Isingeniso

Ukuchaza kobufundisi kuye kwaba indlela evelele yokuchaza komthetho-sisekelo eMelika, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabahluleli ababambelele kakhulu kwemithetho. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukukholelwa ekutheni incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kufanele imiswe ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kwayo. Lendlela yokuchaza ixhomeke ngempela ebufakazini obungokomlando ukuze kutholakale incazelo yasekuqaleni yombhalo. Indima yobufakazi obunjalo ayive ihlobisa; iyisisekelo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola imithombo engokomlando, izimpikiswano zokuqala ziyontula indlela engokoqobo edinga ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibono echazayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo zobufakazi bomlando obusetshenziswa ekucabangeni kokuqala, izindlela okuthi ngayo, izinselele eziphakamayo, impikiswano eqhubekayo ngesinqumo sayo engokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Ukudalula

Ubufundisi abuyona inkolelo-msuka. Imicu emibili eyinhloko iye yavela: inhloso yokuqala nencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi. Leyo yokuqala igxila kulokho amaFramers ngokwawo ayehlose ukuba kushiwo uMthetho-sisekelo. Owamuva ubheka indlela umuntu onengqondo ayeyowuqonda ngayo umbhalo ngesikhathi sokuwenza. Nokho, zombili izindlela zihlanganyela isibopho sokuthola incazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo ngomzuzu ongokomlando. Lombophelelo uhlukanisa inqubo yokuqala nokuphila komthetho-sisekelo, okuthi izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo zingaveza ukuguqula izindinganiso zobusosha. Kubantu bokuqala, umthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi evumelanayo esemthethweni oqonde ngesenzo sokwenza i-ratzition. Ukushintsha ukuthi incazelo yayo kumelwe kulandele inqubo yokulungisa, ingachazi ukuchaza kabusha inqubo yombhalo wamanje.

Ukubaluleka Kobufakazi Obungokomlando

Ubufakazi obungokomlando busebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokuvuselela incazelo yokuqala. Ngaphandle kwalo, impikiswano yokuqala ingaba ukuqagela. Ubufakazi bunikeza ifasitela lolimi, lwezombangazwe, nomongo ongokomthetho wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Kusiza ukucacisa amagama adidanayo, ukuxazulula izingxabano zombhalo, futhi ukwembula izinjongo eziyisisekelo zezinhlelo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhomba kweSichibiyeli sesibili “ephethe kahle iMilitia” akunakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuhlola indlela igama elithi“milithiya” elasetshenziswa ngayo enkathini yokusungula. Ngokufanayo, ukunikeza kwezentengiselwa amandla okulawula intengiselwano “phakathi kwezizwe eziningana” kudinga ukuhlolwa kwalokho“ okuhloselwe kumthetho ohlangene. Ubufakazi obungoko abusetshenziselwa ukucubunga inhloso ye-Formsterns kodwa ukuqaphela incazelo yalo mqondo womphakathi. Kuyinkolelo yokuchaza kahle ka-mbhalo.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi Obungokomlando

Kutholwa amadokhumende-Era

Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sobufakazi obungokomlando sihlanganisa amabhukwana akhiqizwe ngokuqondile phakathi nenqubo yokudweba nokuthatha i-rate. Féderalist Papers avame ukukhonjwa ngenxa yencazelo yawo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba emelela imibono yababhali abathathu kuphela, u-Hamilton, uMadison, noJay , babeyandene kakhulu futhi babenethonya. Ngokufanayo, i- imibhalo e-Anti-Fédralist [ inikeza umbono ophikisayo futhi icacisa indlela umthetho-Constitution ophikiswa ngayo futhi uqondwa ngayo. Imibhalo ebanzi yeSivumelo somthetho-Constitution, njengamazwi kaJames Madison, inikeza ukuqonda enqubo yokulungisa, nakuba i-Rhomedia i-ocet, njengoba kuveldiahties, njengoba kuchazwa izihloko zezindaba zezombangazwe, ezigcwele izihloko zezezezezwe ka-179.

Abaphendula Ngokomthetho Bakuqala Nezinqumo Zenkantolo

Enye into ebalulekile yileyo eyenzeka ngemva kwe-rathibhothi esukela eRepublic yokuqala. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezingathi , njenge [[FLT:] MCULLOch v. Maryland[ [1819] kanye [[FLT]] ne [FLT] Geogbons v. [FLT:] [[FLT] [12] [24] [i-Blact] [i-Black:], ibonisa indlela isizukulwane sokuqala somthetho esiqonda ngayo uMthetho-mthetho. Lezi zinqumo ngokuvamile zikhonjwa ngayo njengobufakazi bencazelo yokuqala. [inani elivamile] i-Spectivesssssss of Anformations of the World.[Foctive]

Amaphephandaba Nezimpikiswano Zomphakathi Ezosuku Oluzayo

Amaphephandaba asukela enkathini yokusungulwa anikeza ifasitela lenkulumo yeningi. abonisa umehluko omkhulu ngokufakwa kwemibono waqhutshwa kakhulu ngezindaba zamaphephandaba, izincwadi, nababhali. Le mithombo yembula izimpikiswano ezenziwa umphakathi wonke futhi ibonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zaziyoqonda kanjani izinkulumo zomthetho-sisekelo. Zibonisa futhi uhide lwemibono, kuyilapho ezinye zamukeleka kakhulu ngengxoxo encane. Izinga lokunaka komphakathi okunikezwa izigijimi ezithile ngokwalo lingaba yinkomba ukuthi ulimi lucacile noma lucacile. Kubantu bokuqala, bahlola le mithombo, basiza ekugwemeni ugibe lokuncikeka kwemibhalo evelele kuphela.

Izincwadi Zesichazamazwi Nemithombo Yezilimi

Ukuze kusungulwe incazelo evamile yamagama, ochwepheshe bavame ukubheka izichazamazwi kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa, njengathi uSamuel Johnson's ] ichazayo yesiNgisi Language [[FLT]] [7773]] [naye [[FLT]]] u-Motian Webster’s [imisebenzi yokuqala [[]. Lezizichazamazwi zinikeza izincazelo ezazikhona ngesikhathi futhi zingacacisa ukuthi igama lalinencazelo ebanzi noma encincane kunaleyo namuhla. Isibonelo, igama elithi “izikhali” kumthetho yesibili yemithetho" laliqondwa njengezikhali ezisetshenziswa amasosha, hhayi nje izibhamu. Ngokufanayo,“Comme", ngekhulu leshumi elinesishiyagalombili eline” elihlangene kuphela kodwa futhi lingachaziniswe nje kuphela.

Imikhuba Namasiko Angokomlando

Izimpikiswano zoqobo ngezinye izikhathi zincike ebufakazini bokuthi abadlali bakahulumeni basebenza kanjani ngempela eRepublic yokuqala. izenzo zomthetho nezobuphathi zingebonisa indlela amandla omthetho aqondwa ngayo. ISishaya-mthetho sokuqala samisa ibhange lesizwe, uMongameli Washington alisayisayine emthetho ngemva kokuthola iseluleko kuHamilton noMadison (okamuva wawuphikisa kodwa washintsha ingqondo yakhe). Iqiniso lokuthi leli bhange ladalwa ngokushesha ngemva kokwanekwa komthetho womthetho-mthetho livame ukusetshenziswa yi-ososayensi bokuqala ukusekela ukufundwa okungenamsebenzi nokubaluleka kuka-Celaus Claus. Nokho, loluhlobo lobufakazi kumelwe lusetshenziswe ngokucophelela ngenxa yokuthi konke umkhuba wakuqala wawungawumthetho. I-Alien kanye ne-Sdition, ngokwesibonelo sakuqala, i-Alien kanye ne-Sctive.

Indlela Abakholelwa Kumlando Ababusebenzisa Ngayo Ubufakazi Obungokomlando

Abahluleli nezazi zoqobo abamane baqoqe amaqiniso angokomlando; bakha izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa ubufakazi embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo. Indlela ivame ukuhlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana. Okokuqala, umchazi uchaza ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo elisendabeni futhi ahlule ulimi lwawo. Okwesibili, bahlola indlela amagama ayinhloko ayesetshenziswa ngayo esikhathini sokuqalisa ngokuhlola izinhlobo zobufakazi obuchazwe ngenhla. Okwesithathu, bahlola indlela yoMthetho-sisekelo nenjongo yalowombhalo ophakathi kwencwadi ebanzi. Okwesine, bacabangela noma yimuphi umlando ohlobene nokutholwa kwelungiselelo, kuhlanganise nezinkinga okwakuhloselwe ukuxazululwa. Ekugcineni, basebenzisa leyoncazelo yokuqala endabeni yanamuhla, ngokuvamile, ukudweba okuqopha izincazelo phakathi kwezimo ezingokomlando kanye nezingoko.

Lenqubo ayiqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abaqondisi bemvelo bangase bangavumelani ngobunzima bokunikeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobufakazi. Abanye bagcizelela umbhalo nencazelo yawo yomphakathi, banciphisa ukuthembela kwabalawuli benjongo. Abanye bazimisele ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezivela e-Constitution. Imibono eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoMahluleli Antonin Scalia umbono womphakathi [[FLT]] i-Priverser[FLT][2][FLT][2003]] [2008], ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kolwazi ngokucwaninga umlando omkhulu. [kuyi-FLT:4] [FLT] [FLT], SCP], ihlola incazelo ye-spectiverances, nencazelo ye-'elimibili ye-Diglomestion, i-'irlectivestings, i-octivess, ishopt, ishop, i-octrigist, i-ographyrist, eyisayorriststst

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Ukukhetha Nokuqinisekisa UBias

Enye yezinhlolo ezivame kakhulu zokugxeka ukusungula ukuthi odokotela bayo bangakhetha ubufakazi obungokomlando obusekela iziphetho abazithandayo. Ngenxa yokuthi inkathi yokusungulwa yaveza imithombo eminingi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ephikisanayo, kungenzeka ukuthola izingcaphuno ezibonakala zisekela cishe noma yikuphi ukuma. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi imibono yakuqala ivame ukusekela ubufakazi obuqondile kuyilapho inganaki amaqiniso angenangqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, impikiswano emayelana neSikhawulo Seziphenduko sihlanganisa kokubili izinkulumo ezigcizelela ukubaluleka kobunjini bempi kanye nezinkulumo ezithiwe umuntu ngamunye unelungelo lokuzimela ngokwakhe.

Ukungalungi Kwezinto Nendawo Eshintshayo

Enye inselele yingozi ye-athoronism .Imiqondo engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ekhulu-shiya ekwakheni izinto ezingokoqobo zamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuthi zishintshe kangakanani. Izwe langonyaka ka-1787 laliyi-grarian, ingaxazululwanga, futhi ikakhulukazi yayiyindawo yasemaphandleni. Umnotho wawulula, futhi ubuchwepheshe babulinganiselwe. Ukusebenzisa intengo ka Celaole kwezentengiselwano ezweni ehlanganisa i-e tẽlamerce kanye nezinhlangano zezezimali eziyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukuqashelwa ngokucophelela. Abanye abakholelwa ekutheni izimiso zemvelo zingasetshenziswa ngokwezinga elivamile; abanye bagomela ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ifanele isetshenziswe njengomthetho, hhayi indinga-mfantulo. Ukunganyelelwa kwezentengiselwano engoko mlando neyo namuhla kuwumsuka ephikiswayo.

Umlando Ongaphelele

Awukho wonke umthetho-sisekelo onemibhalo egciniwe ecebile. Ezinye izingxenye zeBill of Rights zamukelwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano ebhaliwe ngoba zazibhekwa njengezingavumelani nomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo se-Ninth sasihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo angangeni, kodwa kunobufakazi obulinganiselwe bokuthi yimaphi amalungelo amaFramers ayewacabanga. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abalandeli bokuqala kumelwe bathembele ezimisweni ezibanzi zokuchaza, njengendlela ehlelwe ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo noma isizinda somthetho ovamile. Lokhu kungaholela ekuxabaniseni ngencazelo yokuqala.

Ukungavumelani Phakathi Kwalabo Abaphila Ngezakhi Zofuzo

Amaframers ayengenangqondo eyodwa. I-Constitution ye-Constitution yayiphawuleka ngokuphikisana okukhulu ngokumelelwa, ubugqila, kanye nobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni. Izimpikiswano zokuhlobana zaziphikisana ngokufanayo. Imibono yakudala ivame ukudinga ukunquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olumelela ukuqonda kweqiniso. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi “ikhommon” ukuqonda, kuyilapho abanye baphikisa ukuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo uxazulula lezingxabano ngendlela eqondile. Ukuba khona kwamanani amaningi, ngokuvamile aphikisanayo, imibono yenza kube nzima ukukhuluma ngencazelo eyodwa yokuqala. Nokho abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala basekela ukuthi umbhalo ngokwawo, ugunyazwe abantu, unikeza inhloso edlula izinhloso zabantu ngabanye.

Indima Yobufakazi Obungokomlando Emacaleni Ayinhloko Enkantolo Ephakeme

Ngalé Izehlakalo zamuva ezimbalwa zibonisa indima eyinhloko yobufakazi obungokomlando kumbhali we-julprudence. [FLT]][FLT]] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruten[FLT]] [2202] [20], iNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakamileyo yamemezela indinganiso entsha yezehlakazo zeSiphelo sesibili: imithetho kumelwe ihambisane “ne nesiko eliyindivayo lomthetho wezikhali” eUnited States. Lesinqumo sifuna ukuba izinkantolo eziphansi zihileleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni okungokomlando, ukuqhathanisa iziqondiso zanamuhla kanye nemiphumela ekwakhenisweni. Imithetho eminingi ibhalwe ngobufakazi obungokomlando, kuhlanganise nemithetho egcwele ukucuthwa kakhulu.[F]

Enye indaba ebalulekile yilena umqokozo ongokomlando obonisa ukuthi ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali lisekelwe kakhulu emlandweni wezwe namasiko. Ngokufanayo, ku-(20) [20:0] iSichibiyelo Sesibili ngokumelene nezifundazwe phakathi kwe-145th Isichibiyeli. Umthetho u-Alto’s u-Activementation usebenzise ubufakazi obungokomlando ukuze ubonise ukuthi ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali zisekelwe kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe. [FLT] [FLT:] [4] [FLT:] [5] [ESP] Exono v. Umnyango we-Refectivesmes of Don [20], iNkakhululo yezelele ukuthi i-Free Expressicences procencesssssssssssss mayelana nobufakazi obungoko wokuqala obungoko obungoko obungokobushicishicisiwe yizezezezezezezenkolo.[ii

Isiphetho

Ubufakazi obungokomlando buyindaba yencazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. Ngaphandle kwayo, indlela ibingeke ibe nesisekelo esiyenza ihluke kwezinye izindlela. Izincwadi zoqobo zithembele ezindaweni eziningi: imibhalo yokusungula-era, izinqumo zakuqala, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, amaphephandaba, izichazamazwi, nemisebenzi engokomlando. Ubufakazi obubodwa bunesisekelo esiqinile nokwehluleka, futhi umsebenzi wabo udinga ukwahlulela ngokucophelela. Izinselele zokukhetha, amarekhodi, nokungavumelani phakathi kwe-Framers kuyiqiniso, kodwa abakwazi ukuphendula ngokuphikelela ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo we-sisekelo nencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni inikeza isisekelo esiqinile somthetho, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi obungokomlando buyinkimbinkimbi. Izinquluko zesinqumo, ezingenisweni zamuva [FT:] [FLT], [FFFFT], [2], futhi ezinye izikhathi ezingokomlando, ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa ubufakazi obungokobukhona, ukukhomba ukukhomba kobu ngokomthetho obuyisisekelo somlando, ukusekela kobukhomba ukusekela kobukhokhomba ukusekela kobu obuyisisekelo.