Ukuqonda Izimiso Zomdlalo Nencazelo Yazo Embulungeni Yonke

Izimiso ze-Electoral zakha umgogodla wobubusi bentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ziguqula intando yabavoti izihlalo eziphezulu esihlalweni sendlu yomthetho noma ihhovisi eliphethe, zihlela indlela amandla asakazwa ngayo nendlela izimiso ezihlelwa ngayo. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokhetho kunemiphumela emikhulu yokuzinzisa kwezombangazwe, ukumelelwa, nokwaneliseka. Nakuba kungekho hlelo oluphelele, ngalinye libonisa ukuthuthuka okuyingqayizivele kwezwe, ukuhlelwa kwezenhlalo, izakhamuzi, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso eziyinhloko ze-votaotorota ezisetshenziswayo namuhla, inzuzo, nezingakhi zomfako, nokuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukene aye azenza ngayo ukuba ahlangabezane ngayo nezidingo zazo eziqondile. Ngokuqonda lezi zimiso, izakhamuzi zingahlaziya kangcono futhi ziphumelele izinhlelo zazo eziphethe izinhlelo zazo zobuningi.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko: Ubulula Nokuqina

Iposi Laqala Ukuthunyelwa (FPTP)

Isimiso sokuqala Esidlulile sePost system, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi ukuvota okunhlobonhlobo, singenye yezindlela ezindala kakhulu nezidumile. Ku-FPTP, umfundi othola amavoti amaningi enqotshweni yesifunda esisodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lowo mnyuziya-mfundayo uthola inani elikhulu yini. Lesimiso sisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge United Kingdom, Canada, ne-United States, nokhetho lwemithetho. FPPP ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yobebebelo olulula: ivota oyedwa ohlwini lwe-bholaot, futhi umphumela usobala. Sivame ukuveza ohulumeni abahlala ngokuzinzisayo, njengoba amalungu amancane avame ukuzama ukuzuza ngaphandle kokuba abasekeli bawo bakhulu kakhulu. Nokho, i-FPP igxekwa futhi ngenxa yomphumela wayo. Iqembu elingu-A iningi elingcono kakhulu kunabantu abambalwa abambalwa abahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhw.

Isimiso esinezintambo ezimbili (TRS)

Futhi njengesimiso somjaho we-"imanoff System" ifuna ukuba umfundi athole amavoti amaningi e-Afrika nase-Latin America ezindaweni zobucukubhede ukuze aphumelele ngokuqondile. Uma kungekho mjikelezo ofinyelela inqwaba, umjikelezo wesibili uphakathi kwama-injini amabili aphezulu, ngokuvamile akhiphe imijaho eminingi. Lendlela isetshenziselwa ukuphumelela eFrance umongameli nokhetho lwemithetho, kanye nakumazwe amaningi ase-Latin America ngenxa yezindawo zokulawula. I-TRS ivumela abavoti ukuba babonise ukuthanda okuqotho kokuqala, bese kuba amalahle ekhona ngemva kokukhetha okwamukelekayo kakhulu. Lokhu kungathuthukisa imifelandawo ebanzi futhi kunciphise ingozi yokuwina ngokhetho oluncane. Ngaphansi, i-TRS, izindleko eziseceleni nokucushwa kalula, futhi kungenziwa ngokukhetha okungenamdlandla.

Izimiso Zokuveza: Ubuqotho Nokukhathalelana

Ukumelelwa Kohlu Lweqembu

Ukumelelwa kweqembu ngokwesilinganiso kugcwele kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphansi kwe-Uhlu PR, abavoti bakhetha iqembu kunokuba likhethe i-PR, futhi izihlalo zabelwa izigaba ngokwenani levoti. Iziqeshana ziqoqa izinhlu zabafuna i-PR, futhi izihlalo zigcwaliswa kulezo zinombolo. Izimiso zihlanganisa izinhlu ezivaliwe, lapho iqembu linquma uhlelo, futhi livula izinhlu, lapho abavoti bangaveza khona izintando zabavoti ngabanye, ngaleyondlela bathoba izikhundla eziphezulu. Izindawo ezinjenge-Sweden, i-Israel, ne-South Africa zisebenzisa uH. Isimiso siveza imiphumela ephakeme kakhulu, ngisho nezincane ezingamele zigcineke zidlula khona izikhundla ezithile (zingxenye ezingaphezulu kwezingu-5% kuya kwezingu-5%). Izindawo ezivamile zokubonisa i-PR, noma i-R, i-ocensells.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

IVote Edluliselwayo eyodwa inqubo esetshenziswayo ezifundeni eziningi. Abameleli banezigaba ezikhethekile basetshenziswa ngokuthanda. Ama-Setts ahlelwa ngesilinganiso, futhi abadlulayo bakhethwa, namavoti adlulele kubavoti abaphansi abashintshwa. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. i-STV isetshenziselwa ukukhetha i-partel e-Ireland naseMalta, ukuze kuncitshiswe i-Australian Camplate, futhi kuncishiswe inzuzo yendawo emazweni amaningana. Inzuzo eyisihluthulelo ye-STV iwuhlanganisa imiphumela elinganiselwe ngokukhetha okuqinile. Izindawo ezingase zikwazi ukuhlanganisa abavoti abangeni abazodwa abamelene nezigaba ezihlukahlukene, ezivumela ukuba babonise izintando ezithandwayo. Nokho, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezihlukene nokuncishiswa kwezindawo ezihlukene phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene, futhi zingenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuba ziqonde kakhulu ukuba ziqondiswe yindawo eyodwa.

Izimiso Ezixubile Nezinhlanzile: Ukuvimbela Ukwehlukana

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

Izimiso ze-Member Propotional zizama ukuhlanganisa ukumelelwa kwezimiso zendawo eziphethe ama-aster nohlu lwezikhawu ze-PR. Umehluko ongcono kakhulu osetshenziswa eJalimane nase-New Zealand. AmaVoter afaka amabhola amabili: esinye sezitsha ezihlongozelweni zendawo yawo (ngokujwayelekile ukusebenzisa i-FPTPP) kanye nesinye sohlu lweqembu. I-voti inquma isilinganiso sezindawo ezihlukene zezihlalo, nezihlalo zesigodi ezibalelwa engqikithini yeqembu. Ezinye izihlalo eziphezulu ezibekwa ezinhluni zamaqembu zingenezelwa ukufinyelela isilinganiso. I-MMPGP iveza izinga eliphakeme le-limu ephakathi kwe-1% ye-votacertiotad. Ikhuthaza ohulumeni kanye nezombangazwe ezibonwayo eJalimane, njengoba nje kunezingxenye zesimiso semikhambiso eziseMMP. Uma kunezingamele ukubekwa kanye nezinhlalo ze-mfame.

Ukuxubana kwemisebe (Mented-Member Majorian)

Ukuvota okuhambisana nakho, okubizwa nangokuthi iMixed-Member Majoritarian (MMMM), kuyafana ne-MMP kodwa ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuhlela. Abavoter baphinde bakhethe ubhadazo lwesigodi neqembu, kodwa izihlalo zeqembu zabelwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesifunda. Lokhu kuzuzisa imicimbi emikhulu futhi kunciphise ukulingana. Amazwe anjengeJapane, iRussia, ne-Mexico asebenzisa izimiso ezihambelanayo. EJapane, isimiso sasungulwa ngo 1994 ukuze kuncishiswe ukonakala futhi kwakhiwe izinhlangano ezimbili. Nakuba kuholele ekushiciseni ohulumeni abahlukene abahlukene abahlukene, ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela yokungalingani kwezeki. Amaqembu amancane angazuza ingxenye yokuvota kodwa athole izihlalo ezimbalwa. Ukuvota kulula ukunikeza isilinganiso seMMP kodwa kuhlulekile ukunikeza izinguquko eziningi.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Ukuhlola Izihloko

E - United States: Ifa Le - FPTP

I-United States iyisibonelo esivelele se-FPTP esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, esisetshenziselwa iNdlu yabameleli kanye (kwisimiso sesigodi esishintshiwe) kukhetho lukamongameli ngokudlula e-Electoral College. Umphumela uyisigaba sengxenye ezimbili ezihlukene (Docrats) neRepublicans. Izigigaba ezifana nabaBameli noma abaGreens azivamile ukuwina izihlalo, futhi amanani abo esizwe adlula kude kakhulu izithuba zabo. Isimiso futhi sinikela ekusekeleni isihlalo sesihlalo sabo. Imingcele yesigodi, lapho i-gerrymanndering, lapho imingcele yesigodi idonswa khona ukuze i-endsssss. Nakuba iveza ngokucacile, amajaji aphansi e-US avotav, anciswe kwezinye izingxenye zezindawo, ngenxa yokuthi umongameli we-Cinmoveryn, kodwa u-Cinmoneyn, u-Cinstein u-operal u-edul, u-edul ephawu oluphambili, i-Elpopopopopopopopopopopoti

IJalimane: Isibonelo Se - MP

Isimiso se-MMP saseJalimane sivame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo sokumelelwa. I-Bundestag ihlanganisa izihlalo ezingu-598 (nakuba ingaphezulu kakhulu nezihlalo zokulungisa zingandisa leli nani). Lendawo yokuvota yesifunda ikhetha ingxenye yezihlalo, futhi ivoti inquma ukuthi noma iliphi iqembu lithola indawo engaphansi kwezi-5% zevoti (ngaphandle kokuba lithole izihlalo ezintathu) ikhushuliwe. Lomnyango uvimbela ukuhlukana okukhulu kuyilapho kusavunyelwa izigaba eziningi (ezingaphezulu) lapho zikhona, njengoba nje zivumela izigaba eziningi (ezingaphezulu) ze-Green, ze-ekhohlo, ne FDPto zinquma ukuthi zihlala eduze kweCDU/CU ne-SD. Umthetho uhulumeni owenziwayo, odinga ukuncintiswa nokuhlehlela, nakuba inqubo ekhuphukile iphinde yabekwa emashumini le-minyaka eJalimane. I-MMP iqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elingu-9% lithola indawo ephakathi kwe-FT ephakathi kwesizwe esingu-F.

i-Sweden: Vula-Uluhlu PR

I-Riksdag yaseSweden ikhethwa ngokusebenzisa isimiso sohlu oluvulekile lwezilinganiso ezilungisiwe ngomnyango wezwe ka-4% (noma 12% ohlwini olulodwa). Izinhlu ezikhona; abavoti bangavotela iqembu noma babonise lokho abakuthandayo. Ivoti edlula iphesenti elithile ingaluhlela kabusha uhlu, inikeza ithonya eliqondile kunoma obani abavoti abakhethwe. Isimiso siveza isakhiwo esinesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu (ngokukakhulu seqembu lesishiyagalombili noma isishiyagamu (*) futhi ohulumeni bathambekele ekubeni amakhandlu amancane noma amabhodi ahlangene. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi izivumelwano nezingahleleka-hlelo ezingasenzisadinga ukuhlelwa kweqembu, futhi ngokomthetho kufuneka njalo ukuba inqubo yokuqongezelana. Isimiso se-Sweden sibonisa indlela i-PR ephakeme kakhulu yokuvota (ngokunye nje kuphela kwe-80 noma isishiyagamu sesishiya sombuso sezombangazwe esibusayo esibusayodwa.

Ngalé Kwezintathu Ezinkulu: Ukuqhathaniswa Okwengeziwe

INdiya, idemokrasi enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, isebenzisa i-FPTP kukhetho lwayo lweLok Sabba. Isimiso siye saveza ohulumeni abaningi abaqinile ngokomlando, kodwa futhi singaphansi kwesigaba esincane namaqembu amancane esifunda ngaphandle kwendawo abasekela kuyo kakhulu. IBrazil isebenzisa i-PR evulekile nezifunda ezinkulu kakhulu, iholela emikhosini eminingi yenkolo nasemikhankasweni emikhulu. I-TRS yesizwe ehlangene nengqungquthela yayo yesizwe ngendilinga yesibili evame ukuveza impoqo yerlobano ehlangene nemithetho emelene nokweqikelele kakhulu. Isenzakalo ngasinye sibonisa indlela i-mongo yezenhlalo nenhlangano yezindawo ezikhona ngempela nezimiso zezimiso ezingoko.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi: Umbono Olinganiselayo

Izimiso Zokusebenza Ezinkulu: Amapro Nezingqungquthela

Izimo eziphambili: Izimiso ze-Maritarians njenge FPTP ne TRS kulula ukuqonda nokubala. Bavame ukwakha ohulumeni abahlukene abangakwazi ukudlulisa imithetho ngokushesha futhi banecala kubavoti. Banqanda izigigaba ezeqile ngoba ukuwina kudinga ukukhanga okukhulu. Babuye balondoloze ukuxhumana okuqinile okukhona phakathi kwabameleli nama-contitue.

Izinga eliphezulu: Lezizimiso ziveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo, ngokuvamile zivuza iqembu elikhulu kakhulu “ngenani elizimeleyo” kuyilapho zinciphisa ezinye. Amavoti alahlwayo avamile, aholela ekunganakwa kovoti. Angaqhubekisela phambili iziphakamiso ezimbili ezihlukene, zivimbele imiqondo emisha, futhi zifake imikhankaso ephambene kanye nokuvota okungathandeki.

Izimiso Zokusakaza: Amaprotheni Nezinhlayiya

Izindawo zokubona: Ukumelelwa kwemithetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlalo zomthetho ziveza ukwabelana ngevoti ethandwayo, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezincane. Ikhuthaza isimiso sengxenye eziningi, inikeza abavoti ukukhetha okwengeziwe futhi ngokunokwenzeka inikeza ukuvota okungaphezulu. Inciphisa amavoti alahlwayo futhi ingaholela ekwenzeni inqubo eyengeziwe egcwele.

Izilinganiso: PR ivame ukuphumela kohulumeni abahlangene, abangase bangazinzi noma baphuze ukusabela, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene. Inganikeza ithonya elingalinganiyo emaqenjini amancane angakwazi ukulinganisela. Izinguqulo ezivalweyo zigxilise amandla eqembu, zinciphise ukulandisa okuqondile komthetho. Ubunkimbinkimbini beminye izinhlelo zePR bungadida futhi uvota.

Izimo Zanamuhla Nezinguquko Ezimangalisayo

Isithembiso sembulunga yonke sezimiso zokukhetha asisebenzi. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izinguquko ukuze alungise amaphutha acatshangelwayo. E-UK, i-Alternative Vote (AV) yalahlwa ngo-2011 i-AVE, kodwa i-PR i-PR iyaqhubeka. Isithembiso se-Canada se-Liberal sokuguqula i-FPTPP asizange sishiywe. Ukusuka kwe-New Zealand kusuka eFPTPP kuya eMMP ngo-1993 kuyisibonelo esikhulu senguquko ephumelelayo eqhutshwa ukunganeliseki komphakathi ngo-2011. I-Ireland iye yasebenzisa i-STV cishe ikhulu leminyaka futhi isanda ukuthathwa kwayo. I-Rhanke-ice-ice (RCV) ithola umhlaba eUnited States olinganayo, futhi ingenza umehluko ongathi i-New York City, futhi isebenzisa ukuvotelelwa kwe-RC, futhi inzuzo enkulu ye-RC. I-enging. Ngaphandle kokusekela kweminye imithombo ehlukene, i-enye i-enye i-e, ingakhuphunyuka futhi i-e

Okunye ukuthambekela ukusebenzisa inani labesifazane nezihlalo ezigcinweyo ukuze kukhuliswe ukumelelwa, ngokuvamile kusebenza ezimisweni ze-votor ezikhona. Amazwe anjenge-Rwanda ne-Argentina aye asebenzisa i-PR evaliwe enezimfuneko zesilinganiso ukuze afinyelele izinga elilinganayo lobulili ezindlini zomthetho-mthetho. Izinguquko ezinjalo zibonisa ukuthi ukuklama kwesimiso sokhetho kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla ekufinyeleleni imigomo ebanzi yezenhlalo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso ze-Electoral azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe; zibumba izinga nemfanelo yedemokrasi. Kusukela ekululani kweFirst Pst e-United States naseNdiya kuya ekulinganiseni koluhlu lwe-PR oluvulekile lwe-Sweden kanye nokulingana okuxubile kwe-MMP yaseJalimane, isimiso ngasinye sinikeza ukuthengwa kwemisebenzi. Asikho icebo eliphelele elinobukhulu bobungcono; isimiso esingcono sixhomeke empucukweni yezombangazwe yezwe, ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo, nokubusa kuqala. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela izinguquko ezihambisana nezindinganiso zazo. Njengoba i-democraficticism inqubo yokuhlola nokulungisa nokulungisa izimiso ezikhethiwe kuhlala kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abantu bathanda futhi kuthuthukiswe kahle.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral help kanye ne ACE I-Ectoral Knote Ulwazi[.