Indima yohulumeni bendawo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi wentando yeningi. Nakuba ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe besingatha isivikelo sombuso, ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe, nezimiso ezibanzi, ohulumeni bendawo basebenza ngesilinganiso esiseduze kakhulu nezakhamuzi. Lokhu kusondelana kubenza banikeze izinkonzo ezihlolwayo, baphendule ngokushesha ezidingweni zomphakathi, futhi bazame amakhambi amasu amasha angenakuwalingisa kalula. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola amakhono ayingqayizivele ohulumeni bendawo nalokho abangakwazi ukukufeza lokho ohulumeni bendawo abaphethe abanakho.

Isikhundla Esiyingqayizivele Sohulumeni Bendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizinhlangano ezibusayo ezibusa izindawo ezithile njengamadolobha, amadolobha, izigodi, amalolishi, nezifunda ezikhethekile. Bathola igunya labo kumthetho-mthetho wezwe nezimiso, kodwa ngokuvamile bajabulela ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ekusingatheni izindaba zendawo. Loluhlobo oluhloniphekile lokubusa lunika izikhulu zendawo amandla okwenza izinqumo ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi − kusukela ekuphuzeni amanzi kuya ekuphepheni kwemigwaqo eseduze.

Ngenxa yokuthi bagxile emiphakathini abayikhonzayo, ohulumeni bendawo banezikhundla ezikhethekile zokuqonda okuthandwayo kwendawo, izimiso zamasiko, nezinselele ezicindezelayo. Lokhu kusondelana kwakha inqubo ekwazi ukubusa futhi ivumelanise nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezikude. Njengoba iNational League of Cities iphawula, ohulumeni bendawo bayizindawo zokuhlola idemokratis [, ukuhlola izimiso ezingase zithathwe kamuva emazingeni aphakeme.

Imisebenzi Esetshenziswa Ohulumeni Bendawo Ephakeme

Ohulumeni bendawo benza imisebenzi eminingi eqabukela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Lemisebenzi ngokuvamile ibonakala kakhulu futhi inethonya eliqondile ekuphileni. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziningana lapho ohulumeni bendawo bengenagunya nje kuphela kodwa futhi babonisa izinzuzo ezicacile kunezindawo ezikanye nohulumeni.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nezenzo Zobuphostoli

Iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo, izinkonzo zomlilo, nokusabela okuphuthumayo cishe kulawulwa kuphela edolobheni noma esifundeni. Izinhlangano zezemithetho eziphethe i-FBI noma i-DHS zisebenza ngokwesizwe, kodwa azikwazi ukuqapha izindawo ezisezindaweni ezihlukene, zisabela ezingcingweni ezingu-911, noma zakhe ithemba ngemiphakathi ngayinye ngendlela efanayo. Amasuzuma amaphoyisa omphakathi (‘abaphathi bamazwe) ahamba, ukuya emihlanganweni yendawo, kanye nokusebenzelana nezakhamuzi (‘isici esivelele se-FBI noma i-DHS. izinhlangano ze-Fol ziswele izisebenzi nezimpande zomphakathi ukuze zikwazi ukuhlanganisa leli zinga. Ngokushosholo i-National City/livery Guidedment , ohulumeni bendawo baye bakhona ekuthuthukiseni ubufakazi obuhleliwe futhi bathuthukisa ubugebengu emphakathini.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokuzingela

Izinqumo zendlela indawo esetshenziswa ngayo − kungaba zezindlu, ezentengiselwano, ezezimboni, noma amapaki. Izimiso zokwakha, iziqondiso zokwakha, nezimiso zohlelo zinquma isimo semiphakathi. Ohulumeni abaphethe bamisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile ebanzi kodwa akuvamile ukunquma ukuthi isitolo sezentengiselwano noma isikole singakhiwa kanjani. Amanxusa okuhlela asendaweni kanye nemikhandlu yamadolobha agcina amabalazwe omphakathi nemisebenzi yobuciko ebonisa intuthuko yendawo, enjengeyokulondoloza izifunda ezingokomlando noma ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso somthetho wombuso womphakathi kuyinto engenziwa ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu ombuso angakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba asemajukujukwini ezimo zendawo.

Imfundo Yasendaweni

Imfundo yomphakathi eUnited States ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wezwe. Izifunda ezingaphezu kuka-13,000 ezilawulwa imithetho kahulumeni kodwa zibuswa amabhodi esikole akhethiwe. Lamabhodi enza izinqumo ngezifundo zesikole (ezinezindinganiso zikahulumeni), amabhange esikole, ukuqasha othisha, nokulungisa izakhiwo. Nakuba uMnyango wemfundo unikeza izimali nokuqondisa ezindabeni ezifana namalungelo omphakathi, aziphathi izikole, azikhethi izincwadi, noma zihlele izinhlelo zansuku zonke. Ukulawula kwendawo kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba ivumelane nemfundo nezindinganiso zendawo nezidingo zezindawo zomphakathi.

Izakhiwo Nezinto Eziwusizo

Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha izakhiwo ezibucayi ezincike kuzo zonke izinsuku: ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukulahlwa kwamanzi, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, imigwaqo yendawo, amapaki, nokuthuthwa komphakathi. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Nvironmental Protection Agency zimisa isilinganiso samanzi futhi zinikeze imali, kodwa izakhiwo zangempela zokwelapha, amapayipi, namaloli zilawulwa futhi zisetshenziswa yimishini kamasipala noma izikhungo ezisebenza kuyo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinqumo eziphathelele ukunyuka kwesilinganiso, ukwanda kwenkonzo, nezimiso zokulungisa zenza izikhulu eziphendula ngokuqondile i-bostaucrats. .S. . . ofisi ye-CUBreaunication ibika ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo, abantu abaningi, amaphoyisa, nemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi.

Yini Eyenza Ohulumeni Bendawo Bahluke Kohulumeni Bendawo?

Ngaphandle kwemithwalo yemfanelo esebenzayo, ohulumeni bendawo banenzuzo eyisisekelo ebahlukanisa nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukuxazulula Inkinga Yethala

Izimiso zomphakathi ziwuhlobo olulodwa lwesilinganiso esidingeke. Isimiso sezwe sezindlu noma ezokuthutha ezinikeza isicelo singase singabangeli inqubo yokusebenza okuyingqayizivele kwenani labantu, ukuma kwezwe, noma isisekelo sezomnotho sedolobha elithile. Ohulumeni bendawo bangaklama amakhambi afanelana nesudi yesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elisogwini lingase lifake imali ekuzingeniseni ulwandle kuyilapho isifunda sezolimo sezolimo sigxile ekulondolozeni amanzi. Idolobha elihlukene lingase lifake izinkonzo zokuxhumana ngezindlela ezihlukene, kuyilapho umphakathi wasemaphandleni ungagcizelela ukwandiswa komphakathi wasemaphandleni. Ukuthunga imikhiqizo yendawo kuthuthukisa impumelelo nokugwema ukulahleka kwemithombo elahlwayo ngemithetho kahulumeni engekho ndawo.

Ukulandisa Okuqondile

Izikhulu zendawo zihlala futhi zisebenza kanye nabantu ezibakhonzayo. Amagama azo avela ezindaweni zokuvota njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emine, futhi izinqumo zazo zihlolwa emihlanganweni yehholo ledolobha, izikhangiso zezindaba zendawo, nemithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo. Lokhu kusondelana kwakha indlela enamandla yokulandisa: imeya noma ilungu lomkhandlu elingazinakiyo izingozi zokuvota. Izikhulu ze-Federal, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezindaweni ezikude, azinakuthathwa ngokwendinganiselwa okufanayo. Icala eliqondile likhuthaza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathathe indiva, babe sobala, futhi bazimisele ukulungisa inkambo uma imithetho ihluleka.

Ubulula Nemizamo

Ngenxa yokuthi basebenza ngesilinganiso esincane futhi babhekene nezingqimba ezimbalwa zezikhulu ze-ohulumeni bendawo, uma kuvela inkinga yempilo. Uma kuvela, umnyango wezempilo wedolobha ungamisa isigunyazo sokufihla noma uvule indawo yokuhlola phakathi nezinsuku. Uma ubuchwepheshe obusha obunjengezimoto ezizimele buvela, uhulumeni kamasipala ungaqondisa uhlelo emigwaqweni embalwa kunokulinda umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bangene emadolobheni nasemadolobheni. Lokhu kuvumela ukuzama ukufinyelela okungase kwamukelwe kamuva amazwe noma isizwe sisonke. Igama elithi “izisebenzi zokusebenza ngentando yeningi.” lichazwe ekuqaleni, kodwa namuhla kusebenza ngokunamandla njengasemadolobheni nasebalweni.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo bakhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo okuzwakala kunenjongo. Izakhamuzi zingaya emihlanganweni yokuhlela, zikhonze emabhodini okuhlela, noma zifaka ubufakazi phambi komkhandlu wedolobha ezimpikiswaneni ezithinta isithiyo. Lelizinga lokuthembisana alivamile ngokwezinga likahulumeni, lapho izinga lokwenza izinqumo lingasenze kube lula khona ukuba umuntu ngamunye azizwe engekho. Ukuthembisana komphakathi ophakeme kwakha ukuthembana, kwandisa ulwazi lwezenhlalakahle, futhi kuholela emiphumeleni engcono ngenxa yokuthi izimiso ziveza okuhlangenwe nakho. Ohulumeni abaphethe abahlangene bendawo abakwazi ukusondelana komphakathi noma ukuzwa umphakathi emklanyweni omusha wepaki.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuguqulwa Kukahulumeni Wendawo

Kulo lonke elase - United States, ohulumeni bendawo baye bathatha izinyathelo ezibonisa ukuthi banekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuhola.

Izindawo Zomphakathi EziseRichmond, eCalifornia

Ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, iRichmond, California, yayingelinye lamadolobha anobudlova kakhulu ezweni. Kunokuba lilinde izimali ezilwa nobugebengu zikahulumeni noma amabutho e-FBI, uhulumeni wedolobha, ngaphansi kwenduna yamaphoyisa uChris Magnus, wasungula ikhophi yezekhono lobupolisa emphakathini. Abaphathi-mikhosi kwadingeka ukuba bakhe ubuhlobo nezakhamuzi, bahlanganyele izenzakalo zomphakathi, futhi basebenzelane nezinkonzo zomphakathi ekubhekane nezimbangela zobugebengu. UHomicipe wahliswa yizingalo olungaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Inhlangano kahulumeni yayingeke iphumelele ngenxa yokungabi nanhlonipho nokuzivumelanisa nezenzo ezithile zomphakathi ze-Ruchmond.

Ukuthatha Isimo Sezulu Edolobhaneni

Nakuba isimiso sokuma kwezulu sikahulumeni siye saphela njalo eSikhungweni soMkhandlu, amakhulu amadolobha ase-U.S. aye athatha amasu okufuna ukuvelela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Portland, i-Oregon, ibeka umgomo wokusika amandla e carbon ka 50% ngo-2030 ngezinhlelo ezifana nezisusa zokwakha eziluhlaza, ukuvuselelwa kwamandla, kanye nokunwetshwa kwemida yebhayisekile. , i-Austin, i-Texas[[FLT], ifaka amandla amakhulu ngokuvuselela nge-ovacence yayo e-ofele kuyo yonke indawo. Lezinyathelo zendawo ngokuvamile zishesha futhi zibanzi kunezinhlelo zezwe noma ze-ohulumeni bendawo, ngoba imikhandlu yedolobha ingenza ngaphandle kokulinda i-drock. [FFFF] [FFF]]

Izimali Ezibizayo Zokukhokha Izindlu

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye basungula imifudlana enikezelwe yemali , njengentela yempahla noma izimali zokufakwa kwezindawo zokwenza izakhiwo. Ikhokha i-Trust Fund eMontgomery County, Maryland[, ngokwesibonelo, iye yaveza izinkulungwane zezindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi nelinganiselwe kusukela ekumisweni kwayo. Izakhiwo zesifunda njenge candelo 8 libalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile zixhomeke emalini yonyaka ye-appropriations futhi zingacotha ukuthunyelwa. Izimali zendawo, ngokwehluke, zinikeza, imithombo ethile yendawo engathunyelwa ngokungaguquki ezidingekayo ezindlini zomphakathi ezidinga izindlu ezisekela indawo yokuhlala noma izindlu zothisha abahlala kuyo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezithiyo Ezibhekene Nohulumeni Bendawo

Naphezu kwamandla abo, ohulumeni bendawo banezinselele ezinkulu.

Imithombo Yengcebo Elinganiselwe

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kakhulu ezintelani zempahla, izintela zentela zezentengiselwano, nentela. Le mithombo yemali ivame ukuguquguquka futhi akwanele ukuhlangabezana nezimfuno ezikhulayo zezinkonzo. Izindawo eziningi, ikakhulukazi emaphandleni nasemaphandleni angenayo, zilwa kanzima ukuxhasa izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ezinjengokunakekelwa kwezakhiwo, impilo yomphakathi, nezindlu ezibiza imali eshibhile. Abakwazi ukulahlekelwa imali ngendlela uhulumeni ophethe angayikhokha ngayo, futhi babhekene nezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe. Imithombo yemali ingayifaka ngisho nemithetho yendawo emisha kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingafuna ukumisa uhlelo lwe-Pre - KK kodwa liswele intela eyisisekelo sokuyisekela.

Ukuhlukana Kwezombangazwe Nokuzitika

I-United States inezinhlangano zendawo ezingaphezu kuka-90 000, kuhlanganise namadolobha, izifunda, izifunda, nezifunda ezikhethekile. Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekuthatheni izinkonzo, ukuphindaphindeka kwezimiso ezihlukene ezisezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda eziningi ziye zashukumisela ekuqedeni igunya lendawo ezindabeni ezinjengoholo elilinganiselwe, ukulawula izibhamu, nemithetho yendawo. Ukuzikhulula kukahulumeni kunganqoba izinqumo zendawo ngisho nalapho lezo zinqumo zibonisa ukusekela okunamandla komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elithuthukile elifuna ukunyusa iholo elingu - R180 ngehora lingase livinjelwe yimithetho yendawo enqabela ukukhokhwa kwemithetho yendawo. Lokhu kucindezela phakathi kokuzibusa kwezindawo kanye nemibuso yendawo kuyinselele.

Ukuba Ingcweti Nokuphuma Kwayo

Ohulumeni abancane bendawo ngokuvamile abanazo izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe abangochwepheshe ezindaweni ezinjengokuhlola ukwaziswa, ukuthengwa, noma ukuhlolwa kwezimiso. Izisebenzi zokuzithandela emikhandlwini yasemadolobheni zingase zingabi nesikhathi noma ukuqeqeshwa kokuqondisa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zikahulumeni ezinikeza izicelo noma ukuhlola ukwaziswa kwempilo yomphakathi.

Ukukhathala Komphakathi

Nakuba ukubophana emphakathini kuwumthwalo, kungaba futhi umthwalo. Imihlangano yasobala engapheli, ukuzwa ingxabano, namaqembu amancane akhulumayo kungaholela ekukhubazekeni kwesinqumo noma “I-NIMBY" (Ingangeni Kuyi-M,). Izikhulu zendawo zingazama ukulinganisela izifiso zezithakazelo ezihleliwe kanye nezingcono zomphakathi. Uhulumeni we-Frederal, noma kubo bonke ibanga, ngezinye izikhathi zingenza izinqumo ngendlela engcono kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi azinacala eliqondile kwezombangazwe zomphakathi.

Ikusasa Lokubusa Kwendawo

Njengoba umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele ezintsha, ohulumeni bendawo bazama ukubhekana nazo.

Amadolobha Nezobuchwepheshe Ezihlakaniphile

Ohulumeni bandisa ukwamukela amathuluzi emishini okuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo kanye nesibopho sezakhamuzi. Izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile, ukuphatha izinzwa, i-inthanethi yemvume yokupaka izimoto, kanye nezindlela zokuthatha ukwaziswa ezivulekile konke kuwela ngaphansi kukahulumeni wendawo. Ohulumeni abaphethe i-Frederal bangamisa izilinganiso noma imisebenzi yokuxhasa imishini yezezentengiselwano, kodwa ukuthunyelwa kwangempela nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kwenzeka ezingeni ledolobha. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, ohulumeni bendawo bayodinga ukulinganisela intuthuko nemisebenzi yabo eyimfihlo nemisebenzi edinga ukuhlangabezana nolwazi oluseduze lwezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Ukubambisana Kwesifunda

Izinselele eziningi `ukuthutha, izindlu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile . Iziphakamiso zikamasipala. Ohulumeni bendawo bakha imifelandawo kanye nemibuso ehlangene ukuze baxazulule lezindaba njengeqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, Puget Sound Sound Council eWashington] ehlela ukuthutha nokuphatha intuthuko phakathi kwezifunda ezine. Lemiphakathi ivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlanganise imithombo yezindawo kanye nezimiso zokuhlela kuyilapho belondoloza ukuvumelana kokusebenza endaweni ethile.

Ukukhuluma Ngokungalingani

Ohulumeni bendawo basemaqenjini aphambili okulungisa ukungalingani kwezimiso. Kusukela ekulungiseni izimo ezihlanganisayo kuya ezinqubweni zokuhlela ukuhlukanisa, amadolobha amaningi azama izimiso ezihloselwe ukusakaza amandla nemithombo yengcebo ngokulinganayo. Uhulumeni umisa imithetho yamalungelo ahlukahlukene ezakhamuzi, kodwa ukumiswa kwamalungelo endawo kunquma ukuthi lamalungelo aba yiqiniso yini ezindlini, emapoliseni, noma emfundweni. Njengoba izimpikiswano ngobulungisa bezinhlanga nangokomnotho zikhula, ohulumeni bendawo bayaqhubeka beba izinkundla lapho kunezinguquko eziqinile.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bendawo babalulekile ekwakheni idemokrasi yaseMelika. Benza izinkonzo ohulumeni bamazwe ahlukene abangenakukwazi − ngoba basondelene, banokulandisa, bashesha ngokwengeziwe, futhi bayazi kangcono izidingo zendawo. Kusukela kumaphoyisa nasemfundo kuya ekusebenzeni kwesimo sezulu nasemakhaya abiza imali eningi, abaholi bendawo bayakwazi ukwenza izixazululo ezifanelana nemiphakathi yabo. Nakuba bebhekene nezithiyo zangempela emithonjeni, amandla, ukuhle, amandla abo ahlala ebalulekile. Ukuqonda amakhono ayingqayizivele ohulumeni bendawo kusisiza ukuba siqonde indima ebucayi abayenzayo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke kanye nethuba lokulungisa ikusasa elingcono, indawo eyodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.