Isithembiso Esihlala Njalo: Indlela Umongameli Olawula I - Anchors Yomthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo sobumongameli sesikhundla sifana nesenzo esisodwa esiwumphumela esikhulu kakhulu ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika. Kuyisikhathi lapho ukunqoba okungalungiseki kokhetho kushintsha kube yigunya lomthetho-sisekelo ($a obala, isibopho esingokomthetho sokubeka umthetho ngaphezu kokufisa komuntu siqu. Nakuba lomkhosi ungase uthathe imizuzwana engamashumi amathathu kuphela, isiqinisekiso sisho yonke isinqumo somongameli esenza eminyakeni emine ezayo. Lesi sifungo asisona nje isiko elivamile; singuphawu oluyinhloko oluhlanganisa ngokuqondile amandla kamongameli noMthetho-sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe abaHluleki. Ukuqonda umbhalo walo, umlando, nobukhulu bosuku lwenyanga olufuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwaseMelika esisebenza ngayo ngempela.

Isifungo sinikezwe eSiqeshini II, Ingxenye 1, u-Claus 8 woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., futhi amagama akhe ahlala engashintshi kusukela ngo-1789. Nokho umongo abekwa kuwo uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo. Kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kukaGeorge Washington ngokuzenzakalelayo “ngakho - ke ngisize uNkulunkulu” esifungweni sokuqala sangaphandle ngo-1961, ukumiswa kwesimiso esisodwa esiyisisekelo: umongameli ukhonza uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi enye indlela. Lesi sihloko sihlola ulimi oluqondile, ukubaluleka kwalo, indima yaso ebanzi, indima yayo ngezikhathi zenhlekelele, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nendlela okufanele sichazwe futhi siphothweswe ngayo.

Umbhalo WeOath kaMongameli: Lokho Ekushoyo Nalokho Okuphazamisayo

Amazwi aqondile, atholakala ku- Article II, Ingxenye 1 Clause 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ifundeka kanje:

ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.”

Lomusho unezingxenye ezine ezibucayi. Okuqala, ukukhomba noma ukuqinisekisa kuvumela onembeza benkolo nabangewona angokwenkolo ngokulinganayo, “‘ ukubonakaliswa kwemisuka yokumiswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala kanye noMsunguli wemisebe engokwenkolo yokuhlola isikhundla. Okwesibili, amazwi athi “wenza ngokuthembeka” umsebenzi wenkuthalo, umsebenzi wenkuthalo [[ kunokuba nje uthotyelwe ngokomthetho. Okwesithathu, amazwi afanelekelayo athi“ ekusebenziseni ikhono lami lokusebenza kahle” avuma umngcele owenzisa abantu kuyilapho efuna umzamo omkhulu. Ekugcineni, izenzo “zivikela, futhi ziveza isibopho sokumelana nokuhlasela komthetho, noma ezinabantu abangezwa ezinhlanganweni.

Inkomba engekho esifungweni ibhekisela ngokuqondile kubantu, efulege, noma esizweni ngokwaso. Umongameli uthembisa ukwethembeka encwadini ``isimiso esibhaliwe samalungelo nemibuso'(hhayi kumuntu, eqenjini, noma emfundisweni. Lombhalo wawukhethelwe ngamabomu. Abakhokhi babesaba ukuthi isifungo somuntu siqu kubantu singakhuthaza ukukhohliswa kwemithetho elawulayo, kuyilapho isifungo kumthetho ohlala njalo womthetho womthetho.

Ukuhlukahluka Komlando Nomlando Othi “Ngisiza UNkulunkulu”

UGeorge Washington wanezela amazwi athi “ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu” ekunikezelweni kwakhe kokuqala, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo awufuni ukuba kube njalo. Wonke umongameli owalandela waphinda ukuthi ukwenezelwa kuze kube yisiko, nakuba kuyinto esemthethweni. Abahluleli abambalwa abaphethe isifungo baye bafaka isifungo ngaphandle kwalamazwi, futhi omongameli baye bakhetha ngezinye izikhathi ukusifaka njengenkulumo yomuntu siqu kunokuba kube umthetho ongokomthetho. Impikiswano yokuthi lomthetho uwephula izigijimi zokumiswa ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zaqhubeka zikhipha umthetho wokuthi ukufakwa kwaleli gama ngokuzithandela akuyikho ukugunyaza inkolo ngenxa yokuthi umongameli usebenza njengomongameli ngamunye.

Okushiwo Indida: Isizathu Sokuba Ibaluleke Kakhulu

Isifungo singaphezulu kakhulu kokuchuma okungaphenduli. Siphethe ububanzi , izombangazwe, nophawu olungokomfanekiso [ oluphinde lubuyele kuhulumeni.

Ukubopheka Okungokomthetho: Isifungo Njengomthombo Wenkonzo Engenakukhokhwa

UMthetho-sisekelo uthatha lesifungo njengesivumelwano esipholile phakathi kukamongameli nomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umongameli ethatha isifungo, bamukela isibopho esiphoqelelwe isizwe. Ukwephula lowomsebenzi (ngokwesibonelo), ngokwenqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho, ukuthethelela, noma ukubopha uzungu lokuvimbela ubulungisa (*) kwakha “amacala aphakeme nabenzi bokuphambuka” ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. Izehlolo ezingokomlando, kuhlanganise nalawo amelene noAndrewrence Johnson, uRichard Nixon, noDonald Clinto, konke okubhekiswe kumongameli njengesifungo sokuziphatha okuthiwayiphutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo sinesisindo esingokomthetho. U.S. Code (U.S.C. 76 3331) [ ifuna zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, ukuba zifunge ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Umongameli owenza ngokuphambene nesifungo angabhekana nemiphumela engokomthetho, nakuba ikhambi eliyinhloko lihlala likhona: ukungayikhokhisi nokuyisusa. Nokho, isifungo sibuye sibangele ukulindela kokholo oluhle [ lwezenzo zobuphathi, ngezinye izikhathi lapho kubhekiswa izinkantolo lapho kuhlola iziyalezo zezikhulu noma izibopho zelungelo lobuphathi.

Okufanekisela: Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Mhlawumbe umsebenzi wesifungo obonakala kakhulu uwukwenza kube yisiko lokudlulisa amandla ngokuthula . Emazweni amaningi, izinguquko zobuholi zibangela ubudlova noma ukunqotshwa kwempi. Umkhosi wesifungo waseMelika, usakaza emhlabeni wonke, uthumela uphawu olucacile lokuthi amandla asuka emvumeni yababuswayo ewuphawu oluboniswe ngoMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi emgqonyeni wesibhamu. Lokhu kuboniswa okungokomfanekiso kuye kwabonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ngezikhathi ezithile zokucindezela kwezombangazwe, njengokukhetha okungaphikisani kwango1876 noma ngemva kukaJanuary 6 ngo-201.

Indima Yesifungo Ekusekeleni Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukufunga akusona isenzakalo esisodwa. Kuphoqa umsebenzi oqhubekayo owenga zonke izenzo ezinkulu zikamongameli.

Ukulondoloza Amalungelo Umuntu Ngamunye

Esinye sezimiso eziyinhloko zoMthetho-sisekelo siwukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ophanjwe. Isifungo sikamongameli sibabopha ukuba bavikele lamalungelo kuzo zombili izikweleti zomthetho (ngokukhipha izikweletu ezingekho ngokwemithetho) nangokuphamba isikhulu (ngokwenqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho engekho emthethweni). Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uHarry S. Truman wango 1952 ukuthumba izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea kwanqanyulwa iNkantombanto ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi lesinyathelo sadlula igunya elingokomthetho likamongameli (ngokwenqaba ukuphoqelelwa ukuba kugcinwe izivumelwano ezingekho emthethweni).

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, lesifungo sidinga amongameli ukuba basebenzise imithetho yamalungelo abantu, bavikele inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo, futhi baqinisekise inqubo efanele ezindabeni zokufuduka nokwahlulela kobugebengu. Lapho amongameli bekhipha iziyalezo eziphethe ezivimbela ukuhamba okusekelwe enkolweni noma kubantu abavalelwe ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi lezozenzo zivumelana yini nokuzinikela kwaleso sifungo ezivikelweni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukulondoloza Ukubusa KoMthetho

Umongameli, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, ubekwa icala “lokunakekela [ukuthi] imithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka” (Artle II, Ingxenye 3). Isifungo siqinisa lo msebenzi ngokufuna umongameli ukuba afeze ihhovisi ngokwethembeka[. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umongameli akanakuyithatha imithetho esekelwe ekukhetheni komuntu siqu, futhi ngeke anikeze “iziqondiso” ezivimbela ukulawulwa kwemithetho. Ukubusa komthetho kudinga ukuba ngisho nesikhulu esiphakeme sithobele umthetho [[FLT] i-codd esemthethweni.

Ukuvikela Usongo Lwasekhaya Nakwamanye Amazwe

Isenzo esithi “defend” esifungweni siyasebenza futhi siyalwa. Siphoqelela umongameli ukuba avikele uMthetho-sisekelo ezinsongweni eziwukusongela [ njengokuvukela, ukuhlasela kwangaphandle, noma imizamo yobudlova yokugumbuqela uhulumeni. [ Umthetho wokuqungaqungatha ka-1807] unika umongameli amandla okumisa impi ukuze acindezele ukuvukela kwasekhaya lapho iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho zingakwazi ukulawula ukuhleleka (*) kodwa ngenxa nje yokuthi umongameli ucela isenzo esinjalo sokubusa umthetho. Ngokufanayo, isifungo sigunya likamongameli njengomphathi wezwe ukuba axoshe ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwasetshenziswa lesifungo ukuze kuthethelelwe izenzo ezisukela ekulondekeni okuthé xaxa ngemva kuka - 9 / 11 kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwebutho lezempi emaqenjini amaphekula. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abanye ababusi baye basebenzisa isifungo sokwandisa amandla okubusa ngaphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo () beveza ukuqina phakathi kokuvikela ukuba khona koMthetho - sisekelo nokuvikela imingcele yawo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zesigodlo Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele

Umlando waseMelika ugcwele izikhathi lapho isifungo somongameli sahlolwa, sachazwa kabusha, noma saqinisekiswa futhi ngaphansi kwezifungo.

U - Abraham Lincoln Nempi Yombango

Lapho uAbraham Lincoln ethatha isifungo sesikhathi sakhe sesibili ngoMatshi 1865, i-Union yayisalokhu ibhekene nempi yombango eyayisongela ukubhidliza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Ukumiswa kokuqala kukaLincoln kwagcizelela umsebenzi wakhe woku “vikela, ukuvikela nokuvikela” i-Union, ayichaza njengegunyaza izinyathelo ezingavamile: ukumisa amatheku aseNingizimu, ukuvimbela amatheku e-Emancpos, nokukhipha i-Emancipration. Abagxeki bamangalela ukuthi uLincoln wayephule isivikelo somthetho-mthetho, kodwa uLincoln waveza ukuthi isifungo sakhe sasidinga ukuba athathe noma isiphi isinyathelo esidingekile sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa komthetho. Ngokombono wakhe, isibopho sokulondoloza ukugcinwa kwencwadi singaphezu kwelungiselelo elikhethekile lokubusayo. Kodwa uhulumeni umthetho uyaqhubeka ukugcuphenyanisa ukuthi umthetho umthetho uyavuma kanjani.

IRoosevelt Nenhlekelele Enkulu

Franklin D. Roosevelt wathatha isikhundla ngo-1933 phakathi nokuwa kwezomnotho. Ikheli lakhe lokuqala laziwa kakhulu ukuthi “okuwukuphela kwento okumelwe sesabe ukuthi ingeyokwesaba ngokwayo,” kodwa okunye okuphawuleka kakhulu kwakuyisixwayiso sakhe sokuthi uma uMkhandlu wesifungo uhlulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo, wayezocela ukuba“ amandla anamandla anamandla okulwa nombuso alwa nosizi, amakhulu njengamandla ayenganikezwa kimi uma eqinisweni besihlaselwa isitha sangaphandle.” Incazelo kaRosevelt yokufungela isifungo sakhe yayimvumela ukuba aqhubele umthetho omusha we-Sakhi ekwandiseni okukhulu kakhulu. Inkantolo Ephakeme yahlasela kakhulu izinhlelo eziningi, kodwa ekuqaleni uRoselvelt wahlasela ukufundwa kwesifungo, kodwa wakwazi ukuvikela isimiso somthetho sezentengo.[8]

UGeorge W. Bush Nempi Ehlasimulisayo

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, 2001, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wacela isifungo sakhe ukuba agunyaze ukuqapha okungenamvume, izinkantolo zempi, kanye nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuphenya. Iziphathimandla zaphikisa ngokuthi umsebenzi kamongameli wokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo wamvumela ukuba athathe imingcele engokomthetho edluliselwe iSishaya-mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yakwenqaba okunye kwalokho kushiwo (umz., [[FLT: 0]] uHamdan v. Rumfeld[FLT:], 2006), , iphethe ukuthi isifungo sikamongameli asinikezi inselele ukuba angayinaki nhlobo umthetho kahulumeni. Isenzakalo sibonisa ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo phakathi komthetho owesivumelwano sokuvikela umthetho kanye nomyalo wasokuwukhipha umthetho.

UDonald Trump noKuhlasela KwangoJanuary 6, 2021

Ukuhlolwa okungathi sína kwamuva kakhulu kwesifungo sobumongameli kwenzeka phakathi namasonto okugcina egama likaDonald Trump. I House of Messagess yasheshisa uTrump ngokuthi “ukuvuselelwa kokuvukela” ngemva kokuba isixuku sihlasele i-U.S. Capitol lapho uCapitol uqinisekisa ikholiji elikhethiwe. Isihloko sezemfundo sasho ngokuqondile ukuthi uTrump waphula isifungo sakhe somthetho ngokuzama ukugumbuqela imiphumela yokukhetha nokuhluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuvikela i-Capitol. Nakuba ekugcineni iSigele sayivala i-Trump, icala lagxila kakhulu ekutheni ukuziphatha kwakhe kwaphulwa i-elekholi, isivikelo nokuvikelwa kwemithetho. Izazi ezingokomthetho zisekhona zihlukene, kodwa isenzakalo esibonisa ukuthi isifungo asisona isisekelo sokuzithwali esingoko.

Izincazelo Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho

Isifungo sikamongameli siyaqhubeka siyindaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano yezazi neyokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi njengoba amandla aphakeme eyanda.

Inkulumo Yokuqondisa Nokushisa Kwe - oath

Abasekeli benkolelo-lwazi yesikhulu sombuso baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sikamongameli simnika igunya elingokomthetho egatsheni eliphetheyo, kuhlanganise namandla okususa izinhloko zezinhlangano ezizimele, ukuqondisa komshushisi, nokuchaza imithetho ngaphandle kwesizathu. Baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo siphoqelela umsebenzi womuntu siqu wokusekela umthetho ongenakunikezwa i-bureacrates noma ukwabelana noMkhandlu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi isifungo sibopha umongameli futhi sibopha umongameli esimisweni se-cheke futhi silinganise, okusho ukuthi umongameli kumelwe ahloniphe ubucuphi bobuphathi nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Lokhu kwakuwukungathi ukungathi unyathela okuyinhloko ezinqumweni zeNkanto eMthethweni enjengo uMthetho ongathi uMthetho. V.[FFFFFUR.[20] [20]

Ingabe UMongameli Angaphoqelelwa Ukuba Athathe Isihlambo?

Akukho muntu ongathatha umongameli ngaphandle kokufunga. Uma umongameli okhethwe enqaba ukuthatha lesi sifungo, ihhovisi linganciphisa kumongameli-ne-elect, njengoba kwamiswa yiSichibiyelo sama-20. Isifungo siyimfuneko engakholeki ekusebenziseni amandla aphethe. Ngokwenkolelo, umongameli angavinjelwa ngokomzimba ekuthatheni isifungo (umz., ngokuphandle), lapho umongameli eba ngumongameli osebenza khona. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza umsebenzi ngaphandle kokufungisa: ngaphandle kwesifungo, akukho mongameli.

Ingabe Isinkwa Sibangela Isibopho Somuntu Siqu Sokungenela Emicikilishweni Engavumelani Nemithetho?

Umbuzo ocashile kodwa obalulekile uwukuthi ingabe isifungo sibopha umongameli ukuba amelane ngokungaphezi ngokumelene nezenzo ezingekho emthethweni kwamanye amagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho owephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kumelwe umongameli awubeke isibopho kumongameli, ngoba ukusayina umthetho owe-mthetho owe-mthetho owenziwe ngokucacile kungathi awuwufuni ukuvikela umthetho-Chulumente. Ngokufana, uma igatsha elilinganayo (umz., i-judiary) lidlulise amandla alo, umongameli angase abe nesibopho sokumelana nomthetho owenqabile. Ngokunqaba ukugcinwa okusobala. Imingcele yalo msebenzi iphikisana kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zempi noma emagatsheni.

Isihlwathi Nekusasa Lomthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha − ukuhlasela nge-cybercatism, imikhankaso yokuchitha ulwazi, ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe, kanye nezinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo − isifungo somongameli siyohlala siyisisekelo sokugunyazwa kwegunya lobuphathi. Isifungo sodwa asinakuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komthetho-sisekelo, kodwa sinikeza indinganiso ecacile yokuthi ukuziphatha komongameli kungalinganiswa kusiphi. Lapho umongameli ephula isifungo, ikhambiso alikho ezinkantolo kuphela kodwa enqubweni yezombangazwe: ukungagunyazi, ukukhetha, nokwahlulela komlando.

Njalo eminyakeni emine, izigidi zamaMelika zibuka ukunikezelwa futhi zizwa umongameli ozayo ephinda amazwi afanayo akhulunywa okokuqala uGeorge Washington. Lokho kuqhubeka ngokwako kuwuhlobo lokulondolozwa komthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo singaba sifushane, kodwa imizwa yaso ihlala njalo uma nje ikhona i - republic.

Imivubukulo Yangaphandle Yokufundwa Okwengeziwe