Uhambo lwecala ngesimiso senkantolo luyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ngokuvamile eyinkimbinkimbi engathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka. Kusukela ekuququlweni kokuqala kwecala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina − futhi kungenzeka ukuba isigaba ngasinye sidlulisele ukukhanga okuhlukile ekulandeleni ubulungisa. Ukuqonda loluhambo akubalulekile kubafundi bomthetho nabezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi nakunoma ubani ongase azithole ehileleke ekuchazeni inqubo ethile. Lesiqondiso sinikeza inqubo eningi, isigaba sesigaba ngesiteji sidlulela ngendlela icala lomphakathi noma ubugebengu eliqhubekela ngayo kusukela ekuqaleni, ngokunaka imithetho, amasu, nokuqondisa, futhi nakunoma yiziphi izithiphi izithiphithi zemithetho ezisebenzayo ezikhona.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Le nqubo iqala ngokusemthethweni lapho i-paltiff (ecaleni lomphakathi) noma uhulumeni (ecaleni lobugebengu) ufaka isikhalo noma umangalela ifomu enkantolo efanelekile. Kusezindabeni zomphakathi, ukukhononda kumelwe kuveze isisekelo esiyiqiniso sephuzu, inkolelo engokomthetho (umz., ukunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano), futhi ukukhulula kwafuna (ngokuvamile) izindleko zemali noma umthetho. Ukukhononda kumelwe kubekwe enkantolo ephethe kokubili (igunya phezu kohlobo lwecala) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu (igunya phezu kwamaqembu).

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokukhalaza

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhomba:[ Amagama amaqembu, igama lenkantolo, nenombolo yecala.
  • Jouridiction and Venue: Ukuchazwa kwesizathu sokuba lenkantolo izwe icala.
  • [ Izilinganiso ezingokoqobo: Plah, izinombolo ezichaza izenzakalo ezabangela ukuqulwa kwamacala.
  • [[QULT:0] Izinketho zezentengiselwano: eziqondile izimbangela zesenzo (umk., ukukhwabanisa, ukunyundela).
  • [ Umthandazo wosizo: Ikhambi eliqondile izicelo ze-pactetff, njengomonakalo, ukudazuluka, noma ukwahlulela kokudambisa.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ngemva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi uthola ikhophi yesikhalo kanye nesaziso esingokomthetho sokuvela nokusabela. Lesinyathelo, esibizwa ngokuthi isokuqondisa inqubo [, kumelwe sihambisane nezimfuneko eziqinile ezingokomthetho (umz., ukuthunyelwa komuntu siqu, inkonzo ngeposi, noma incwadi uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala). Inkonzo engabambezela icala noma iphumele ekuxoxiweni. Enkantolo yenkonzo engokomthetho, imithetho yenkonzo ilawulwa u-Fleduredal 4 [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT], futhi eminingi isho imithetho esemthethweni.

Ukusabela Kumlweli

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula − izinsuku ezingama-21 kuya kwezingu-30 enkantolo kahulumeni, nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihlukahluka. Ukusabela okuyinhloko kuyimpendulo , ekhuluma ngokumangalela ngakunye ekukhanseleni. Impendulo ingavuma, iphike, noma uhulumeni onganele ukwazi ukuphendula emangalweni ngalinye. Ukuhluleka ukuphendula kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahleliwe mayelana nommangalelwa.

Izinhlobo Zokusabela

  • Ukukhipha: Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma konke ukumangalelwa kuyiqiniso, ukukhononda kwehluleka ukusho ukusho okungokomthetho okusemthethweni (umz., ukuntula amandla, ukuhluleka ukunquma ukuthi uphethe ngaphansi koMthetho 12(b)(6).
  • Impendulo nge Afritive Defense: Ummangalelwa uphika izinsolo eziyinhloko futhi uphakamisa isivikelo njengomthetho wokulinganisela, ukunganaki, noma ukugonyela.
  • Ibalauclaim: Ummangalelwa ufaka icala ngokumelene nomphathi ovela kuthengiselwano olufanayo noma isenzakalo.
  • Crossclaim: Ezimweni ezinamaqembu amaningi, ummangalelwa angaletha icala ku-co-defant noma ku-coplantiff.

Ukucabangela Okufanele

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuxosha kungaqeda ngokushesha icala elibuthakathaka, kuyilapho impendulo evuma amaqiniso ayinhloko ingase ibangele ukuqulwa kwecala. Abameli abaningi abanokuhlangenwe nakho basebenzisa lelizinga ukuze bahlole amandla ezinkulumo zommangalelwa futhi baqale ukuguqula icebo lokuthola.

Ukuthola I - Phase

Ukuthola isilinganiso semisebenzi ethatha isikhathi eside futhi ethatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Injongo yayo iwukuvumela amaqembu ukuba athole ukwaziswa nobufakazi komunye nomunye nakumaqembu amathathu. Ububanzi bokuthola izinto: noma iziphi izinto ezingamukeleki ezihlobene nokuzisho noma ukuzivikela komcimbi, futhi ezilingana nezidingo zecala, ngokuvamile zitholakala ([[FLD: 0]] Ukubusa kombuso 26(b). [ezenzweni zobugebengu, imithetho yokuthola izinto ihlukile, ukuqulwa kwemithetho ehlukene ngaphansi [FLT:] [FLT]]. [FLT], futhi kumelwe kuvenekwe ubufakazi obuthile.[FLT]

Amathuluzi Okuthola Okusha

  • Ukubuza ufakazi ngemibuzo eyimfihlo (ingxenye noma engekho) ngaphansi kwesifungo, ibhalwe yintatheli yasenkantolo. Ama-Attorney avela nhlangothi zombili ahlanganyela, futhi umbhalo ungasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala ukunikeza ubufakazi noma njengobufakazi.
  • [[IMITHETHO: 0] Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Izinkantolo zesifunda zilinganisela uhlangothi ngalunye kuma-25 aphenyayo (kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingezansi).
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zezincwadi, ulwazi olugcinwe ngemishini (ESI), kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo.
  • Iziqinisekiso zokugunyaza: izisho okumelwe omunye avume noma aphike. Uma zivunywa, zisungulwe ngokungenakuphikiswa ukuba zihlolwe, zisho izimpikiswano.
  • Izibalo zengqondo nezengqondo: ezimweni lapho isimo somzimba noma sengqondo somunye siphikisana, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuhlolwe ngokwayo.

Izinselele Zokuthola Ithemba

Ngokunyuka kwezokuxhumana kwe-technology, i-e-revory isiwumngcele omkhulu. Izinkantolo manje zifuna ukuba abantu baqaphele imithombo ye-ESI, bagcine ukwaziswa okubalulekile, futhi bayikhiqize ngendlela esebenzisekayo. Ukuhlelelwa ukukhishwa (ubufakazi obugciniwe) kungaba kubi kakhulu, kuhlanganise neziyalezo ezimbi zejaji noma isahlulelo esingafanele. Ukusebenzisa i-e-recure kuvame ukuhilela ukusebenzisa i-software ekhethekile nokuqasha ochwepheshe bokuqasha, kwenezela izindleko ezinkulu ekutholeni i-lithiligi.

Umda nokulinganiselwa

Ukuvubukulwa akunamingcele. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo zokuvikela izimfihlo zezokuhwebelana, ulwazi oluyimfihlo, noma izicelo eziwumthwalo ngokungafanele. Ilungelo eliphambili le-athorney nemfundiso ye-octives kuvikela ukuxhumana okuthile ekutholweni. Indinganiso yokulingana eqokonyiswe kuMthetho 26(b) (1) ikhuthaza abahluleli ukuba bahlole inzuzo engenzeka ekutholeni umthwalo wabo nezindleko.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokwahlulela, amaqembu angathatha izinto ezihlukahlukene ukuze axazulule icala ngaphandle kokulingwa ngokuphelele noma afake izimpikiswano. Le mithetho ingagcinwa noma kuliphi iqophelo ngemva kokukhononda, kodwa eziningi zenzeka ngemva kokuthola izinto. Zisebenza njengesisefo esibucayi: ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo okungacazululeki kuqeda icala, kuyilapho ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo kungase kukhiphe ubufakazi noma izimpikiswano ezilinganiselwe.

Ukuhamba Okuvamile Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

  • [[NTL:0] Ukuqulwa kokwahlulela kwesifushaniso: Ama-Ague ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lezinto nokuthi umthuthi unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Ngaphansi koMthetho [ 56, inkantolo ibheka ubufakazi ekukhanyeni okungcono kakhulu kongamele abangewona amajeza.
  • Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obucwasayo noma obungabalulekile ngaphambi kokuba iqaliswe lapho kuqulwa icala. Ngokwesibonelo, umbambi angase acele inkantolo ukuba ifake ubufakazi besiqinisekiso sangaphambili noma ukuxoxa ngesabelo.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: Uma umbambi weqembu ehluleka ukusabela ezicelweni zokuthola, omunye angacela inkantolo ukuba iphoqelele ukuthobela, mhlawumbe ngemvume.
  • Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kumaPreadings: kusekelwe kuphela ekujuleni kokuncenga (ukuncenga nokuphendula), inkantolo inquma ukuthi icala linganqunywa yini njengendaba yomthetho.

Indima Ewusizo Yezinyathelo

Izenzo zangaphambi kokuhlolwa akukona nje ukuphumelela ngokuqondile; futhi kubumba indawo yokuhlola. Ukuhamba kwe-limine okuphumelelayo kungavimbela olunye uhlangothi ekungeniseni ubufakazi obuyisihluthulelo, kuyilapho ukunyakaza kwesahlulelo esifingqiwe okunikezwa ngokwengxenye kungaqeda izimpawu ezithile noma izivikelo. Izenzakalo eziningi zombango zixazululwa ngokuhamba kwenqubo − ngokwemininingwane evela eFederal Judicial Center, ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kunikezwa cishe ngo-15-20% wezehlakalo zomthetho. Ezimweni zobugebengu, izimpawu zokuvimbela ubufakazi (umz., ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni) kuvamile futhi kungaphazamisa ukuququlwa kwecala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyisiphetho secala. Icala lenkantolo lixhomeke ekutheni inkantolo inkantolo inqunywe ngecala lasebhentshi (isinqumo esinqunyiwe) noma icala lejaji (isinqumo). Enkantolo yamajaji, iSichibiyelo seSevenment siqinisekisa ilungelo kumajaji amaningi afuna ukulimala kwemali; emacaleni obugebengu, iSichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ilandela umthetho oqinile owenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo elungile nefanele.

Izinyathelo Zokuqulwa Kwecala Okungokoqobo

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (Inani elinqunyiweyo): nama-attorney namajaji angabuza ukuthi kungaba ngabalawuli abangase bavuleke ubandlululo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa izinselele (inani elilinganiselwe) nezinselele zembangela (engenamkhawulo).
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izingxenye zonke zinikeza ukufingqa okufushane kobufakazi ezilindele ukubuthula. I-lacttiff/ingcunyulo ihamba kuqala, ilandelwa yisivikelo. Izinkulumo zokuvula azibona ubufakazi; ziyizinto ezibukwa kuqala.
  • Unikezelo lobufakazi (Icala likaPlatotiff elikwi-Chieef):[ Umboni ozibizayo, ungenisa imibhalo nemifanekiso, futhi uhlala. Ufakazi ngamunye umelwe ukuhlolwa ngokuqondile, ukuphenyiswa, ukuthunyelwa, nokudluliswa.
  • Icala eliqinile:[ Ngemva kokuhlala kwe-paltiff, ummangalelwa anganikeza ubufakazi. Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba afakazele; umthwalo wobufakazi uhlala ku-paltiff (noma umshushisi ezinkantolo zobugebengu) phakathi naso sonke isikhathi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-paltiff iveza ubufakazi obengeziwe ukuze imelane nendaba yolwelwelo, futhi isivikelo singaphendula ngendlela efanayo.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Izingxenye zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bathole imvume kubo. I-plantiff/impatho ihamba kuqala futhi ingagcina ingxenye yesikhathi sabo sokuphinda iphikise.
  • Imiyalo e-JURY:[ Umahluleli ufunda umthetho othatha ikomiti yejaji, okumelwe awusebenzise, ahlanganise izici zento ngayinye, umthwalo wobufakazi, nezindinganiso zokuhlela.
  • Jorlibration and Verdict: Abasizi bamajaji bathatha umhlala-phansi ekamelweni langasese ukuze baxoxe ngobufakazi futhi bafinyelele ukuvumelana (noma kwezinye izindaba zomphakathi, eziningi) isinqumo. Uma behluleka ukufinyelela isinqumo, kungavela isinqumo esingaqondile.

Ubufakazi Buyabusa Ecaleni

Ukulingwa kulawulwa imithetho eqinile yobufakazi, ikakhulukazi i-Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Imiqondo eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa ukusebenza (Fre1, 402), inzwabethi (Fre1-807), ukuqinisekisa (Fre 901), namalungelo (ummeli, i-authority, i-spocard Rules). Ama-athonel kumelwe amelane ngokushesha ubufakazi obungafanele; ngaphandle kwalokho, iphikiswa kungalahlwa. Umahluleli ungenza njengomphathi wesango, anqume ukuthi yini engase izwe. Ezilingweni zobugebengu, ukumangalelwa kumelwe kubonise ukuthi unecala ngokungenakungatshazwa; ekuvinyweni okunengqondo, indingayo isilinganiso i-athonsimentation (cishe ingasho lutho) futhi ikhombanisa ubufakazi obusobala.

Isithethi somyalo

Isinqumo sinqunywa yijaji (ecaleni lejaji) noma ijaji. Endabeni yomphakathi, isinqumo sizonquma icala futhi, uma kutholakala icala, isilinganiso somonakalo. Endabeni yecala, isinqumo siwukuthi “unecala” noma“ awunacala.” Isinqumo esinecala ecaleni lobugebengu siholela ekugwetshweni okuhlukile. Ecaleni lomphakathi, isinqumo singahlanganisa ukutholwa okuthile (umz., isilinganiso secala elinecala ngaphansi kwemithetho engalinganisisiwe).

Izinhlobo Zezifungo

  • Geomperner Verdict: Ijaji limane lisho ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olunqobayo, ngaphandle kokuchaza ukucabanga.
  • Icala elikhethekile: Ijaji liphendula imibuzo eyiqiniso, futhi umahluleli usebenzisa umthetho kulezompendulo ukuze afinyelele isahlulelo.
  • I-Diredied Verdict: Lapho kuqedwa ubufakazi, umahluleli anganquma ukuthi ijaji elinengqondo alikwazanga ukuthola olunye uhlangothi, linqume kahle icala ngalesosikhathi.
  • Jodgment Burncup iVerdict (JNOV): Akuvamile ukugunyazwa, lokhu kuvumela umahluleli ukuba agumbuqele isinqumo sejaji uma kusobala ukuthi simelene nobunzima bobufakazi.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, umkhandlu olahlekile angase athathe icala elisha noma ashintshe isahlulelo. Lokhu kumelwe kusekelwe emaphuthani angokomthetho, ebufakazini obusanda kutholwa, noma ekuziphatheni okubi. Uma uphikwa, icala liyothatha indawo yesiteji.

Ukukhanga

Inqubo ye-appellate ayilona icala lesibili; ukubukezwa kwezinqumo zenkantolo equlwayo. Ukudluliswa kwecala kumelwe kusekelwe ekutheni inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha lomthetho noma inqubo ethinte umphumela. Iqembu likhanga i-applellant; olunye uhlangothi yi-panelle. Ukuqaphela ukudluliswa kwesicelo kumelwe kugcinwe phakathi nesikhathi esiqinile esilinganiselwe cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 emacaleni omphakathi (Umthetho we-Federal of Appelte Proceduture 4).

Izingcezu Zokukhanga

  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa: Inkantolo eqululisa icala amafayela, ama-rekhodi, nemifanekiso iyahlangana futhi idluliselwe enkantolo ye-appelta.
  • Appantant’s Imfishane:[ Impikiswano ebhaliwe eveza amaphutha aqondile futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani edinga ukuguqulwa. Ukufushana kumele kubhekisele embhalweni nasebusweni obungokomthetho obufanele.
  • [ I-Appele’s fish: Impendulo ethi isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo sasilungile, noma ukuthi noma iliphi iphutha lalingenangozi.
  • Rept Brief (zinketho): U-Appellent angaphendula empikiswaneni entsha ephakanyiswe nge-appelle.
  • Impikiswano: A alinganiselwe (avame ukuba imizuzu engu 15-30 engxenyeni ngayinye) ithuba lokuba abameli bagcizelele amaphuzu ayinhloko futhi baphendule imibuzo yabahluleli. Amacala amaningi anqunywa ngaphandle kwempikiswano eshiwo ngomlomo.
  • I-Decision: Inkantolo ephethe ikhipha umbono. ingaqinisa[ (iphethe inkantolo equliweyo), ukuguquguquka[ (ibuye ishintshe isinqumo), noma [ ne (iqede icala emuva ukuze kubekwe ezinye izinqumo ezivumelana nombono). Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo ingaguqula isahlulelo noma uhlelo olusha.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Akuwona wonke amaphutha awenziwe ngokulinganayo. Izinkantolo ze-appellate zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokubukeza kuye ngesimo sendaba: de novo (ukubukeza okusha) ngemibuzo yomthetho, [ iphutha elicacile[[ ekutholeni okuyiqiniso ekuhlolweni kwebhentshi, [[FLT:]] nokusebenzisa ukwahlulela ngezindlela ukucubungula kabusha ngemithetho esobala. Lezi zindinganiso zithonya kakhulu amathuba empumelelo ekudluliseleni izicelo. NgokweHhovisi ye-U. Izinkantolo, izinkantolo zokudlulisa ukuqulwa kwenkantolo cishe ku-80-90% yecala, ukuwina.

Ezinye Izindlela: Ukuzinzisa Nokuxazulula Ingxabano Ehlukile

Nakuba lesi sihloko silandisa ngecala eliphelele lokunquma, kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi amacala amaningi ezakhamuzi awafinyelelwa neze ukuqulwa. Ngokwemininingwane yamuva kakhulu evela i-Bureau of Justice Statistics[, amacala enkantolo kahulumeni angaphezu kwa 95% axazululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuxazululwe icala, ukuqulwa kwesigwebo sesikhashana, noma ukuxoshwa. Izinkantolo eziningi zikhuthaza ngisho nezindawo zokungenela engqungqutheleni noma impikiswano ehlukile (ADR), njengemvume yezindaba noma ukuqulwa kwecala, ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. I-Mediation ihilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathiwe mvume yokulungisa kodwa elingena amandla okukhipha ikhambiso. I-Arbit ingabo noma ukukhipha izivumelwano zezentengo yohwebo futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekugwemeni izivumelwano zezentengo yezentengo ngenxa yokuqonda ezikathazo ezivamile ngenxa yecala enkantolo ezindaweni eziningi ezivamile, nakuba ithatha ngisho nezezezezezemfundo ezingokomthetho.