Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabili: Imfihlo Ejulile

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili siyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu eUnited States, ebekwe esiGuqulweni Sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo. Sivikela abantu ukuba bangaqulwa icala elifanayo kabili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukukhohliswa. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba angasebenzisi imithombo yakhe emikhulu ukuze ahlukumeze futhi acindezele ummangalelwa ngokumshushisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, kanjalo kulondoloze ukuphela kwenqubo yokwahlulela nobuqotho.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili unemisuka yasendulo, ethathwa umthetho wamaRoma nesimiso sesiGreki se nonon bis kusisebenzi ("kungaphindi kabili kuleso sizathu),. ENgilandi, yavela njengesivikelo ekumangalelweni ngokuphindaphindiwe yiSikhulu. Ukunxusa okuvamile [kukaFLT:] u-aurefoisvolution[[ (ukhululwe kabili) kanye [umthetho ovamile] necala eliphindaphindiwe [[FLT:]] [FLT] [uFLT]] [oct:] [uquaireis isigwebo esisele]) sakha isisekelo salokho okungaba isiqinisekiso se-Fili. Abakhonzi, beqaphela kakhulu ukuxhaphazwa yiziphathimandla begunya, bafuna ukuvikela ku-Bill.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nokuphakama Kwawo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sithi: "[ Akukho muntu ozobekwa ngaphansi kwecala elifanayo ukuze libekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho." Ekuqaleni, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi leli lungiselelo lalisebenza kuphela ekumangalelweni kukahulumeni. Nokho, [[FL:3] Benton v. Maryland[FLT:][[45]] [1969], iNkantolo ifaka i- Jeophy Claus ephindaphindene ku-kabili ngokushosho kwe-Geneth Resclectivesss Programmes of Documentations proms, yenza ukuba isebenza jikelele phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela-Melika.

I-region inamathela kokubili ezingeni nasemigqonyeni engafanele, futhi isebenza ekumangaleleni ngokulandelana ngecala elifanayo, kanye nasezijezisweni eziningi zecala elifanayo elibekwe ocaleni olulodwa. I-Crucicial ukuqonda ubukhulu bayo yi "izakhi ezifanayo" ku- shburg v. United States[FLT] [1932]): uma ilungiselelo ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi bengxenye ehlukile engenziwangalenye, zithathwa njengezingamacala ahlukene nezikhathi ezihlukene. Lokhu kuhlola okuqhubekayo kuyaqhubeka ukuveza ukulimuka.

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Eliyinqaba

Ngalé Benton ne i-stimular, izinqumo eziningi zezimpawu zesakhiwo ziye zacwengisisa umthetho wengozi kabili. [[FLT]][FLT] United States. Ursery[[FLT]] [196] [19696]], iNkakhulu leNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi imicimbi yezentengiselwano yesizwe ayiyona i"Ingozi" yezinjongo eziphindwe kabili, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni ungaphishekela ukuqiniseka kokubili ukukhohloka kobugebengu nempahla yomphakathi. Ngokuvumelana kakhulu, [[FLT:] v.[FFFFFF] [11] [11] uhulumeni ngamunye uyavuma ngomthetho ohlukene, ngenxa yombuso ohlukene.[19]

Izinxanxathela Nezimpompo

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili asisona esiphelele. Ukuchayeka kahle "ijaji elinomthetho" uma ijaji lingakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo, ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe indiva ngenxa yokuthi ingozi ayizange "iphinde ibekwe" ekwahluleleni kokugcina. Ngokufanayo, amakhambi ashiwo ngokungeyikho ngenxa yokubonakala kokudingekile (umz., i-jaji elinobandlululo, isimo sezokwelapha esibucayi) asibambi icala lesibili. Enye i-fushane i-parthisssss translate ihilela ukuthathelana kobuso [[[[FLT:] okungabhekiswe phezulu, okuphikiswa abagxeki ngenhla, okuphikisa injongo eyinhloko yomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho awuyivikeli imikhankatho eveza ukuqulwa kwecala komthetho womphakathi, njengoba ukumangalelwa komphakathi kuhilela indingayekile yobufakazi obuhlukile kanye nenjongo yokulungisa.

Ukuqonda UHabeas Corpus: Imfihlo Ejulile

I-Habeas corpus, kusukela kwelesiLatini elisho "uzoba nesidumbu," iyikhambi elingokomthetho elivumela abantu ukuba babeke inselele ekubekeni imvume yokuboshwa noma ukuboshwa kwabo. Kuwukuhlolwa okubalulekile kwamandla esikhulu kanye nezindlela zokumisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokungagcinwa ngaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

I-habeas corpus ilandela uhlu lwayo lwezohlu lwezigelekeqe emuva kweMagna Carta yesiNgisi (1215), eyayenqabela ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izinkantolo zamaNgilandi zasungula ikhambi njengekhambi eliphumelelayo ekumelaneni nokuboshwa ngokungemthetho yiSikhulu. ISivumelwano se-Habeas Corpus se-1679 seSivikelo se-Claus (I-Article I, iqinisekisa ukuthi iziboshwa zinganxusa umahluleli ukuba zikhululwe futhi zifune uhulumeni ukuba zithethelele ukuboshwa kwazo. Abaphathi bamakoloni baseMelika bafaka lesi simiso ezimisweni zabo ezingokomthetho, babheke njengesodwa. U.S. uMthetho-Supenion Clausle (I-Acle Ingxenye, 9) umemezela ukuthi [FLCP]"IR.[F]]

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa i-writ ngokuphelele, ukusebenza kwayo kwanamuhla kulawulwa yizimiso zikahulumeni. Iziboshwa zikahulumeni, imoto eyinhloko yi [FLT]] 28 U.S.C. qhaqha qhaqha , ezizivumela ukuba zivimbele ukugcinwa kwazo emhlabathini othi zephula umthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, noma izivumelwano ze-United States. Iziboshwa ze-oventine, [FLT:] 28. [[FLT:] 28] U.C.C.[2555] [FLT] [FLT:]][FLT] [12:7] inikeza ikhambiza elifanayo. Habsethi eliyi-palse-eroverse.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Ephakeme EHabeas Corpus

INkantolo ikhiphe izinqumo ezinkulu kokubili ukutholakala kanye nobubanzi be-writ. [FLT][FLT]][FLT] [[42]] [[FLT] [122] ilinganiselwe ukufinyelela kwabalwayo, kodwa kamuva okuncishiswe. Indaba yanamuhla [FLT:][4][FLT][5] [[FLT] i-v.[FLT][FLT:[FLT][200] [200] [i] [iinani] [izihlungohlulo, futhi izikhulu) inquisiwe inquin:[10] inquance, futhi ingekho imvume yemithetho ephakeme kakhulu:[10] uma isithi "inkulu] i-fudenside, i-fun.[10] Inquitvoston, ingase izinquit, noma inquit, isithikelelwa yikhonsive izinyu ephansi kakhulu:[12]

Umtapo Nokulinganiselwa Kwanamuhla

IHabeas corpus isebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuphakamisa iziphakamiso zomthetho-sisekelo, njengokungaphumeleli kosizo lweseluleko, ukuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala bobumsulwa. Nokho, ukuhluleka ukuveza ukuhluleka kwecala enkantolo yesifundazwe. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] ukwethembeka okungaqondile , okumiswe [[FLT]] schlo v. [[FLT][4][FLT:][4][5] [1995], kuvumela isicelo sokunqoba imingcele ngokubonisa ngokungenacala, kodwa lokhu kuphakeme kakhulu, futhi kudlule isigwebo, ukuvalela phambili, ukuboshelwa kweze umthetho wezeleleka, nokuboshelwa kwezeleleka kwezelele, iziboshwa.

Ukuhlangana Kwemingxube Embaxa - mbili Ne - Habeas Corpus

Nakuba lezi sivikelo ezimbili zisebenza ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, zihlangana ngezindlela eziningana ezibucayi, ikakhulukazi lapho ukwephulwa kwezingozi ezimbili kuphumela ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni.

Lapho I - habeas Corpus Ibekela Ukungqubuzana Okukabili Kwemizimba Eyingozi

Isimo esivamile siphakama lapho ummangalelwa ekhululiwe ephulwa ubugebengu, kodwa isifundazwe siyaqhubeka sisekela lowomuntu ekuqulweni kabusha ngecala elifanayo. Uma kunjalo, ummangalelwa angafaka isigwebo sesibili sengozi. Ngokufana, uma ummangalelwa eboshelwe i-habeas corpus isicelo sokukhomba uveza ukuthi ukuvalelwa kwabo okuqhubekayo akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ngoba kuphula iSiphendulo sesihlanu. Inkantolo ifuna ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngempela ziboshelwe futhi ukuthi umqali wesicelo ubambeke ngokuphulwa kweso kwesokudla. Ngokufanayo, uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa futhi egwetshwa, kodwa kamuva athole ukuthi ukumangalelwa kokwesibili kwecala elifanayo kwenzeka ngokuphula izingozi eziphindwe kabili, i-habbaaspus ingasetshenziswa ekukhipheni ukukholisa nokukhulula. Inkantolo ephakeme iqaphele lendlela ebekwe ngayo [FF:] [FFF:] [2] ku-FFFoct.[3]

Izithiyo Ezingokwemvelo Ngaphansi Kwe - AEDPA Nezisho Ezimbaxa - mbili Zokuphaphalaza

Nakuba izimpawu zengozi eziphindwe kabili ziqapheleka ekubukezeni i-habeas, abancengi babhekene nemingcele efanayo ye-AEDPA njenganoma yimuphi omunye umthetho-sisekelo. Isiboshwa sezwe kumelwe siqale sikhiphe wonke amakhambi kahulumeni akhona, kuhlanganise nanoma yimuphi umthetho owenziwe ngemva kokuqulwa kwengozi. Umthetho weminyaka eyodwa wokulinganiselwa kwezicelo zikahulumeni (ukubalekela ekugcineni kwecala) kungaveza isithiyo esingathi sína, ikakhulukazi uma inkinga ephindwe kabili ingaphakanyiswanga ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma inkantolo kahulumeni isinqume ukuthi akukho monakalo okuphindwe kabili okuye kwenzeka, inkantolo yezwe kumelwe ibambe ukuthi uma kungawukusebenzi ukusebenza okungenangqondo kweNkakhulu. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukunqoba okusekelwe engozini, nakuba kungenzeki.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Nezici Ezibonisa Ukwakheka Kwawo

Cabangela icala lapho ummangalelwa emangalelwa ngokubulala enkantolo yesifundazwe futhi ekhululekile. Khona - ke uhulumeni umangalela ummangalelwa ofanayo ngokubulala okufanayo ngaphansi kwemfundiso embaxambili yobukhosi. Ummangalelwa akanakuphakamisa izingozi ezimbili ngenxa yokuthi imfundiso ivumela ukuqulwa kokwesibili. Nokho, uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ubengenaso isisekelo sombuso esizimele (umz., ubugebengu abuzange bube khona ezweni likahulumeni noma buhlanganise izikhulu zikahulumeni), ummangalelwa angaphikisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa kwesibili kuwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngenxa yokuthi amakhosi amabili awahlukene ngempela. , iNkantolo yaqinisekisa imfundiso, kodwa uma izimo zemoto zingekho ngaphandle, i-habeaspus ingaba inseleleka labo abamangalelwayo.

Esinye isimo: ummangalelwa uboshelwa ngecala lokuphanga futhi ugwetshwe iminyaka eyishumi. Ngemva kokudonsa iminyaka emihlanu, uthola ukuthi ukuphanga kwakuyicala lakhe lesibili lomthetho ofanayo, /" ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala kwaphela ngokuxoshwa ukuthi, ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kwasho ukulahlwa. Ufaka isicelo se-habeas ephikisayo sokuthi ukuqhubeka kwakhe eboshwe kuletha izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Inkantolo kumelwe ibukeze umbhalo wenkantolo ukuze inqume ukuthi ingoma impela icala lokuqala linqanyulwe ekumangalelweni nokuthi inkantolo yesibili yayivinjelwe yini. Uma kunjalo, inkantolo izoyala ukuba akhululwe.

Ukuhluka Okuyinhloko Nokuwa Ngokweqile

Injongo Nezinga

Injongo eyinhloko yengozi ephindwe kabili iwukuvimbela ukulingwa okuphindwe kabili nesijeziso esiphindaphindiwe ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Igxila ekugcineni kwecala futhi ivikele ummangalelwa ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Ngokungafani, ikhambi lokuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni ngokuvamile. Ingakhuluma nganoma yiliphi ilungelo elingokomthetho noma i-protoothorictions ayilona izingozi eziphindwe kabili kuphela, kodwa futhi nenqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, usizo olungaphumeleli, kanye nokushiyeka kombuso. Ukwehlelwa okuphindwe kabili kuyilungelo lokugqunywa kwecala [[FLT: 0]; habeaspus ingudentialism i-[ ye-FLD]

Iminingwane Yesisebenziso

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi siyacelwa noma ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa angathatha uhambo lokukhipha icala ezisekelweni eziyingozi ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala lesibili. Uma ukunyakaza kunqatshwe, kungacelwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kwemfundiso yohlelo lwe-universal. Ingozi ephakamayo phakathi nokuvivinywa, kodwa, iyikhambi eliqondile le-vict-const [. Ikhona kuphela ngemva kokuqiniseka nokuncipha kwezicelo eziqondile (zikhona izimo ezingavamile). Ingozi ephindaphindekile ephakamayo phakathi nokuvinjelwa ayiphakanyiswa nge-injini ye-corpus; iphakanyiswa ngokudluliswayo noma nge-'isimemo.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Uma kuhamba izingozi ezimbili, ummangalelwa unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa kwesibili kungokokuqala, futhi leyo nhlekelele ihlangene (umz., icala lokuqala laphela ngokulahlwa noma ngokuqiniseka). Khona - ke uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukukhishwa kwecala kuyasebenza (umk., ubukhosi obubili, ukuhluleka kokubonakala okudingekile). Kulokhu, inkantolo kumelwe futhi ibonise ukuthi isinqumo senkantolo sasingacabangeli ngokubekelwe isigwebo ngokufaka inselele ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabili, umceli wesicelo kumelwe afakazelwe ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi ijele liphula umthetho. Lapho inkantolo kakade isiwuchazile umbangophi ophindiwe kabili, umfaki wesicelo kumelwe abonise ukuthi isinqumo senkantolo sasingenangqondo ngaphansi kwe-AEDPA .

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zokuvikela Nezimbongolo

Kubameli abavikelayo, ukuqonda ukufakwa kwentambo phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili ne-habeas corpus kubalulekile. Kumelwe baqaphele ekuphakamiseni ukuphikisa okuphindwe kabili kwezingozi eziyingozi ezisezingeni lakuqala ukuze bagweme ukuhluleka. Uma umshushisi wesibili eqhubeka naphezu kokusho ukuthi kunengozi ephindeke kabili, ukudluliswa okuqondile kuyindlela eyinhloko yokusiza; i-habeas corpus isebenza njengenetha lokuphepha uma ukunxusa kwehluleka noma uma ubufakazi obusha bokwephulwa kwengozi okuphindwe kabili kuvela.

Ama-attorney amelela iziboshwa zikahulumeni kufanele aqaphele ukuthi imingcele ye-AEDPA izosebenza uma kamuva ifuna ukukhululeka kukahulumeni. Kufanele abhale noma yiziphi izimpikiswano eziphindwe kabili emlandweni kahulumeni. Emacaleni esijeziso sokufa, izigxobo ziphakeme ngisho nangaphezulu: ukwephulwa kwengozi okuphindwe kabili kungavimbela ukuqulwa ngisho noma ummangalelwa kamuva etholakalelwa engenacala, futhi i-habeas corpus ihlala ingenye yamathuluzi ambalwa okulungisa amaphutha anjalo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abamangaleli kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela ukuthi umshushisi wesibili uvunyelwe yini ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi noma okunye ukubuka ngokweqile isithiyo sezingozi ezimbili kungaholela ekuhlaziyweni ngezimali okubizayo futhi ekugcineni kubuyiselwe ekubukezweni kwe - habeas.

Isiphetho

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ne-habeas iwukuvikela okubaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni ophathwe ngokuphambana kwesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu baseMelika. Nakuba ukungenwa kabili kuvimbela umbuso ekubekeni umuntu icala elifanayo ngokummangalela ngokuphindaphindiwe, i-habeas corpus inikeza indlela yokubekela isiqinisekiso sokuvinjelwa okungekho emthethweni. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka icwetheza imingcele yezingozi ezimbili eziyingozi. Izimfundiso ezimbili ezihlangene ngokusobala lapho umuntu evalelwe noma evalelwe, futhi isebenza njengekhambi lokugcina iSiphendulo sesihlanu. Njengoba iNkantolo elungisa imingcele yazo kokubili izimiso ezinjengaye [FLD:] [FLD] [FF:1] futhi i-FOUBB] [ect: [2] futhi i-havis coumes prof] isebenza njengekhaza yokuqonda okuyinhloko kwezentengo yobuhlobo babo.