinqumo ezenziwa yizinkantolo eziqulwayo. Inkantolo yokuqala yecala, ezoba sesigabeni sesithathu esiphethe isigaba sesigaba sesigaba se-stala, ngokuvamile ichazwa njengenkantolo ephakathi nendawo.
Umsebenzi Wemali
Umsebenzi wenkantolo ethatha isigwebo uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo equlweni noma enxuseni lokuqondisa. Izinkantolo zekomiti azibange zithathe amacala amasha. Zihlola umbhalo ogciniwe enkantolo equlwayo bese zithola ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa yini.
Lokhu kugxila ezindabeni zomthetho kunokuba kube izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso kumelela umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwecala nezinkantolo. Izinkantolo eziningi ezingenalo igunya lokuzwa ubufakazi noma ukuthatha ubufakazi, kodwa kunalokho zibuse ezindabeni zomthetho kuphela. Amajaji ahlola imibhalo ebhaliwe yecala, ahlole ubufakazi obanikezwa enkantolo, futhi acabangele izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe ezingokomthetho (izinso) ezinikezwa amacala.
Ilungelo Lokukhanga
Ezinhlangothini eziningi, iqembu elilahlekelwayo enkantolo linikezwa ilungelo eliphelele lokubukeza isilinganiso esisodwa sokuthatha isigwebo, futhi esimisweni esinenkantolo ephakathi, ilungelo eliphelele lommangalelwa eliboshelweyo lokubukeza lidlulela kuleyonkantolo ephakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaqembu anganeliseki ngesinqumo senkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile anelungelo lokuba nenkantolo eyodwa ebukeza icala.
Nokho, lelilungelo lokudlulisa icala alilinganiselwe. Uma inkantolo inganquma icala lakhe, ummangalelwa angacela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze icala lakhe, kodwa kudingeka ikwenze lokho kuphela ngokuqondisisa. Ukubukeza okuqhubekayo kwenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni kungokungazenzisi.
Indlela Izinkantolo Ezihlobisayo Ezisebenza Ngayo
Ngokungafani nenkantolo equlwa icala, ngokuvamile ezungezwe umoya omatasa, inkantolo edonsa izigwegwe ivame ukuhlala esakhiweni sikahulumeni noma esakhiweni sayo, ngokuvamile enemtapo wezincwadi womthetho ophelele, futhi isakhiwo esinenhlanganisela esihlala izinkantolo ezishaya umthetho ngokuvamile sibhekwa njengesesiko futhi ngokuvamile sinemifanekiso yabahluleli ababebhekwa njengezibikezelo zomthetho.
Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo zisebenza ngezindawo zamajaji hhayi amajaji azimele. Lezi ziphakamiso zibukeza umbhalo obhaliwe enkantolo equlunanti, zifunde izifushaniso ezingokomthetho ezinikezwa yizo zombili izigigaba, futhi ngokuvamile zizwe izimpikiswano zomlomo lapho abameli beveza izikhundla zabo futhi bephendula imibuzo yabahluleli. Ngemva kokucabangela zonke lezi zincwadi, iqoqo libhala umbono olotshiwe ochaza isinqumo salo.
Uma abahluleli bengezwa izimpikiswano zomlomo, ngokuvamile bahlala benamahhovisi nonobhala babo nonobhala bezomthetho.Omabhalane bezomthetho, ngokuvamile abasanda kuphothula esikoleni somthetho, bafeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yenqubo yokukhipha isigwebo ngokuhlola izindaba zomthetho, ukubukeza amarekhodi ezindaba, nokusiza abahluleli ukuba benze imibono yokubhala phansi.
Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo
Ngaphezu kwenkantolo ephakeme, izifunda eziningi futhi zinenkantolo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ephakathi nendawo, engabukeza izinqumo zezinkantolo eziqulwayo okokuqala. Lezinkantolo zisingatha izikhalo eziningi ezishiwoyo, zibukeza izinkulungwane zamacala unyaka ngamunye futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo eziqulwayo ziye zawusebenzisa ngokufanele umthetho.
Izinkantolo ezithatha imvume zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Zinikeza i-athom elula ukubekela amaqembu inselele yezinqumo zenkantolo, zisiza ekuthuthukiseni nasekucaciseni umthetho kahulumeni ngemibono yabo enyathelisiwe, namacala okuhlunga ngaphambi kokuba afike enkantolo ephakeme. Ngokusingatha izikhalo ezivamile, izinkantolo eziphakathi zivumela inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni ukuba igxile emacaleni aveza izindaba ezingomthetho noma izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe.
Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso: Izwi Lokugcina
Isigaba esilandelayo senkantolo ethatha isigwebo yinkantolo yokugcina ethatha isigwebo; iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu okungathathwa kuyo icala. Lezinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu zibizwa njalo ngokuthi izinkantolo ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe, nakuba ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa amagama ahlukene.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwegama Lokubizwa Ngegama
Ngezinye izikhathi ama-odoli anamagama ahlukene ahlukene asemazinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-New York, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayiyona ephakeme kakhulu. Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iyinkantolo equlwayo, engadida njengoba amazwe amaningi esebenzisa leli gama ukubhekisela enkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezwe. INkantolo yaseNew York yezikhalo iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwamagama kungadala ukudideka kulabo abangajwayelene nesimiso senkantolo ethile kahulumeni.
Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa amagama afana "INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala," "Inkantolo Yokwahlulela," noma "Inkantolo Yezikhalo" enkantolo yazo ephakeme kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki igama, lezi zinkantolo zifeza umsebenzi ofanayo obalulekile: ukunikeza incazelo yokugcina yomthetho kazwelonke eziwulawulayo.
Ukubukeza Okuhlakaniphile Nokukhubazeka
Isicelo esicela ukubukezwa kobuhlakani sibizwa ngokuthi isicelo se-certiorari. Uma inkantolo inquma ukubukeza lelicala, ikhipha imvume yokuqondisa ukuthi irekhodi elisecaleni lithunyelwe inkantolo ephakathi.
Lezo zinkantolo ezinkulu eziphethe imvume zivame ukungakuvumeli ukuvuma izicelo eziningi ze-certiorari, zilinganisele ukubukezwa kwazo emacaleni abaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nalapho isigaba sokwahlulela sikahulumeni sinezinga amane kunamathathu, amacala amaningi omphakathi noma obugebengu angeke adlule izinga lesithathu. Lokhu kulawula kuvumela izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba zilawule izikhungo zazo futhi zigxile emacaleni ayoba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukeni komthetho wezwe.
Indima Yezinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso
Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ezimisweni zazo zokwahlulela. Zinikeza incazelo yokugcina yamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, zimisa isibonelo esisifakela zonke izinkantolo ezingaphakathi, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana ekusetshenzisweni komthetho kahulumeni.
Izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezingaphakathi kwezwe futhi zinganqotshwa inkantolo ngokwayo kuphela noma, ezimweni ezilinganiselwe ezihilela imibuzo kahulumeni ehilela iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States. Ngezikhathi ezingavamile, isinqumo ezindabeni zikahulumeni eziqulwa eNkantolo Ephakeme yesifundazwe siyocelwa eNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States.
Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zivame futhi ukuba nemithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni.
Ukuhlelwa Nokukhethwa
Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni ekhethwa umongameli, amajaji kahulumeni akhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: umbusi noma izishaya - mthetho noma ukhetho. Indlela yokukhetha ukwahlulela ihluka kakhulu kusuka kuhulumeni kuya kuhulumeni futhi imelela omunye womehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni.
Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ukhetho lapho abazokwahlulela bephatha khona ngezimpawu zedili, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa ukhetho olungenayo i-partisan lapho izinkolo zeqembu zingahlelwanga khona kuyi-colot. Futhi ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izimiso zokumisa, lapho umbusi noma isishaya-mthetho ekhetha khona amajaji, ngezinye izikhathi ohlwini lwabazobhapathizwa yikhomishane ehlolwa. Ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa isimiso senhlanganisela esaziwa ngokuthi iMissouri Plan noma ukukhethwa, lapho abahluleli bemiswa khona kuqala kodwa kamuva kumelwe babhekene nokhetho oluboshelwe ukuhlala ehhovisi.
Ukuqonda Isigwebo: Izinkinga Eziya Kuzo
Jurisdion() − igunya lenkantolo lokulalela nokunquma icala — ingumqondo oyisisekelo ekuqondeni indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuzama icala noma ukukhipha isinqumo, inkantolo kumelwe ibe nazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zokubusa: ukubusa kwendawo phezu komthetho, igunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa, kanye nesimiso sendaba esilawulayo ngenxa yecala.
Indaba Emangalelwayo
Indaba elawulayo iphathelene negunya lenkantolo lokuzwa uhlobo lwecala noma indaba ephakamayo. Lolu hlobo lwegunya lunquma ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela sikahulumeni egunyazwe ukuzwa izigaba ezithile zamacala. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yomkhaya inegunya elilawula isehlukaniso necala lokuwinwa kwabantwana, kanti inkantolo yezesivumelwano inegunya lendaba ngezimiso zentando nezindawo.
Indaba ibalulekile ikakhulukazi ngoba ayinakulahlwa yiziphakamiso noma iqanjwe isivumelwano sabo. Ukulawula kwendaba nezindaba akunakuphazanyiswa ummangalelwa. Uma inkantolo ingenawo igunya lendaba elingaphansi ecaleni, noma isiphi isahlulelo esisikhiphayo siyize, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqembu aphakamisa indaba.
Isinqumo Sakho Siqu
Ukubusa komuntu siqu kuhilela igunya lombuso phezu kommangalelwa. Ukuze inkantolo isebenzise igunya lomuntu siqu, kumelwe kube nokuhlangana okwanele phakathi kommangalelwa nombuso lapho inkantolo ihlala khona. Lokhu kuhlangana kungamiswa ngokuhlala kommangalelwa esifundazweni, ukuziphatha kommangalelwa ngaphakathi esifundazweni, noma abanye abangathintwa abakwenza kube lungile futhi kube nengqondo ukuba umbuso usebenzise igunya phezu kommangalelwa.
Ukumangalelwa Okuyinqaba
Icala liyaziwa kakhulu njengetshekela izindawo zezwe zobuphathi benkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zase-Oregon azinagunya e-California. Ukulawula okungalawuleki kuchaza indawo lapho inkantolo inegunya lokuzwa amacala khona. Lokhu kungase kugcinelwe esifundeni esithile, isifundazwe, noma sonke, kuye ngenkantolo.
Ukunqunywa Okukhethekile Nokuphelele
Ukulawula okuhambisana nalendawo kukhona lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zinegunya lokuzwa uhlobo olufanayo lwecala. Amacala okulawula izinhlobonhlobo ayisibonelo esivamile. Impikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ingabekwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, futhi ukukhetha kuyisinqumo esingokomthetho.
Kukhona ukubusa okuphelele lapho kunezinkantolo eyodwa kuphela ekwazi ukuzwa amacala athile. Icala le-Banruptic, imvume, ne-octrinity ye-odoli kuphela. Isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ne-probate kuyisifundazwe esikhethekile. Ukuqonda inkantolo enegunya elikhethekile lohlobo oluthile lwamacala kubalulekile kubameli nabaphathi benkantolo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi balungisa izindaba zabo ezindaweni ezifanele.
Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zezwe Nezamanxusa
Zimbili izinhlobo zezinkantolo eUnited States — isifundazwe nohulumeni. Ungacabanga ngazo njengeziwumzila ofanayo (nakuba akuvamile) uphelela eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Nakuba isifundazwe nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuzimele, zisebenzelana ngezindlela ezibalulekile futhi ngezinye izikhathi zisingatha izinhlobo ezingafani zamacala.
Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Njengezinkantolo Zomcimbi Kajenene
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zaziwa njengezinkantolo zegunya elivamile, okusho ukuthi umuntu angaphakamisa noma yikuphi ukuzisholo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalelo elingaphansi kwegunya elikhethekile lezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Leligunya elibanzi lisho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni eqinisweni zizwa futhi zinqume amacala amaningi ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise neziphakamiso zikahulumeni, iziphakamiso zikahulumeni, kanye namacala ahilela kokubili izindaba zikahulumeni nohulumeni.
Izinkantolo Ezizimele Njengezinkantolo Zokulahlwa Kwecala Okulinganiselwe
Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala agunyazwe uMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States noma imithetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zamaFederal zimane zinqumela amacala ngomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, impahla yokuhlakanipha, kanye namacala kahulumeni noma amacala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zamazwe noma amazwe ahlukene.
Lapho Izindaba Ziya Ngemuva Kwezimiso
Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zivame ukusebenza ngokuzimele, amacala angathatha phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili. Icala eliqala enkantolo yombuso lingasuswa liyoqululwa enkantolo kahulumeni uma lihlanganisa imibuzo kahulumeni noma lihlangabezana nezimfuneko zokulawula ezinhlobonhlobo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuba icala lenkantolo liphendulile, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izikhalo ezisesimisoni sikahulumeni, iqembu lingase licele iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States ukuba ibukeze lelicala uma lihilela izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni noma zomthetho - sisekelo.
Indlela Amacala Ahamba Ngayo Ngesimiso Senkantolo YoMbuso
Kunoma yiliphi icala elingokomthetho noma elikahulumeni, icala liqala eqophelweni eliphansi kakhulu: inkantolo yesifunda saseU.S. noma inkantolo yecala likahulumeni ngokulandelana. Uma iqembu lingavumelani nomphumela wecala, lingadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme futhi ekugcineni licele lonke icala lize lifike eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwenkantolo
Amacala aqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo enkantolo equlweni (emacaleni omphakathi) noma lapho uhulumeni efaka amafafa (emacaleni obugebengu). Icala libe selidlulela ezindinganisweni ezihlukahlukene zangaphambi komthetho, kuhlanganise nokuthola (ukudluliswa kokwaziswa phakathi kwamaqembu), umkhuba wokuhamba (lapho amaqembu acela khona inkantolo ukuba yenze izinqumo ezihlukahlukene), kanye nezingxoxo zokuxazulula.
Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuxazululwa noma ngokuxoshwa, liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Ecaleni, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zenze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, abahluleli banquma amaqiniso kuyilapho ijaji lishaya umthetho ngecala futhi liyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ecaleni lasebhentshini, umahluleli wenza yomibili imisebenzi.
Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ijaji noma abahluleli bakhipha isinqumo, futhi umahluleli ukhipha isahlulelo.
Isilinganiso Semali
Iqembu elinganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo efanele. U-ampellant (umkhandlu oletha isikhalo) ufaka amafayensi amafushane achaza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo sasinganembile ngokomthetho. I-appelle (iqembu eliphikisayo) lifaka i-appelle i-emperence i-explore i-real enkantolo equlweni. Inkantolo ibukeza umlando enkantolo equlwayo kanye neziphakamiso zamaqembu, futhi lingase lizwe izimpikiswano zomlomo.
Khona - ke inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo, esingase sivume isahlulelo senkantolo equlwayo, sibuyisele icala emuva enkantolo enkantolo ukuze kuqulwe ezinye izikhalo. Inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo inikeza umbono olotshiwe ochaza ukucabanga kwayo, okungaba yingxenye yomthetho wecala oqondisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo.
Ukubukeza Okuqhubekayo
Uma icala linqunywa inkantolo ephakathi nendawo, umncintiswano olahlekelwayo angase acele inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ukuba iphinde ibukeze.
Abantu Abakhonza Enkantolo KaHulumeni
Ukuqonda ukuthi obani laba bantu nalokho abakwenzayo kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo nsuku zonke kusebenzisa izigigaba ezihlukahlukene ezisebenza ndawonye.
Abahluleli
Abahluleli bayizikhulu ezisenkantolo, abaphethe amacashalazelo, ababusa izindaba zomthetho, abaphatha izinkantolo zabo, futhi baqiniseke ukuthi amacala axazululwa ngokufanelekile nangokuvumelana nomthetho. Abahluleli bamacala banendima ezifuna kakhulu, njengoba kumelwe baphathe izikhungo ezimatasa, banqume izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokucwaninga, futhi balondoloze ukuhleleka nokuziphatha okuhle ezinkantolo zabo.
Amajaji aqungathayo abhekene nezinselele ezingafani. Bavame ukuba nesikhathi esiningi sokucwaninga nokucabangela izindaba zomthetho, kodwa kumelwe baxazulule imibuzo enzima yomthetho futhi baveze imibono ebhaliwe ezoqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. Amajaji ahlolwayo kumelwe futhi asebenze ngokuvumelana namajaji akanye nawo enkantolo, njengoba izinqumo zokukhipha isigwebo zenziwa ngezindawo ezithile noma ngenkantolo egcwele kunokuba abe amajaji ngamanye.
Amamagistra Nabaphathi - mandla
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izimantshi, izikhomishane, noma ezinye izikhulu zokwahlulela ezingaphansi ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zezindaba. Lezizikhulu zokwahlulela zingasingatha izindaba ezandulelayo emacaleni obugebengu, ziphathe izindaba ezincane, zifune izimvume zokufuna, zimise ibheyili, noma zengamele izindaba ezithile zomphakathi. Ngokusingatha lezizindaba, izimantshi nabaphathi bamajaji abaquli bamacala anzima futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi amacala ahamba kahle phakathi kwesimiso.
Abenzi Bezentengiselwano Nabaphathi Benkantolo
Omabhalane benkantolo balondoloza amarekhodi angokomthetho enkantolo, baphatha amafayela enkantolo, baqoqa izindleko zecala, baqoqe izintela, futhi banikeze ukwaziswa emphakathini. Ihhovisi lonobhala ngokuvamile liyindawo yokuqala yokuxhumana nabantu abaxhumana nesimiso senkantolo. Abaphathi benkantolo basingatha imisebenzi yezebhizinisi yenkantolo, kuhlanganise nokuhlela imali, ukuphatha izisebenzi, ukuphatha izakhiwo, nezimiso zobuchwepheshe.
Abasizi
Abanye ochwepheshe abaningi basekela umsebenzi wezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izintatheli zenkantolo zikha izikhangiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ezidingeka ekubukezeni. Ababhilishi banikeza ukulondeka ezinkantolo futhi basiza amajaji ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka. Izikhulu zezesivumelwano ziqondisa abamangalelwa futhi zilungise imibiko yangaphambi kwemvume esiza abahluleli ekwenzeni izinqumo zokugweba. Omabhalane bomthetho bacwaninga izindaba ezingokomthetho futhi basiza amajaji ekubhaleni imibono neziqondiso.
Ama - attorney
Nakuba bengezona izisebenzi zasenkantolo, abameli benza indima ebalulekile esimisweni senkantolo. Abameli bamelela uhulumeni emacaleni obugebengu, kuyilapho abameli bevikela bemelela abamangalelwa. Emacaleni omphakathi, abameli bamelela abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa. Abameleli bomphakathi bamelela abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abangakholeki abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli abazimele. Laba bameleli babathengi babo kuyilapho bekhonza njengezikhulu zenkantolo ezinezibopho ezingokomthetho zokuthuthukisa ubulungisa nokulondoloza ubuqotho besimiso somthetho.
Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nezinkantolo Ezixazulula Izinkinga
Emashumini eminyaka amuva, amazwe amaningi aye asungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala noma imiphakathi ethile yabamangalelwa. Lezinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha noma zokuxazulula izinkinga kunokusebenzisa izinqubo ezingokwesiko zokukhipha izigwegwe.
Izinkantolo Zezidakamizwa
Lezi zinkantolo zimelela olunye lwezinhlobo ezisakazeke kakhulu zezinkantolo ezikhethekile. Zisingatha amacala ahilela abamangalelwa ngezindaba zokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, zinikeza ukwelashwa nokuqondiswa okukhulu njengokungasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuboshwa okungokwesiko. Abathathi hlangothi emikhakheni yezidakamizwa ngokuvamile bayahlolwa njalo ngezidakamizwa, baya ezifundweni zokwelashwa, futhi bavele njalo phambi komahluleli ukuze babike ngentuthuko yabo.
Izinkantolo Zempilo Yengqondo
Lezi zinkantolo zihlanganisa abamangalelwa nokwelashwa ngengqondo nezinkonzo zokusekela, ziqaphela ukuthi ukwahlulela okungokwesiko kobugebengu kungase kungasizi noma kungasizi kubantu abanezinkinga zempilo engathi sína.
Izinkantolo Ze - Veterans
Izinkantolo zikhonza omakadlwana bezempi abahileleke esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Lezinkantolo ziyaziqaphela izinselele eziyingqayizivele abangomakad ’ ebona ababhekene nazo, kuhlanganise nokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka kwangemva kwe-traumatic system, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, nobunzima obushintshela ekuphileni okungekho emthethweni. Izinkantolo zama-Vteran zihlanganisa abahlanganyelayo nezinkonzo ze-VA kanye nezinye izinto kuyilapho ziwabeka icala ngezenzo zabo.
Izinkantolo Zokwelapha Umkhaya
Lezi zinkantolo zilwela ukusiza izingane ukuba zinqobe ukulutheka futhi zakhele izingane amakhaya aphephile, okungase kugweme isidingo sokususwa unomphela kwezingane ekunakekeleni izingane ezinabazali.
Izinkantolo Zobudlova Zasekhaya
Lezinkantolo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amajaji nezisebenzi eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile, zixhumane nezinkonzo zezisulu, futhi zisebenzise ukugada nokuziphendulela ukuze zivikele izisulu futhi zifake icala ekwahluleleni izaphula - mthetho.
Icala Lamacala KaHulumeni
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi unyaka ngamunye, adlula kude icala eliqulwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lamacala ahlanganisa zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, kusukela ekuphukeni kwezimoto okuncane kuya ezingxabanweni ezingathi sína, kusukela ekumangalelweni okuncane kuya ekuxazululweni okuyinkimbinkimbi komphakathi, kanye nasezindabeni ezivamile kuya ezimpikiswaneni zelungelo lokuwinwa kwabantwana.
Amacala Ezigebengu
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha iningi lamacala obugebengu e-United States. Leziziphazamiso ezincane ezinjengokwephulwa kwezimoto nokwebiwa kwezinto ezincane kuya emacaleni angathi sína ahlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izinkantolo zecala zikahulumeni zilungisa izigidi zamacala unyaka ngamunye, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwezingxoxo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa kwecala.
Amacala Angaphakathi
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha futhi amacala amaningi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zokulimala komuntu siqu, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, izimpikiswano zempahla, amacala emisebenzi, nokuquliswa kwemali ebhizinisi. Lamacala angase ahlanganise imali encane enkantolo encane noma izigidi zamaRandi ezikhankasweni zezentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi. Amacala ombango angaxazululwa ngokukhokhwa, ngesahlulelo esifushanisiwe, noma ngecala.
Icala Lemithetho Yomkhaya
Izinkantolo zomkhaya zisingatha izehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa kwezingane, ukutholwa kwabantwana, amacala okubeletha, nobudlova basekhaya.
Ifa Nezindaba Zefa
Izinkantolo zezezikhulu zengamela ukuphatha izakhiwo ngemva kokufa komuntu, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zokugunyaza, ukumisa abakhokhi noma abaphathi, nokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezindlalifa. Lezi zinkantolo zibuye ziphathe imikhumbi evikelayo nezokulungisa izindaba zabantu abangakwazi ukusingatha izindaba zabo ngenxa yobudala, ukukhubazeka, noma ukugogeka.
Icala Eliyimiqhudelwane
Izinkantolo zamaJuvenile zisingatha amacala obuhlongandlebe (lapho izingane zimangalelwa khona ngobugebengu), amacala okuncika ezinhlangothini (lapho kuthiwa izingane ziphathwa kabi noma ziyadebeselelwa), namacala angokomthetho (okungahileli ukuziphatha okungeke kube ubugebengu uma kwenziwa umuntu omdala, njengokuzilahla noma ukweqa ekhaya).
Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso
Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kunikeza umongo wemizamo yokulungisa inguquko eqhubekayo nezimpikiswano ngekusasa lezimiso zenkantolo yombuso.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zisebenza ngezimali ezilinganiselwe, zibhekene nokunqanyulwa kwemali, ukuqashwa kwezindawo eziqinile, nezindawo zokuguga. Lemigoqo ingaholela ekwahluleleni amacala, ekulibaziseni ekuxazululeni, nasekunciphiseni ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho elungile. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo sokulungisa kahle amacala kanye nemfuneko yokunikeza ukucatshangelwa okulungile kwecala ngalinye.
Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni
Abantu abaningi abanamali yokuthenga abameli, kodwa babhekene nezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukufinyelela eqenjini lobulungisa kusho ukuthi abakhokhi abaningi kumelwe bahambe ngezindlela zenkantolo ngaphandle kokumelelwa ngokomthetho, okungaholela emiphumeleni engalungile. Izinkantolo ziye zasabela ngokusungula imithombo yokuzisiza, ukwenza kube lula, nokunweba ukutholakala kwezimpawu ezilinganiselwe, kodwa izinselele ezinkulu zisekhona.
Ubuchwepheshe Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwanamuhla
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzela ukudala inqubo yazo ngobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nezimiso zama - computer, i - video ehlolwayo ukuze kuqalwe izindaba, kanye nokusetshenziswa i - Internet emarekhodini asenkantolo. Nokho, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha kudinga ukutshala imali nokuqeqeshwa okukhulu, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe ngokungena kolwazi oluhlangene kubantu ngaphandle kwe - Internet noma ukufunda ubuchwepheshe.
Ukwethenjwa Nokwethenjwa Umphakathi
Ukulondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi enkantolo nokuthembela enkantolo kubalulekile ekuqondiseni umthetho. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi zibhekwa njengezilungile, ezingakhethi, nezifinyelelekayo. Lokhu akudingi nje ukunquma amacala ngendlela efanele kuphela kodwa futhi kudinga nokukhulumisana ngokuphumelelayo nomphakathi, ukulondoloza izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha, nokusingatha ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo noma ngokungakhethi esimisweni sobulungisa.
Ukubaluleka Kwezinkantolo ZoMbuso Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi nasebuseni bomthetho. Zinikeza imvume yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula, zivikela amalungelo abantu, zichaza futhi zisebenzise imithetho kahulumeni, futhi zibheka izikhulu zikahulumeni njengezinecala ekuvinjelweni okungokomthetho.
Izinqumo zezinkantolo zikahulumeni zithinta izigidi zabantu nsuku zonke, zinqume imiphumela ezicabeni zobugebengu, zixazulule izimpikiswano zombango, zivikele izingane nabantu abadala abasengozini, futhi zichaze imithetho elawula ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisebenza futhi njengamagumbi okuhlola intando yeningi, zithuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula izinkinga ezingokomthetho ezingase zamukelwe ezinye izizwe noma isimiso sikahulumeni.
Ukuqonda isakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni − osebenza kuzo, asebenza kuzo, asebenza kanjani, futhi asebenza kanjani, kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukwahlulela kulawulwa kanjani eMelika. Nakuba izimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni zihluka ngokwemininingwane yazo, zihlanganyela ukuzimisela okufanayo kokunikeza ubulungisa obulungile, obufinyelelwe, nobuphumelelayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zenkantolo yombuso, kunemithombo eminingi. I-National Center for State Courts inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana nokuhlelwa kwenkantolo yenkantolo, izibalo, nemisebenzi emihle kakhulu. Amawebhusayithi enkantolo ahlukene enkantolo anikeza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezimiso ezithile zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithetho yenkantolo, izakhiwo, kanye nemithombo yosizo lwawo.
Ukuqonda izinkantolo zikahulumeni akuzona nje ezezigqebhezana namajaji. Izakhamuzi ezikhonza emajajini, abameleli abaletha amacala noma abawavikelayo, ofakazi abafakaza, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekuqondeni indlela isimiso sobulungisa esisebenza ngayo kungazuza ekuqondeni isimo nemisebenzi yezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lezinkantolo zilapho amaMelika amaningi eyobhekana khona nesimiso sokwahlulela, futhi afeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Isiphetho
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zakha isisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho nezimpikiswano eziphakama emphakathini wethu.
Isakhiwo sezikhulu zezinkantolo zikahulumeni − ngokuphawulekayo kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe (_iqinisekisa ukuthi amacala athathwa ngokufanele kuqala futhi amaphutha angokomthetho angalungiswa ngokuhlola. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zikhuluma ngezindlela ezithile zamacala noma imiphakathi, kuyilapho izinkantolo eziphendula izinkinga zinikeza izindlela ezintsha zokusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo ezingenisa abantu esimisweni sobulungisa.
Abantu abasebenza ezinkantolo zikahulumeni − ahluleli, izimahluleli, omabhalane, abameli, nezisebenzi ezisekelayo bazimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa buqondiswa kahle nangempumelelo. Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu kuhlanganise nokunqandwa kwemicebo nokuthola imvume yokuthola izinkonzo zobulungisa, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zifeza umsebenzi wazo obalulekile wokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokusekela ukubusa komthetho.
Ngokuqonda isimo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezisebenza kuzo, nalokho ezikwenzayo, sithola ukuqonda ngendlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo ezingeni likahulumeni nendlela lezizinhlangano ezifeza ngayo izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokungakhethi, ukulandisa, nokubusa komthetho okusekela isimiso sethu sentando yeningi.