Izisekelo Zenqubo Yokushaya Imithetho: Okudingeka Wazi

Inqubo yomthetho iwuhambo oluhlelwe kahle oluguqula umqondo noma isidingo somphakathi sibe umthetho obophayo. Liyisisekelo sesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi omelele, esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ihlolwa ngokuphelele, iphikiswana ngokukhululekile, futhi icwengisiswe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba imiswe. Lokhu kulandelana kwamasigaba kunikeza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo, ukuvimbela umthetho ngokuxhamazela noma ukungawuqondi kahle ukuba ufinyelele izincwadi zemithetho yentando yentando yeningi. Nakuba imithetho nemithetho eqondile kungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene, futhi ngisho naphakathi kwezindawo ezise zweni ezihlukene phakathi kwe-United States, izimiso eziyisisekelo zenqubo yomthetho zihlala zikhona ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani obheka ukungenela ngokubaluleka kohulumeni wakhe, njengomfundi, ummeli, umsizi, noma umsizi osazi wesizwe. Lendlela yomthetho unikeza imvume ekwazi ukuhlelwa kahle, nomthetho, ukuhlelwa kahle, inqubo eqeqeqe.

Ingxenye 1: Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Ukuphila kwemali kuqala ngomqondo. Lomqondo wokuqala ungavela kuhlu lwama-indeagnome. Ungavela ku-ant oletha inkinga ekunakekeleni kommeleli wabo okhethiwe. Kungahlongozwa iqembu elikhethekile lesithakazelo, inhlangano yezempango, inhlangano kahulumeni efuna igunya elisha, noma ngisho negatsha eliphethe ngokwalo, elivame ukuchaza izinto eziza kuqala. Nokho, naphezu kwalezi zisuka ezihlukene, ilungu elihleliyo lendlu yomthetho yendlu yomthetho (`aisenator') noma ummeleli wegunya elingokomthetho lokuxhasa nokukhipha isimemezelo.

Inqubo yokuqalisa iqala lapho ummisi-mthetho efaka isikweleti ngonobhala ofanele. Imali inikezwa inani elikhethekile elisichazayo phakathi nohambo lwayo olusele (umz. H.R. 1 noma S. 1 eUnited States Congress). Lokhu kulandelwa "ukufunda kokuqala," isinyathelo esiqhubekayo lapho isihloko somthetho sifundwa obala. Lokhu kufunda ngokomthetho kubeka umbhalo wesiko futhi kubonise ukuqala kwaso kokubukeza umthetho. Ezimisweni eziningi ze-biral, isimemezelo singafakwa egumbini, ngentela ephawulekayo, okumelwe isuka kuyo i-Gentersting. Lesitepeage iqala i-movesting, inqubo yehrand, noma ngisho nasemasontweni, noma enyangeni.

Isiteji 2: Ukubukeza Kwekomiti Nokuphawula

Ngemva kwesethulo, izimali zibhekiselwa ekomitini ekhethekile ezimele elawula indaba yemali, njengeKomiti yezemali, iKomiti yezolimo, noma iKomiti ye-Judiciary, noma yeKomiti YezeMwezi nezentengiselwano. Isimiso sekomiti sibhekwa kabanzi njengegumbi lenjini lenqubo yomthetho. Ivumela iqembu elincane lamalungu ukuba lithuthukise ulwazi ezindaweni ezithile zemithetho ethile futhi liqhube umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe odingekayo ukuze kukhiwe umthetho.

Inqubo Yokuzwa

Isenzo sokuqala esiyinhloko phakathi kwekomiti ngokuvamile siwumthetho wasobala. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti imema ubufakazi obuvela kofakazi abahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe abazimele, abameleli bezimboni, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile. Lokhu kulalela kuhlanganisa ukwaziswa, kuveza izinkinga ezingase zivele ngomthetho, futhi kwakhe umbhalo ogciniwe womphakathi. Zinikeza indawo ebanzi ukuze kuzwe futhi kucatshangwe izimo ezihlukahlukene. Okuqukethwe yilezi zindlebe kungathonya kakhulu izinyathelo ezilandelayo.

Isimiso Sokuphawula

Ngemva kokuqulwa, ikomiti ihamba iya "kuphawulo" lwesimiso. Yilapho lapho kwenziwa khona ubungcweti beqiniso bokushaya umthetho. Amalungu amaKomiti aphikisana khona ngolimi lwe-acer-parency ngentambo futhi anikeze izinguquko ukuze ayilungise. Izigwebo zingaba izilungiso zobuchwepheshe, izinguquko zezimiso eziqinile, noma izingxenye ezintsha ngokuphelele. Isihlalo sekomiti silawula ukugcinwa, siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu akhona athole ithuba lokukhona futhi avote ezinguqulweni zawo ezihlongoziwe. Uma ikomiti isiqedisile umsebenzi wayo, ingavota ukuthi ingawuthumela yini umbiko wemali emuva endlini egcwele ukuze ihlolwe. Ikomiti ingathatha izenzo eziningana:

  • Umbiko wemali olungile[, utusa ukuba igumbi eligcwele liyidlulise, ngokuvamile ngombiko obhaliwe ochaza indlela yekomiti yokucabanga.
  • [ phawula ubhaxa ngokungafanele, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane.
  • Umbiko wenguquko elungisiwe yomthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uhlu lwemali , oluyibulala ngokuphumelelayo ingxenye esele yesimiso ngokuyilungisa kuze kube phakade.

Lesi siteji sisebenza njengomgcini wesango obalulekile, sihlunga iziphakamiso ezingacatshangelwe kahle noma ezingathandwa futhi sivumele umthetho osebenza kakhulu ukuba uthuthuke.

Isigaba 3: Ukuqoshelwa Nokuphikisana

Uma isikweleti sesibikiwe kahle yikomiti, sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze sihlolwe igumbi eligcwele. Uhambo ukusuka ekhalendeni ukuya phansi lulawulwa umholi wegumbi, futhi imithetho elawula lenqubo ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele.

Indima Yekomiti Yemithetho

Endlini yabameleli, iKomiti yemithetho enamandla isebenza njengomlawuli wezimoto. Ifaka i-"rule" ezikweletini ezinkulu kakhulu ezifuna amagama aqondile engxoxo yasesitezi. Lo mthetho ungamisa ingqikithi yesikhathi sengxoxo, ukuthi leso sikhathi sihlukaniswa kanjani phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi namaqembu amancane, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokulungisa ezinganikelwa. imvume ebanzi yokulawula [[[FLT:]] umthetho ofihlekile ukuvumela ukungadluliswa kwemithetho, ukuphoqelela amalungu ukuba avote izintambo zomthetho njenga-. [FLT:] [FFFF] ukuvumela ububanzi bebo. [FFFF]

I - filibuster Ne - quole eSigele

ISigele sisebenza ngesiko lempikiswano enwetshiwe, enika ama-senator amandla amakhulu. I-seneta ingabambezela noma ivimbele ukuvota emalini ngokumisa i-filibuster[, inkulumo ende ehloselwe ukuvimbela iSigele ukuba sifinyelele evoti yokugcina. Indlela ewukuphela kwendlela yokuqeda i-Moneralbuster iwukuncela [ ukugcoba , inqubo edinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwezintathu ezifekthayo zeSigele (ngokuyinhloko 60 kusuka kuma-100 contaternals). Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi umthetho ohlangene ungawuvimbela ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokuba iningi lenkulumo yenkulumo yenkulumo yenkulumo ye-mphicala.

Ingxenye 4: Ukushintshwa Okuvamile

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, imvume ilethwa evoti esemthethweni. Indlela yokuvota ingahlukahluka. ivoti (indlela esheshayo, engabhalwanga iyindlela esetshenziswayo ekuvotelweni kwezindaba. [[FLT:]] ifuna amalungu ukuba ame futhi abalwe. Indlela ekhanyayo kakhulu yi- umqulu obizwa ngokuthi ivoti [, lapho igama lelungu ngalinye libizwa khona futhi libhaliswe. Uvota-vhoti luvumela abamele abamele izinquli babo ukuba baphendule. Umnyango okhanyayo kakhulu umnyango odlulayo umqulu wevoti [[[FLTLT:]], lapho kubhalelwa khona futhi kubhalwe khona i-votationsting.

Isicathulo 5: Ukucatshangelwa Umkhandlu Wwesibili

Uma isamba sidlula egumbini lokuqala, sidluliselwa egumbini lesibili (isigele, uma siqala endlini, noma sidlulisa inqubo) ukuze siphinde yonke le nqubo. Igumbi lesibili alibopheki ukwamukela incwadi njengoba ibhalwe. Lizokhomba incwadi kumakomiti alo ahlobene, liphethe ukuzwakala, liqhube i-ault, likhulumele iziphakamiso, lidlulise umthetho phansi kwalo, futhi lidlulise inguqulo yalo. Ngenxa yokuthi la maqembu amabili ngokuvamile anemiklamo ehlukene nemibono ehlukene, ngokuvamile adlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo. Lesisiteji siyingxenye ebalulekile ye-biyamaral, sinikeza "isibukeli" futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usekela izidumbu zombili.

Isiteji 6: IKomiti Yomhlangano

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqubo zemali ezihlukene, ukungefani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe kuMongameli. Indlela evame kakhulu yokuxazulula lokhu kungafani iwukumisa ikomiti ehlangeneyo[. Lena iyindawo yesikhashana, i-hoc hoc ehlelwe yinani elilinganiselwe lamalungu (abizwa "amalungu") kuyo yomibili iNdlu ne-Garate. Abayaphi bakhethiwe ngokusemthethweni ekomitini emile eyaqala ukusebenza emalini. Umsebenzi wabo ukuxoxa ngenguquko eyodwa, ehlangene yomthetho evunyelwe yiwo womabili amakamu. Ikomiti ingenza izinguquko kuphela ekuhleleni ukuthi ingxabano engokoqobo phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili; abangeke badlulisele ngokuphelele iziphumo zabo. [FFFOR.] Umbiko wabo wokugcina uhlanganisa nombiko womthetho womthetho.[3]

Isicathulo 7: Ukuvunyelwa Kokugcina Kokuhlehla

Umbiko wengqungquthela uyithuluzi elinamandla lomthetho. Uthunyelwa emuva kokubili eNdlu yendlu naseSigele ukuze kuvotelwe okokugcina. Ngaphansi kwemithetho yezishaya-mthetho eziningi, umbiko wengqungquthela awukwazi ukulungiswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungu kumelwe amukele yonke iphakethe ehlehliweyo noma ayenqabe ngokuphelele. Lokhu "kuthatha noma uyishiye" kufaka ukucindezela kwemvelo okukhulu kumalungu ukusekela ukuxhumana, ngisho noma kuqukethe amalungiselelo angeke awuvumele ngokugcwele, ngoba ukwenqaba lombiko kungabulala wonke umzamo wemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho. Ukuphuma kombiko wengqungquthela kuwo womagumbi kucacisa indlela yokuthunyelwa komthetho egatsheni.

Isimemezelo 8: Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuqondisa Nokuvunyelwa

Uma izinguqulo zemali ezifanayo sezidlule zombili amagumbi, ziyabhaliswa futhi zinikezwe uMongameli (noma uMbusi osesilinganisweni sombuso). Isikhulu manje sesinezindlela eziningana zokuthatha isinyathelo.

Amandla E - Veto

Indlela evame kakhulu isikhulu ukusayina isikweleti somthetho, ngokuvamile emkhosini womphakathi. Nokho, umphathi futhi unesehlo esinamandla: i-veto. Aveto uvumela umphathi ukuba alahle lesi sivumelwano futhi asithumele emuva esivumelwaneni semithetho ephethe ngeziphakamiso. Ku-United States uhlelo lwezimpikiswano, uMongameli futhi unekhethelo le-paclet to. Uma i-Callssion i-mourns i-money i-paintssssss, uMongameli angakhetha ukungasayini, futhi angayifanga ucingo.

Inqubo yokudlala ingasebenzi

I-veto yomphathi ayiphelele. Isishaya-mthetho singawukhipha umthetho, siwumisa ngokuphumelelayo naphezu kokuphikisa kwesikhulu. Nokho, ukuthatha i-veto kudinga ukuvota okukhulu kuwo womabili amagumbi .a ama-35 okuvota kokubili endlu naseSigqeni. Ngenxa yokuthi lomnyango uphakeme ukuhlangabezana, usongo lweveto lunikeza umphathi ophethe i-auccoration ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi nenqubo yomthetho, ngokuvamile uthonya ulimi lwesimemezelo ngaphambi kokuba ludluliswe ngisho nokudluliswa.

Ikhasi 9: Ukusebenzisa Nokubusa

Ngisho nangemva kokuba isikweleti sisayinwe emthethweni, lenqubo ayiqediwe ngempela. Umthetho, manje owaziwa njengomthetho, kumelwe umiswe igatsha eliphetheyo. Umthetho ngokuvamile umisa izinhloso ezinkulu zesimiso kodwa ushiyela imininingwane eqondile, yezobuchwepheshe ezimele izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho wokwenza umthetho. I-ACP], enjenge-Evironmental Protection Agemental noma umnyango wemfundo yemfundo, ihlela imithetho ebanzi ukuze ibophe izinhlelo zomthetho. Le nqubo ibuswa yi- Procture Act [AFLT][FLT], efuna ukuba izinhlangano zikhiphe imithetho ehlolweyo ehleliwe eFederal Brecrecreast, imvume yokushoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshosho.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhomishane akagcini nje ngokuyeka ukulawula ngemva kokuba isikweleti sisayinwe. Igcina umsebenzi obalulekile obizwa ngokuthi ukuqaphela. Ngokuzwa nangokuhlola, amakomiti enhlangano ahlola indlela izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ezisebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Angakha amakhanda ezinhlangano ukuze afakazele, ukucela amabhukwana, futhi ahlole ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa njengohlolwe. Lo msebenzi uyi-oyela egatsheni lesikhulu futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi "umthetho wezincwadi" uhambisana kanjani nomthetho owenziwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaKhomishani angasebenzisa i- i-Cregionational Review Act (CRA)[FLD:3] ukugumbula imithetho yenhlangano uma ingekho.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Yokushaya Icala

Uhambo lwesivumelwano sesivumelwano senqubo yomthetho kusuka embonweni wokuqala ukuya kumthetho omisiwe luyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi akusona isici kodwa isici sesimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela inzuzo encintisanayo, ukukhuthaza ukuyekelela, nokuvimbela ukubekwa kwemithetho. Isigaba ngasinye senqubo yomthetho womthetho (kusukela ekubekeni isango kumakomiti ukuya engxoxweni phansi nasesinyathelo sokuhlola sokugcina i-veto"""iveza iqophelo lokungena komphathi we-veto"ne" nesivikelo sokumelana nezenzo ezisheshayo. Kuzo zezakhamuzi ezifana nabafundisi nabafundi, lenqubo yokuqonda isenza ukuba kusebenze isigaba esineqhaza ukuthatha umthetho. Ukwazi ukuthi umthetho uba kanjani isinyathelo sokuqala sokusekela ngokuphumelela ekushintsheni nasekubekeni izikhulu ezikhethweni imithetho ebusa umphakathi.