Isingeniso: Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Njengesibonelo Sokwakha Ukuthula Okuphelele

I-Good Wear Advement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezi zinhlangano zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu zenkathi yanamuhla. Yaqeda iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yempi enobudlova eNyakatho Ireland, inkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, eyabulala ukuphila okungaphezu kuka-3 500 futhi yashiya izibazi ezijulile zezenhlalo. Nakuba isivumelwano sezokwakha zezombangazwe (izinhlangano ze-athom-arential , izindikimba ezinqamule imikhawulo, kanye nezimiso zamalungelo abantu, ngokuvamile zahlaziya, futhi zingahlolwanga kakhulu kodwa zazine nesinye sezici ezibucayi kakhulu kodwa kwakuyinqubo yokuxhumana nokwenza kwayo izivumelwano. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokuxoxa nokuhlanganyela kwesizwe nokuhlanganyela kwayo.

Umlando Wesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuthi kungani ukuqapha umphakathi kwakubaluleke kangaka, kumelwe kuqala aqaphele ukujula kwenqubo yokwahlukanisa eNorthern Ireland. Lempi yayingamane nje ingokombangazwe; yayingowesizwe, engokwenkolo, nezomnotho, nezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu .Izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko .AmaProthestani, ayefisa ukuhlala eyingxenye ye-United Kingdom) kanye nezwe (impela amaKatolika, ayefuna i-Ireland enobunye). “‘ Imizamo yezombangazwe eyayiphikisana nekusasa. Imizamo yezezombangazwe, njengaleyo ye-Sunnicadale Arence yangowestery, yayihlulekile ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuntula ukuthenga okukhulu futhi ibekwe phezulu. Ngonyaka ka 1990, inqubo ethambileyo yokuthula yaqala, yasungulwa yizinkulumo eyimfihlo phakathi kohulumeni base-British nase-Ireland, njengase-Rid, njengoba iqaphela amaqembu ama-Internagoti, nakuba ayedinga ukuvunyelwa yi-omathenabaphi abantu abambalwa abakhona embusweni yezombangazwe.

Indima Yokuhlola Omphakathi Ekwakheni Isivumelwano

Ukuhlola umphakathi kwakungesona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa inqubo ehlukene eyaqhubeka eminyakeni eminingi. Kwakuhilela ukufuna ngentshiseko imibono, ukwesaba, kanye nezinhloso zezakhamuzi, amaqembu omphakathi, amasonto, izinyunyana zohwebo, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Injongo eyinhloko yayiwukwakha ukuthembana phakathi kokwehlukana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isivumelwano esaziwayo sasibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu, ngisho noma kungaphelele. Ukuhlola kwasiza ekudaluleni izinkathazo ezijulile ezingokomzwelo nezisebenzayo zabantu abavamile, "ukungalondeki, ukuma, ukuma kwemisebenzi, nekusasa lezingane zabo. Kwalungiselela futhi inqubo yokuvivinya ukuvumelana okuhlongozelelwe. Uma umbhalo wokugcina uvunyelwa ngoApril 1998, wawuye walolonga ngamahora amaningi ezingxoxo zomphakathi, kokubili ezivamile, ngokwesiko. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuba abantu bakhulume ngekhono elivamile, futhi kutholakale ngekhono lokuhweba okunzima.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwangaphambi Kokuqala Nokwakha Ithemba

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe izinkulumo eziningi ngo-199, ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland bahlanganyela ochungechungeni lokwakha ukuthembana. Lezi zihlongozo zahlanganisa izinkulumo zomphakathi, amaphepha engxoxo, nokuxoxa ngokukhululekile nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkulumo ze "O'Neill-McGuinnes" (ziqanjwe ngemva kwe-British North Ireland Unobhala Mo Mo Mowlam noSin Fein mholi Martin McGuin) zaziklanywe ngokwengxenye ukubonisa ukuthi ingxoxo ingenzeka ngisho nalezo ezazibhekwa njengezezezezezezezezezezezezeze ze-Rretheriast"." Imihlangano yedolobha nemihlangano yesifunda yayiqhutshelwa ngaphesheya kweNyakatho Ireland, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imibono yazo ezindabeni ezinjalo zokuguqula inguquko, ukuguqula inguquko, nokungahambi kwe-Novery Colbust Ireland. Kodwa lezi zenzakalo zazivame ukuveza izimo zezingxoxo ezinzima zezehlakalo zezelelwe kamuva.

Indima Yomhlangano Wezakhamuzi Nendawo Yokuhlangana

Ukumiswa kwe-Cvic Forum yaseNyakatho Ireland, eyakhiwa njengengxenye yesivumelwano ngo-1998 kodwa yasungulwa phakathi nezinkulumo. Lendikimba yahlanganisa abameleli bezohwebo, izinyunyana zokuzithandela, amasonto, namanye amaqembu omphakathi ukuze banikeze umhlangano omusha wase-Northern Ireland. Nakuba i-Fumu yayingesona indikimba yesinqumo, yona kanye isibonakaliso sayo sokuba khona komphakathi kuyisici esihlala njalo sokubusa, hhayi isici esisodwa sokusebenza ngaphandle. Ngaphambili, phakathi nenqubo yokuthula, Citazes's [ice] [intergic] [enye izinhlangano ezinjalo] [intengomthetho] yayihlolwa ukuxoxa ngesimo sesivumelwano. Lemibuthano yavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zizwane indima engcono yolimi, yempumelelo yolimi, neyodwa yezolimi lwe-Ireland, kanye neyodwa.[FLT]

Izindlela Zokuhlanganyela: Indlela Enezinsimbi Eziningi

Icebo lokuthembisana lalisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufinyelela izakhamuzi eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Akukho noyedwa owanele; kunalokho, ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo eziphezulu neziphansi kwaqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi avela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zomphakathi azwakala. Ngezansi kusetshenziswa izindlela eziyinhloko:

  • Izenzakalo zobuPublic Ukuhlola neMihlangano yeTown: Imihlangano yomphakathi yaqhutshelwa ezikhungweni ezisukela ezikhungweni zomphakathi kuya emahholo esonto lamaProthestani nawamaKatolika. Ngokuvamile yancedwa abalamuleli abangathathi hlangothi futhi yanikeza abantu indawo yesikhulumi ukuze babuze imibuzo eqondile kwezezombangazwe nakumalungu e-Town Hall. Ababekhona babengaveza ukukhathazeka kwabo ngokuvikelwa, ukuthulwa kwe-irriging, nokungathola ubunye e-Ireland.
  • Inyatheliswe futhi i-Broadcast Concations: Ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Irish bashicilela izincwadi zengxoxo, njenge "Isakhelo Sesikhathi Esizayo" ne "ISimemezelo Esihlangene Ngokuthula," ezasakazwa kabanzi. Abantu bamenywa ukuba bathumele izimpendulo ezibhaliwe. Izinhlelo zocingo nezingxoxo zethelevishini zaletha izindaba ezihlala emagumbini ngaphesheya kwe-Northern Ireland, okwenza ukuba inqubo yokuthula ibe yingxoxo yansuku zonke.
  • Izikhungo Zomsebenzi Zomphakathi Okhishwe Kakhulu: kwahlelwa amashabhu akhethekile amaqembu ayengase abekwe ngokwezinga eliphansi, kuhlanganise namaqembu entsha, amaqembu entsha, izisulu, nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ulster People’s College nezinye izinhlangano zemfundo zaqhuba izifundo zokwakha ukuthula namakhono, zinika izishoshoshoshoshoshozelo ezisemthethweni.
  • ISonto neZici Zokholo ezisekelwe kukholo: [ibone] isisekelo esiqinile senkolo sempi, amasonto afeza indima eyisihluthulelo. UMkhandlu wamasonto [ ne [FLT] iSonto lamaRoma Katolika ivule amaqembu asendaweni angenisa ukubuyisana enqubweni yokuxhumana. Imihlangano yamahholo esonto yayivame ukunikeza indawo ephephile yengxoxo yesiphambano.
  • IReferendems ka-1998: Uhlobo olucaciswe kakhulu lokuthembisana komphakathi kwakuyizikhombo ezimbili ezathathwa ngo-22 May 1998. Amavoter eNyakatho Ireland acelwa ukuba avume i-Good Wear Act, kuyilapho abavoti eRepublic of Ireland bevotelwa ngokwahlukana ukuze basuse umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe eNorthern Ireland. Isivumelwano sasiphezulu ngo-81 eNyakatho ye-Ireland (81%) futhi isivumelwano samiswa ngo- 71% wovoti wovoti. Lokhu kugunyaza ngokwentando yentando yeningi kwanikeza isivumelwano esingenakulinganiswa futhi kwahlanganiswa kokubili imiphakathi ukuba ifezeke.

Lezi zindlela zazingezona nje izimonyo; zazikulungisa ngokuzikhandla okuqukethwe yisivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso omkhulu womphakathi owenziwa yi-Coalition yabesifazane waqinisekisa ukuthi ukulingana kwabesilisa namalungelo ezisulu kwakufakwa embhalweni wokugcina. Ngokufanayo, ukukhathazeka kokuhlanganiswa kokukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kweziboshwa kwaxoxwa ngezikhathi ezihlolwayo ezinqunyweni zomphakathi.

Umphakathi Wangaphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi: Abaklami Abangaphelele

Nakuba abaholi bezombangazwe bevame ukuthola udumo nge-Good Wearfreen Agreement, izinhlangano zomphakathi kwakuyindawo yokubopha umphakathi. Amaqembu anjenge- yaseNyakatho Ireland Women’s Coalition, [[FLT:]] iCommuny Relations , futhi izinhlangano eziningi zendawo zokuthula kanye nokubuyisana zasebenza ngokungakhathali ukuze zakhe isimo sezulu lapho kwakungenzeka khona izingxoxo. Bahlela izenzakalo zesiphambano, eziqeqeshiwe, izimpompompo, futhi zasakaza ukwaziswa kumafomende afinyelelekayo. Ihlombe elikhulu kakhulu kwakuyimkhambi elinamandla lokusekela i-'empelo, eliholwayo, eliholwa abaholwa abaholwa abaholi bebutho labantu abakhona, kuhlanganise nalabo ababhishonele lempi. Iqembu elivamile lavuma ukusekela ukusekela ukusekela kweqembu lomphakathi.

Umphumela Wenqubo Yokuthula: Lokho Okwafezwa Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ukubonana nomphakathi nokuthembisana kwaba nethonya elikhulu kokubili ekuquketheni kwesivumelwano kanye nokusetshenziswa kwaso:

  • [[FLT: 0] Bult Mutual Understanding: Ngokuhlanganisa abantu phakathi kwemifelandawo yomphakathi, inqubo yokuhlola yakhuthaza uzwela nokuqashelwa kwabantu abahlukene. Abaningi abahlanganyela babika ukuthi ukuzwa ukwesaba namathemba "kwesinye isiso" kwashintsha imibono yabo. Lokhu kushintsha kwengqondo kwakubalulekile ukuze kwamukele ukuhlehla.
  • Inkulumo eqondile ebhekiswe kuyo: ukunikeza iziphakamiso zomphakathi kwasiza ekucwengisiseni amalungiselelo azwelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, indaba yokuthunjwa kweziboshwa zezempi yayinombango olujulile. Ngemihlangano yomphakathi, uhulumeni waqonda ukuthi ukukhululwa kwakuqala kwadingeka ukuba kukhishwe imibandela enqubeni yokukhishwa kwezikhali futhi kuhlotshaniswe inqubo yokuthula eqinisekisiwe. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe - Independent International Commission on Decoming, eyayibheke ukuqedwa kwezikhali.
  • Umqondo wokwabelana nge-Monitor: Isivumelwano sasingabheki njengokuthile okubekwe iLondon, iDublin, noma izikhulu zezombangazwe. Kunalokho, ngenxa yokuthi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu aye ahlanganyela ekuhloleni nasekuvoteleni e-arendium, azizwa eyisigxobo somuntu siqu ngempumelelo. Lokhu kuvuma ukuvikela isivumelwano nabagxeki bayo, ababehlanganisa abanhlangothi zombili.
  • Imithetho egunyaziwe ne-Accence: Umvoti ophakeme nomphakathi onamandla uvuma ngokuthula izimangalo zokuthi isivumelwano asigunyazi ngentando yeningi. Ngisho nalabo abavota u-"No" kwadingeka bavume ukuthi lenqubo yayilungile. Lokhu ngokomthetho kwabonakala kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi nezinhlekelele ezalandela, njengokuwa kwesikhulu esilawulayo ngo-2002 kanye nezingxoxo ezithathe isikhathi eside zenguquko yenqubo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano esasungulwayo sokuThibelelana kokungaguquguquki: Isivumelwano samisa izinhlangano ezagunyaza ukuhlola umphakathi okuqhubekayo, njenge- iNyakatho Ireland amalungelo abantu[ ne-[FLT] iKhomishane elinganayo], kokubili okugcina imibuzo nohlolwano nomphakathi. I-CCONFCOFFFF (fuze ivuselelwe kamuva ngefomu ehlukile) yayihloselwe ukugcina umphakathi enhliziyweni yokubusa. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa ukuthi ukubophana umphakathi kwakungesona isehlakalo esisodwa kodwa kwakusesenzeka.

Izinselele Nokugxeka: Ukulinganiselwa Kokuhlola

Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, inqubo yokubonana nomphakathi yayingeyona neze ephelele.

  • Ukukhishwa Kwezwi: Ngenkathi kwenziwa imizamo yokuhlanganisa amaqembu aphansi, amazwi athile athathwa kancane. Izindawo ezisebenza ngesigaba esiphansi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasedolobheni ezikhuculelwe, ngokuvamile zazizizwa zihlukanisiwe nenqubo, ziqonda ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwazo ngempucuko nokuwohloka kwezomnotho akuthathwanga ngokungathi sína. Lokhu kunqandwa kamuva kwabangela ukugqashuka kobudlova obuqotho nokuphikisa isivumelwano.
  • Izenzakalo eziningi zokuhlola zezombangazwe: zazibuswa amaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe, ngezinye izikhathi ayezisebenzisa njengezindawo zokuhlola ezizodwa kunokuzihlela ngokulalela okuqotho. Izaga zomphakathi ozimele ngezinye izikhathi zazisitshekelwa. I-CCOIFFFFFFFFF ngokwayo] izama ukulondoloza ithonya, futhi indima yayo yaze yancipha ngemva kokuba izinhlangano zamandla zinqanyuliwe.
  • Isikhathi seNkathi: Inqubo yokuthula esetshenziswa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yokugcina ngaphambi konyaka ka-1998. Lokhu kulinganisela kokuhlola. Izakhamuzi eziningi zazizwa zijahekile ukwenza isinqumo ebhukwini lezinhlamvu ezingu-10 000. Inqubo yokuthula yanciphisa izinga lokuhlola, njengoba abantu abaningi bencike kuma-medicience ama-inters alula kunasembhalweni ophelele.
  • I-Morient Trust: emphakathini ongcoliswe ubudlova, abantu abaningi babemadolonzima ukuxoxa no "isitha". Eminye imiphakathi yayingafuni ukuzwana nezenzakalo zokubonana, benomuzwa wokuthi ukuthatha iqhaza kungenza amabutho empi agunyazwe. Ukunqoba lokhu kungathembani kwakudinga umzamo oqhubekayo futhi ngokuvamile kwehluleka. Inqubo yokuhlola yayingapholi wonke amanxeba ngobusuku obubodwa.
  • Igebe lokuhlehlela: Lapho kuxoxisana nohlelo lwesivumelwano, ukusetshenziswa kwaso kwakuvame ukuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhululwa kweziboshwa kwakuqala, nakuba kwakusekelwa abaningi ekuhlolweni, kwaphikiswa kabuhlungu imikhaya yezisulu eyayinomuzwa wokuthi amazwi azo awazange azweke. Lokhu kwaqokomisa igebe phakathi kokuxoxa okubanzi nezinqumo eziqondile, ezibuhlungu.

Izifundo Ezafundwa: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Zokuhlanganyela

Izinselele eziphoqelelwe ukuba abahleli bazivumelanise. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bafunda ukubaluleka kwe ukuvumelana [ . Beqaphela ukuthi konke ukuhlola kwakhishwa futhi kwaxoxwa obala. Baqaphela futhi isidingo sengxoxo [[ [ingxoxo [[FLT:]], hhayi phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwengxoxo], kodwa phakathi nokufezeka. Ngemva kwesivumelwano, izindlela ezintsha ezinjengale [[FLT:]] i-Policcolic Board [[[FLT:]] (ehlanganisa abamele abamelelimkhakhakha womphakathi) yasungulwa ukugcina ukubodwa kwesivumelwano. Esinye isifundo sasingasamukeleki ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuxhumana ezisebenzayo, ukuveza ukuxhumana, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa inqubo yokuthula.[5] [FLT] [5] [iv] inqubo yomphakathi i-Foctives] esobala, kodwa ingenakusetshenziswa, uma ingekho iqoqo: kodwa ikhona, uma ikhona nje: kodwa inye ikhona: uma ikhona.

Izicelo Ezibanzi: Ukuhlola Omphakathi Ekwakhiweni Kokuthula Komhlaba Wonke

Isenzakalo sase-Northern Ireland siye saba yisifundo sezeNyakatho sokuthula emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlangano ezinjengezeNhloko zeZizwe ezihlangene kanye ne i-Eupanonian Union[[[ ziye zakhomba inqubo elungile yeSivumelwano sangoLwesihlanu njengesibonelo sendlela [[FLwesihlanu] yendlela yokuhlangana kwe-Irland ngokuhlanganisa nokuhlola okubanzi, nakuba i-FLTY] ingathuthukisa ilungelo lezivumelwano zokuthula. Ngokwesibonelo, inqubo yokuthula Chlolo] ye-CY] ephakathi kwe-[[FLT] [FLT] [FLD:7] i-octivessss arectived inst Ireland, ingekho i-Ayword Version ebumbene. Nokho, i-An, i-An-offtude, i-enturset ebumbene.[evetude, i-Est, i-Est.[5]

Ifa: Ukuhileleka Komphakathi Okuqhubekayo Ekuhlanganyeleni Ne - Post - Agreement Northern Ireland

Iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemva kweSivumelwano esilungile sangoLwesihlanu, ukuxoxa komphakathi kusalokhu kubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-Northern Ireland. I-Orseaty yase-Ireland yaseNyakatho iqhuba ukuhlolwa komphakathi ngomthetho omkhulu, futhi ibophezele esimisweni se "isivumelwano" nezindawo eziyinhloko zezempilo nezokunakekela umphakathi. [[FLT:] Ulimi oluwulimi olunezelelwe njalo , ngokwesibonelo, luye lwabunjwa ukuzwa okukhulu nokuzithoba komphakathi, nakuba ukumiswa kwazo kuye kwanqanyuswa izimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Okwamanje, umzamo wokuthuthukisa ukuhleleka kwezentengokwa kwezezombangazwe, kudinga ukuvusekuthulwa kwezindawo ezingokokuthule kakhulu. [FLD.4] [FT.FM.] [F.5]] Umthetho wolimi oluvamile wokulalela izenzakalo zezentengowale yezentengo yezentengo yezentebe yomphakathi, izifunda, izifunda kakhulu, izifunda kanye ne

Isiphetho: Isidingo Esihlala Njalo Sokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ukubonana nomphakathi nokuthembisana kwakungeyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela eGood Wear Agreement; kwakuyigazi layo. Ngokuhilela izakhamuzi ngendlela engakaze ibonwe, inqubo yokuthula yafinyelela izinga lobugunya nokuzinza eyayenza yakwazi ukumelana nezinselele ezinkulu ngo-1998 kuya ekuqhumeni kwebhomu lika-Omagh ngo-1998 kuya ekuncipheni kwenguquko ngo-2002, 2017, no-20222. Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo . I-(town Hall, i-rends, i-fusions, i-foculomes, i-focureastry, nesquationssstionsss (ieves) ezakhelwayodwa yi-octives eyayingenakuveza i-pactal engcono. Nakuba le nqubo yayingahlanganisiwe bonke abantu abakwazi ukuhlanganisa nezifundo zokuthula, kodwa idinga nanoma yisiphi isiphi isilinganiso esiqinile somphakathi. Kodwa isilinganiso esikhona esikhona esimweni esikhona esikhona esikhona esikhona somphakathi ukuba sibililweni.

[[Umthetho:0] Isixhumanisi se-External:[[[Umthetho:1]