Isimiso somthetho singazizwa sifiphele futhi sesabisa, ikakhulukazi kubasekeli nabashisekeli abalwela ushintsho lwezenhlalo. Ukuqondwa okucacile kwezinqubo zomthetho, amagama, kanye nezakhiwo zezindawo akuyona inzuzo engcono, kodwa kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokuphumelela kwekhono lokulawula izinkantolo, ukuqondisa imithetho, nokuqondisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezihlala njalo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okunembekayo kwezici eziyinhloko zesimiso somthetho, esiklanyelwe ukuhlomisela abasekeli nabashisekeli bamathuluzi abadingayo ukuqondisa izinkantolo, ukuqonda imithetho, kanye nezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokuthinta imizwelo ehlala njalo.

Kusukela ezikhundleni zezinkantolo kuya ezinkombaneni zokuhlaziywa kwemithetho, sizohlola indlela izinqubo zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo, indlela amacala ahamba ngayo kulesi simiso, nalapho abashisekeli bengathola khona ukusekelwa okunokwethenjelwa. Umgomo ukususa lokho okuvame ukubonakala njengesambulela futhi uguqule ulwazi olungokomthetho lube umthombo onamandla womsebenzi wobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Sasemthethweni

Isimiso somthetho sakhiwe emithethweni, ezinkantolo, nasezinhlanganweni ezibusa umphakathi wonke. Imithetho yakhiwa izishaya-mthetho, ichazwe yizinkantolo, futhi iphoqelelwe yizinhlangano eziphethe. Kumuntu oshisekela ukushisekela, ukuqonda le zakhiwo ezintathu eziyizingxenye eziyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo kulesi simiso. Ngezansi siphula izakhi eziyisisekelo.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho Ezithinta Ubuwula

Umthetho awusona isici esifanayo, uhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba, ngalinye linemithetho ehlukene nezindawo ezihlukene:

  • Umthetho wezokufundisa - Imithetho edluliswa izindikimba zemithetho (iSishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, imikhandlu yedolobha). Lezi zihlanganisa izenzo zamalungelo omphakathi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nemithetho yokuvota. Abameli bavame ukuzama ukuthonya imithetho emisha noma ukubekela inselele ekhona.
  • Umthetho weCummon - - Umthetho wakhiwa ngezinqumo zenkantolo (umboniso). Ezindaweni eziningi "njengempahla, izivumelwano, ne-torts") izinqumo zokwahlulela zibumba umthetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqonda indlela yokulandela umthetho kubalulekile lapho kuphikisana necala.
  • Umthetho we-Cunistigation - Isekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe (umzk., uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.). Lokhu kubusa amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Izinselele zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ziyithuluzi elivamile ekulweni.
  • Umthetho ophethe - Imithetho nezinqumo ezenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni (umzk., EPA, FCC). Abaxhasi bangahlanganyela ekwenzeni iziphetho zokunikeza iziphetho noma ukubekela inselele izenzo zezinhlangano enkantolo.
  • umthetho wezizwe zonke – Izivumelwano, imihlangano, nomthetho wesiko ongase ubhekwe emalungelweni abantu nasemikhankasweni yendawo ezungezile (umz., iSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu).

Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso wokuvota amalungelo ungase uhilele umthetho kahulumeni (Umthetho ogunyaziwe we - Voting Rights Act), umthetho - sisekelo (iqoqo elilinganayo lesivikelo), kanye nomthetho wokuqondisa (imithetho yebhodi yokuvota).

Izihlubuki Necala Lenkantolo

Izinkantolo zihlelwe ngezinhlu, futhi ukwazi ukuthi icala libucayi kuphi.

  • izinkantolo zezeTrial[--'ah' lapho kuqulwa khona amacala. Kunikezwa ubufakazi, amajaji anganquma amaqiniso, futhi abahluleli banqume ezindabeni zomthetho. Esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., lezi iziNkantolo zeSigodi.
  • Izinkantolo ze-Appleta – Izinqumo zokubukeza zezinkantolo zamacala. Azibuzwi ubufakazi obusha; zinquma ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini. Izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda ze-Federal of Applers ziyizinga lokudlulisa izigwebo eziphakathi nendawo.
  • [ Inkantolo yezenyuko – Inkantolo yamakhambi okugcina. Inquma ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwa (i-certiori). Isinqumo sayo sibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkantolo ezikhethekile (isib. inkantolo yentela, inkantolo ekhokhwayo) nezimiso zenkantolo ezihambisana nayo. Jurision(igunya lenkantolo lokulalela icala) lixhomeke ezicini ezifana nokuma kwezwe, izindaba, namaqembu ahilelekile. Umshisekeli osekelayo angase adinge ukucabangela kokubili amasu enkantolo kahulumeni nokahulumeni.

Imithombo Yomthetho: Lapho Ungayithola Khona Imithetho

Umthetho usuka emithonjeni eminingi, futhi ukwazi ukuthola izinto eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho kuyikhono elisebenzayo. Imithombo eyisisekelo ihlanganisa:

  • Izifundiso - Inyatheliswa emithethweni yesimiso futhi ihlanganiswe ngemisuka ecacile yezihloko (umz., Ikhodi le-United States, amakhodi ombuso).
  • Imithetho – Ishicilelwe kubhaliso lukahulumeni (umz., Federal Register) futhi ihlanganiswe eKhothini lemithetho ye-Federal (CFR).
  • umthetho we-Case - Inyatheliswa ezintathelini zasenkantolo (isib., Imibiko yeNkantolo Ephakeme). Izinhlelo ze-intanethi ezikhululekile ze-intanethi njenge-Google Schologi kanye namawebhusayithi enkantolo zinikeza ithuba lokungena.
  • [[QULT:0] Izindawo[ – Umthetho ophakeme; utholakala ezinqolobaneni zikahulumeni noma ezindaweni ezinjenge [[QL:2]] Inhlangano yolwazi [.

Akudingeki ukuba abathandi bale mithetho babe abacwaningi, kodwa ukujwayelana nale mithombo kuyasiza lapho besebenza nabameli noma belungiselela izinto zokwakha.

Izinhlelo Ezingokomthetho Nezinqubo

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zilandela imithetho ekhethekile engayinkimbinkimbi kodwa ekwazi ukugcinwa ngokulungiselela. Ukuqonda ibhayisekili elivamile lecala (ukusukela ekuqalisweni ukuya ekudluliseleni) abasekeli bokuhlela isikhathi esingokoqobo, imithombo yemali, nokugwema izihibe ezivamile.

Ukuveza Icala: Izikhalo, Izimfuno, Nokuma

Icala lomphakathi liqala lapho ummangalelwa (umkhandlu oletha isaziso) enkantolo ufaka isikhalo noma isicelo. Ibhukwana lihlela isisekelo esingokomthetho secala futhi usizo lufunwa (imali ewohlokile, isimemezelo). Ukuletha icala, umkhangisi kumelwe abe [ emile ukulimala okuqinile okubangelwa ummangalelwa ukuthi inkantolo ingalungisa. Activos avame ukuhlela iziphakamiso eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimfuneko zimisiwe, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zendawo ezungezile noma zelungelo lomphakathi.

Ngemva kokuhlela, ummangalelwa unikezwa isikhalo futhi kumelwe aphendule phakathi nenkathi ethile emisiwe. Ukuhluleka ukusabela kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahlulelwa. Lesinyathelo esisekelwe kumthetho ngokuvamile siyithuba lokuqala lokuxoshwa noma izingxoxo zokuxazulula izinkinga.

Ukuhamba, Ukuzwa, Nokuthola

Uma icala seliqhubeka, amacala athatha amafayela ukuze acele inkantolo ukuba inqume ezindabeni ezithile. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuguqula ukulahla [ – Argees ukuthi ngisho noma amaqiniso eyiqiniso, umthetho awulisekeli icala.
  • Ukuthatha isahlulelo sokufushanisa [[[FT:1] - I-Agues ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi iqembu linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho.
  • Motion ukuphoqelela[ – icela inkantolo ukuba iphoqelele olunye uhlangothi ukuze kukhiqizwe ubufakazi phakathi nokutholakala.

Ukuvubukulwa kuyisimo lapho abaqophi bexoxa khona ngokwaziswa okungatholakali (futhi okuvikelwe yilungelo). Kulabo abashisekeli, okutholakele kungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuveza ubufakazi bobubi, kodwa futhi kuphoqelela izibopho zokudalula imibhalo ehlobene nalokhu. Ukuqonda lokho okutholakele (futhi okuvikelwe yilungelo) kubalulekile.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nangemva Kwalo

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuhamba noma ngokulungisa, liqhubekela phambili ukuqulwa. Ebhentshini umahluleli unquma kokubili iqiniso nomthetho; ecaleni lejaji, abahluleli banquma amaqiniso. Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekileyo lingase lifake amaphutha angokomthetho bese lidlulisa isikhalo.

Izazi kufanele ziqaphele ukuthi ukuhlelwa okuhlelekile ngesikhathi, ukusakazwa kwezindaba, kanye nemikhankaso efana neyomthetho (isimo, ukunxusa kwemithetho, ukuqapha umphakathi) kuyagxeka.

Isimiso Esiyinhloko Sokusetshenziswa Kwalabo Abasekelayo Ngokomthetho

Ngezansi, lolu hlu olubanzi ludlulela ngalé kwemiqondo esetshenziswa njalo ekuthakazeleni umphakathi.

  • [[UMTH:0] U-Platotiff – Iqembu eliqala icala.
  • [[UMTH:0] I-Defandint – Iqembu liyamangalelwa noma likhokhelwe.
  • I-Litigation – yonke inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho ezinkantolo.
  • I-Injuct – Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umbambi hlangothi ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile. Imiyalelo ye-Premical[ ifunwa kusenesikhathi eside ukulondoloza isimo sesikhathi esisele sokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Amicus Curiae – "Ingxenye yenkantolo"; into engeyongxenye enikeza ubuchwepheshe obufushane noma impikiswano. Izinhlangano ze-Acticist zivame ukubhala ama-amicu ama-icus amafiji ukuze ziqokomise amathonya abanzi e-societa.
  • Isenzo - A icala eliqulwe ummeleli weqembu elikhulu elizisholo ezifanayo. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lapho ukulimala kuthinta abantu abaningi (umz., ukukhwabanisa kwabathengi, ukungcola kwendawo ezungezile).
  • Ukuma[ – Ilungelo elingokomthetho lokumangalela, elidinga ukulimala, ukuvuselelwa, nokubuyiselwa.
  • I-Predect - Isinqumo sangaphambili senkantolo esiqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. [[FTL:2]Status decisis[ iyimfundiso yesiqalo esilandelayo [=isibonelo] esicacelayo sokubikezela imiphumela.
  • [ I-Certiorari – umyalo wesinqumo weNkantolo Ephakeme wokubukeza isinqumo senkantolo esiphansi. Kunikezwa cishe inombolo eyodwa kuphela yezicelo.
  • Subpoena – Umyalo ongokomthetho wokwenza amabhukwana noma ukufakaza. Abasebenzi bangathola amapena futhi badinge ukwazi ukuthi bangasabela kanjani.

Ukukwazi kahle lokhu kusiza abashisekeli ukuba baxhumane ngokuphumelelayo nabameli, izinto zokudweba izinto ezithonyayo, nokuqonda izinkantolo.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuhlelekile Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho Sokushintsha Kwezenhlalo

Inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nokushaya ucingo ngokuvamile kuyahambisana, kodwa kudinga amasu ahlukahlukene.

Ithonya: Ukushintsha Umthetho Ngamacala Enkantolo

Imiphumela ihlanganisa ukuletha icala ngokukhethekile ukumisa inqubo entsha engokomthetho noma ukuphoqelela amalungelo akhona eqenjini elikhulu. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (i-divonity) kanye ne-[FLT]bergefell v. Hodges [ukulingana komshado] (ukulingana). Izenzakalo ezivamile zidinga:

  • Ukukhetha ngokucophelela abahlaseli namaqiniso aqinile nozwela.
  • Inkolelo - mbono ecacile engokomthetho eyayisekelwe yizimiso ezikhona noma ezingokomthetho.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu okusekela umbuso, imithombo yezindaba, nemikhankaso yokushaya imithetho.
  • Ukumelelwa kwemithetho ephakeme, ngokuvamile ezimbonini zomthetho noma emitholampilo engokomthetho engazuzisi.

Akuwona wonke umagazini olungele ukuhlaziywa. Ayikho ukunikeza izimpahla nemiphumela engaqinisekile. Kodwa uma iphumelela, ingaliguqula ngokushesha igebe elingokomthetho.

I - Amicus Ifingqiwe Njengamathuluzi Okuzitika

Ngisho noma inhlangano ingekho ecaleni, ingathonya isinqumo senkantolo ngokufaka i-amicus curiae kafushane. Lezi zifushaniso zinikeza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, ukucwaninga okuphingile, noma ezinye izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zamalungelo endlu zingafaka i-amclus shop ecaleni elimayelana nemithetho yokukhipha imithetho eqokomisa ithonya emiphakathini ephansi ethola imali. I-Amicus izifushane ziyimizwa ephansi, ephezulu yemizwa emelene nenqubo yokwahlulela.

Izinkantolo zivame ukucaphuna i-amicus mifingqi, ikakhulukazi uma zinikeza ukwaziswa okungekhona okuhlukile embhalweni. American Bar Association inikeza iziqondiso ekusebenziseni i-amicu.

Ukubambisana Nezazi Zezomthetho Neseluleko Se - Pro Bono

Abasebenzi abavamile ukuba namadegremu omthetho, kodwa bangathola ulwazi olungokomthetho ngokubambisana. Izinkampani eziningi zomthetho nabameli banikeza izinkonzo ze-probo zezizathu zobulungisa bezenhlalo. Izinhlangano ezifana ne ACLU kanye [FLT] ne[FLT] ukgemp [ ziphatha ithonya kuphela. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nezikole zomthetho zendawo (ngokuvamile ezinezinhlelo zokwelapha) kanye nezinhlangano ze-provot commession zingavula iminyango.

Lapho besebenza nabameli, ukuxhumana okucacile ngemigomo yomkhankaso, izintambo zesikhathi, nokungangeni ngokomthetho kubalulekile. Abameli baqeqeshelwa ukunciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho abashisekeli bengase bafake ingcindezi yomphakathi kuqala. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kudinga inhlonipho nokuqondana ngezindlela.

Imithombo Yabameleli Nabenzi Bokulwa

Kuyajabulisa ukuthi kunengcebo esekela abameleli bazo zonke izinga(kusukela emalungelweni okuqonda noma akhona) akhona.

Izinkonzo Zokusiza Ngokomthetho Neze - Pro Bono

Kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezincane ezinemali elinganiselwe, imiphakathi yosizo olungokomthetho inikeza usizo olukhululekile noma oluphansi ezindabeni zomphakathi (umz., indlu, umkhaya, ukufuduka). Izinhlangano zezezimali izinhlelo zezimali ezinqamule i-U.S. futhi, izinhlangano eziningi ze-bar errectoral zisebenza izinkonzo ze-probono bridge. Amaqembu e-activist angafuna usizo nakufemu embonini engekho nzuzo engokomthetho njenge-[FLT:] i-Prompty Lawrity Center noma [FLT:] i-IS] i-Inquallmtalty Center [FFFF:].

Imithombo Yezomthetho Neziqondiso Zangaphakathi

Imithombo yamahhala ye-intanethi ihlele idemocracy yokwaziswa okungokomthetho. Izingosi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[I- Inhlangano yolwazi (LII) [[FLT] - - Imenywa yi-Cornell Law School; inikeza izincazelo ezicacile zolimi lwezihloko ezingokomthetho nokufinyelela kwemithetho ye-U.S. Code nemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • USA.gov Servicess ngokomthetho - Ikhodi likahulumeni nosizo olungokomthetho olungelona lwenzuzo.
  • [[[IQULT:0] Justia - - Inikeza umthetho wezendaba, imithetho, kanye neziqondisi zomphakathi.
  • [[INTLOBO:0][[FLT]] Usizo. org - Ikhodi lemali yosizo olungokomthetho ngokwezwe.

Eziningi zalezi zingosi zihlanganisa izingxenye eziqondene ngokukhethekile nabasekeli, ezihlanganisa izihloko ezinjengendlela yokubhala isikhalo, indlela yokusabela epopoweneni, nendlela yokuthola amafomu asenkantolo.

Ukuqeqesha Nezikhungo Zomsebenzi

Izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza izinhlelo zokuqeqesha abangewona ama-athodom. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • I- i-American Bar Association’s Commission on Infation Law inikeza ama-wibinar e-patroli.
  • Abaqondisi bemithetho besizwe Guid bahamba "yazi amalungelo akho" ukuqeqeshwa nezinhlelo zezazi ezingokomthetho zokubhikisha.
  • Izikole zomthetho zendawo zivame ukuhlanganisa izikhungo zomphakathi ezisemthethweni wendawo, amalungelo okufuduka, noma amalungelo okuvota. Lawa amathuba amahle kakhulu okufunda ngokuqondile ezifundweni zezemfundo nakubafundi bomthetho.

Abashisekeli abaningi bathola ukuthi ishabhu lempelasonto ezinqubweni zenkantolo livimbela amaphutha abiza imali kamuva.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi Futhi Uhlanganyela

Umthetho ushintsha njalo-njalo, kudluliswa imithetho emisha, kushintshwe imithetho yenkantolo, futhi izinhlangano zinikeze imithetho emisha. Abameleli kumelwe bagcine umunwe wentuthuko engokomthetho ehambelana nenhloso yabo. Ukubhalisa emabhukwini angokomthetho (umz., ] SCUSTUBlog[]), ukulandela amazwi aseNkantolweni Ephakeme yeNkantolo, kanye nokuhlola imikhondo yemithetho kuyimikhuba esebenzayo. Ukuhlanganisa izinhlu ze-imeyili zezinhlangano ezinjenge [[FLT:][FLT] noma [FLT:] [FLT]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abashisekeli bangahlanganyela ezikhathini zokukhulumela umphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo − inqubo yomthetho evumela noma ubani ukuba anikeze impendulo. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elingenamandla. Imishini idingeka ukuba icabangele konke okushiwoyo, futhi umkhankaso ohlelwe kahle ungaveza izinkulungwane zokuzithoba okubumba imithetho yokugcina.

Isimiso somthetho asiyona inqaba engangeneki; iyinhlanganisela yezinqubo nezinhlangano ezingafundwa futhi zihlanganiswe ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokuqonda uhlelo, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amagama ayinhloko, ukuthatha imithombo ekhona, nokubambisana nochwepheshe bezomthetho, abameleli nabashisekeli bangaguqula umthetho ube amandla obulungisa. Lolwazi aluqinisekisi ukunqoba kodwa lususa ukwesaba abangaziwa, luvumela i-ctivimon ukuba ibe yikho kokubili ukushisekela nokulawula.