Indima Yokukhokha Intela Ekuhwebeni Imisebenzi Yokuthuthukisa Intuthuko YaseNdiya

Ukushintsha kwezomnotho kwelaseNdiya ngokushesha kakhulu kulemisebenzi engamashumi amathathu eminyaka edlule kuye kwasekelwa ngokwanda okufanayo kwezakhiwo zayo ezingokoqobo. Ukusuka emigwaqweni engaphandle nasemzileni wesitimela kuya ezikhumulweni zezindiza eziluhlaza zasensimini nasezindaweni zokuhlola imishini, izinga lokutshala umphakathi elidingekayo likhulu. Enye yemithombo engaguquki nebalulekile kakhulu yalemisebenzi ukukhokha intela eqoqwe ohulumeni abaphakathi nabezwe. Lesihloko sihlola indlela abakha intela ehlukene yokuthuthukisa intela, izinhlelo zokulungisa imigwaqo, amatheku, izitebhishi, izitishi, kanye nemishini yamandla kodwa futhi yenza uhulumeni ukwazi ukuboleka izimali ngokuboleka kwenzuzo esikhathini esizayo. Ukuqonda ubuhlobo obungahlukene phakathi kwenqubo yentela nemisebenzi yezentengo, amabhizinisi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokuthuthukisa izindleko zezentengobo, izinselele, izinhlangano zeqoqo, futhi izinhlangano ezinhlanganiseni eziwusizo.

Isisekelo Sokufundiswa: Ukukhokha Intela

Imisebenzi yokuhlela izakhiwo ingenisa inhloko-nkulu, ingenisa imali ende, futhi ngokuvamile idinga ukuxhaswa okukhulu komphakathi ngenxa yokuthi ukubuyiselwa ngasese kungakuthethelela ukutshala ngaphandle kokusekelwa nguhulumeni. Intela inikeza umthombo othembekile nongalinganiyo wemali ekhokhwa ekhaya eminyangweni enjalo. Ngokungafani nokuboleka, okudala izindleko zesikhathi esizayo, noma ukulahlekelwa kwezimali, okungatshisisa umnotho, intela, uma iqoqwa kahle, kunikeza indlela esekelayo yokuxhasa ukukhula kwezimpahla zomphakathi. ENdiya, ukwabelana kwemali yentela engqikithi yama-pilisi kukhula kancane kancane kancane, kubonisa ukukhubazeka okusemthethweni kwezomnotho nokunwebeka intela.

Umlando Wendawo Ezungezile Yokuthengiselwa Intela ENdiya

Izinhlelo zasekuqaleni kweminyaka emihlanu zaseNdiya zancike kakhulu ezintelani ezinjengentela yeholo, imisebenzi yokukhokha, nemisebenzi yezezimali ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi enjengedamu, insimbi, nemigwaqo emikhulu yesizwe. Ukusungulwa kweMapross and Service Teacher (GST) ngo-2017 kwakuyinguquko ephawulekayo eyaklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa isimiso sentela esingaqondile nokukhuphula imali. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iminikelo yeGST iye yaba iminikelo emikhulu eHholweni lezentengozo yezentengo yezentengiso yaseNdiya, yenza izabelo ezinkulu zezakhiwo zeze izakhiwo zeze izakhiwo zezesisekelo sezezimali. I-Infracracture Williene (NIP), eyaqala ngo-2019 ngokutshala imali engaqondile ekhuselwayo emalini engaphezulu kwe-L111khre, iphethe ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ivela ekukhokhelweni nasekuboleni okuthelisweni ngentela esikhathini esizayo.

Izinhlobo Zentela Nengxenye Yazo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo

INdiya isebenzisa inhlanganisela yezintela eziqondile nezingaqondile, ngayinye inengxenye ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene ekuxhaseni izakhi zemvelo.

  • Intela ehlawulwayo: intela enikezwa abantu ngabanye nezinkampani, intela eholayo iwumthombo wentela oqondile omkhulu kunayo yonke. Ku-FY2023-24, intela eqondile elinganiselwa ku-1819.6 lakhrore, kanye nesabelo esikhulu esabelwe izimali ezishisiwe ezikoleni zezisekelo zezezimali eziphethe. Intela yekhokha , ngemva kwesilinganiso samuva, isafaka cishe 20% yenkokhelo yentela engathi sína.
  • Intela neNkonzo yentela (GST): Njengentela esekelwe endaweni, i-ST ivumelanisa isakhiwo sentela esingaqondile futhi ithuthukisa ukukhokhwa kwentela. Intela yeGST yanyanga zonke ilokhu idlula 761.6 lakhkh crore, inikeza isisekelo semali elindelekile. Intethelelo, eyakhelwe ukukhokha intela ye-GST ekuqaleni, futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhokha izikweletu zemali zemali, futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhushulwa kwezikweleti zenkonzo ezikhushuliwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo.
  • I-'FLT'S Duty': Ukungeniswa kwemishini, amathuluzi, kanye nezinto zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi kungaphansi komsebenzi wezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi. Nakuba imisebenzi ephezulu ingandisa izindleko zemisebenzi, inzuzo evezweyo isekela ikhono likahulumeni lokufaka noma ukuxhasa izakhiwo zezimali ngokuqondile. Ukunciphisa imisebenzi yezezimali ezimakethe emalini eziyinhloko ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezithile ijongene nokulinganisa izindleko zemali ngokuphumelela.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Imisebenzi yokukhipha ipetroli ekhiqizwayo embonini kapetroli, ugwayi, nezinto zokunethezeka inikeza izimali ezibalulekile. I-Central Road ne Infractraiculature Fund (CRIF) ixhaswa ngezimali ngekheshi lepetroli nediesel, ixhumanisa ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ekwakhiweni komgwaqo. Ngokufanayo, imfundo nemfundo ifaka inzuzo yezempilo ekwakheni kwezenhlalo.
  • Ezinye izintela nentela: Intela yempahla nemisebenzi yezitembu eqoqwa ohulumeni bamazwe ngokwezimali izakhiwo zasemadolobheni njengezindawo zamanzi, izimiso zendle, nemigwaqo yendawo. Intela yochwepheshe, intela yokuzijabulisa, nentela ezimotweni nayo igelezela ezimalini zezesisekelo ezisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni.

Imishini Yentela Yokuthuthelwa Ezindaweni Zokwakha

Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlela intela yembula kokubili amandla nezindlela zokusekela izimali ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelweni zezimali zaseNdiya.

Indima Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Ophakathi

I-Union Balver inikezela ingxenye yentela enkulu ezinkokhelweni zezezisekelo njengeNkonzo yezezinkonzo ze-Fort of Road and Highways, i-Ministry of Railways, ne-Ministry of House and Urban Affairs. Leminyango ifakwa ngohulumeni, okuthi izimali zifakelwe ekukhokheleni izimali zikahulumeni, imisele yemigwaqo yasemasimini, imigwaqo yasemaphandle, nemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa amadolobha. I-Malimeeal commessage inquma ukuncitshiswa okuthelisa intela ephakathi ezindaweni (manje ezingu-41% zechibini elizimeleyo), okungabe sekuqondiswe eziko. Nokho, amazwe amaningi athembele kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwemali emali ekhuphuzweni eliyinhloko, inciphisana intela yawo esaba intela yemali ephakeme.

Ukuthutha Ngezimali Nemishini Yezinhlangano

Izindleko ezinkulu (imali eshicilelwe izakhiwo) yindawo eyinhloko ye-Union Baccount Ubhajelwa. Ku-FY2024-25, uhulumeni wabela i-7611.11 lakh creor yempahla yenhloko- dolobha, 11.1% yanda ngaphezu konyaka odlule. Le-paplex ixhaswe yizimali zentela, izimali, izimali nezitishi ezingakhokhi. I-National Infraclustracture Pipeline (NIP) inikeza amabala aphakathi omgwaqo, ngemisebenzi ehlelwe ngokwezingxenye nangezimali. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-National Highways Ault of India (NHAI), i-Recial Recial Refective Corporation (IRC), kanye nezinhlangano zokuthuthukisa izimali zombuso zezentengo yombuso zisekela kanye nokuboleka kwezindawo zikahulumeni ezixhaswa yizibolensi.

Izimali Eziqondile Nentela Ephawulwe Ngezintela

Imali eningana eqondile ehholo lentela yezisekelo zezemfundo:

  • ICentral Road ne Insfractive Fund (CRIF): izimali zemali ezifakwe epetrolini nasediesel, izimali zeCRIF kanye nemisebenzi yebhuloho enqamule amazwe.
  • INational Clean Energy Fund (PNCEF): isekelwe yizisekelo zamandla ahlanzekile kumalahle, lemali isetshenziselwa ukuvuselela amandla nezimiso zendawo ezungezile.
  • [[I- i-Swachh Bharat Kosh: isetshenziswa nge-Swach Bharat celat cess (manje ebekwe ngaphansi kwe-GST yembuyiselo), isekela izimiso zokukhuculula indle.

Ukuphawula kuqinisekisa ukuthi izintela ezithile zihlobene nemiphumela ethile, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi kunciphisa ukuvumelana kwemali.

Izinselele Zokuqoqwa Kwentela Nomphumela Wazo Ekufundiseni

Naphezu kwezinguquko ezinkulu, iNdiya ibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ekuqoqweni kwentela ezinciphisa imithombo yezakhiwo.

Ukuhoxiswa Kwentela Nomnotho Wethukela

Ingxenye enkulu yezethukela ayihlali ngaphandle kwenetha lentela, futhi izilinganiso zisikisela ukuthi amaphesenti angaba ngu-90 ezisebenzi asebenza ngokwethukela. Lokhu kunciphisa intela eholwayo kanye nokuvunyelwa kwe-VAT/GST. Ukugwenywa kwentela ngokubhaliswa kwemali engabikwanga, ikakhulukazi emasimini nasemisebenzini yobuchwepheshe, kuphuca uhulumeni imali eningi. IProjekthi kahulumeni ihlose ukunqanda ukubhaxazululwa kwentela, kodwa intuthuko ihamba kancane kancane. Ukukhokha intela okuncishwa ngokuqondile kwemali ekhutshelwayo, kuphoqelela ukuthembela okukhulu ekuboleni imali noma ekuboleni izinkampani zomphakathi.

Ukuba Yinkimbinkimbi Nomthwalo Onemicikilisho

Ngisho nangemva kokusetshenziswa kweGST, iNdiya inesinye sezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zentela phakathi kwezomnotho ezisathuthuka. Izitebhuli zentela eziningi, ukukhulula okuqondile, nokushintsha njalo kwemithetho kwandisa izindleko zezebhizinisi. Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi ngokuvamile akuthola kunzima ukuvumelana nazo, kuholele ekukhokheleni intela encishisiwe. Izintsomi futhi zithinta ukukhokha intela ngokungaqondile kwezezezezezemfashini wezemfundo ("umliplements) nokungasheki komsekeli womsebenzi. Ukunciphisa izakhiwo zentela nokuthuthukisa ukukhokha intela kungenza kube lula ukukhokhwa kwentela okungokodwa futhi kwande.

Ukushintsha Izinombolo Nomphumela We - GST

Ukuvulwa kwe-GST kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu sokuhlelwa kwe-gST, ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi olusemthethweni lwesikhathi sangempela, nokuhlela i-octal esemthethweni. I-GST Network (GSTN) inikeza ukubonakala futhi inciphise ukuvuza. Nokho, ukudamba izinkinga ezingathi yi glitches zezobuchwepheshe, ukukhokha intela okufakwayo kuyafana, kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zamabhizinisi amancane, . Njengoba isimiso sokuqoqa imali sivuthwa ngokwesilinganiso, iqoqo leGST liye lanyuka kusuka ku-FY2017-189 000 kuya ku-7,7,7,7,5 crrea yentery yentela efakwayo eFYkh 202, ebonisa ukuvumelana nokukhula okuthuthukisiwe kwezentengo yezentengo.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: ENdiya Kuphikisana Nezinye Izizwe Ezisathuthuka

Isilinganiso sentela-i-Ediya-isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu se-11.8% (FY2023-24) sihlala siphansi uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izomnotho ezisathuthukayo njenge-Brazil (cishe i-32%) ne-South Africa (imalunga ne-27%), futhi ngaphansi kwe-OECD isilinganiso esingu-34%. Lesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu se-fiscal comscecesss. Ngokuqhathaniswa, i-intela ye-Fy 2023-DP elinganiselwa ku-17% ivumela ukuba ingenise izilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu ezisekelwe ekhungweni. Nakuba i-OECD isetshenziswa njengesilinganiso se GDP inyuksi encicebwele ka-5,4% (kuhlanganise nesifunda se-partment ne-P), iphansi kwesilinganiso esilinganiselwa ku-7-8% esidingekayo ukuze inyuke kakhulu.

Amazwe anjenge-Indonesia ne Vietnam aye asebenzisa intela yezemali engokwemvelo ngokuphumelelayo futhi i VAT yanda ukuze ixhase izakhiwo. Izwe laseNdiya lingathola izifundo kulezo zimo ezibonisayo, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni izintela zempahla, ezincishisiwe (Intela yempahla yase-India ingaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa% yeGDP uma iqhathaniswa ne-2-3% emazweni amaningi). Ngokufanayo, ukusungulwa kwenani lentela yendawo noma i-levy engcono enzuzoni emisebenzi yezezemisebenzi yezezemisebenzi yezempahla kunganikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe.

Izinguquko Zamuva Nethonya Lazo Ekondleni Lokusekela Izakhiwo

Izinguquko eziningana ezingokwenkambiso yentela zamuva ziye zaphazamisa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ukutholakala kwezimali zokuthuthukisa izakhi zemvelo.

Inkokhelo Nokwanda Kwenzuzo

Ukushintshela eGST kuqedise isakhiwo sentela ekhokhwayo, kunciphise izindleko zentela emabhizinisini, kanye nenzuzo eyandayo kahulumeni. Ukwakhiwa kwe-GSTANSAUTCS (kwasekuqaleni ukuvala ukulahlekelwa kwezifunda) nakho kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukukhokha isikweleti esivela ekusebenziseni kwezezisekelo zezemfashini. Kuyi-FY2023-24, isikhungo esiqoqwe intela engaphezulu kuka-191.5 kh crore eGST intellis, ingxenye yaso eyayabelwa ukuba izimali zeze inzuzo. I-GST Councile inguquko eqhubekayo, enjengesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esinengqondo nokuletha imikhiqizo ye-petrolithi ngaphansi kwe-GST, sasingandisa ukuvezela.

Ukunqunywa Kwentela Nokuthinteka Kwenzuzo

Ngo-2019, i-Indiya yanciphisa intela yezinhlangano zamazwe angaphandle yaba ngu 22% (izinkampani ezikhona) kanye no-15% (izinkampani ezintsha ezikhiqizayo) ukuze zishukumise ukutshala imali. Nakuba lokhu kwandisa umuzwa webhizinisi futhi kwakhanga ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, kwanciphisa futhi intela eqondile ngesikhathi esifushane. Uhulumeni wakhokhela intela engekho ntela kanye nokuboleka, kodwa umphumela wesikhathi eside wezimali ezisekelwe ezikoleni zezezezimali uyoxhomeka ekukhuleni kwe-GDP futhi unyuse isisekelo, kanjalo wandisa isisekelo sezenyuswa. Izimpawu zakuqala zibonisa ukuthi inzuzo engcono njengoba ukukhula kweGDP kulokhu kunezimo eziphambili zeposi ezisasebenza ngokushelela.

Izakhiwo Eziwucezu NoLevi Abakhethekile

Uhulumeni uye wasungula izisekelo eziqondile zezemfundo, njenge-Infrastructure Cess ezimpahla ezithile (umz., izimoto ezinomsoco) ne-Krishi Kalyan Cess. Le minyundu iye yabekwa noma yashintshwa ngaphansi kwe-GST, kodwa ifilosofi yayo yokufaka intela ethile eqondile yezezisekelo zemali eyisisekelo ithathelwa indawo ngezabelo zemali ezivamile. Ukudalwa kweNational Bank for Financument Infragradecure and Development (NaBFID) ngo-201 ibonisa futhi ukushintsha kwentela ekhokhelwayo nokukhokhwa kwentela nokukhokhwa kwenkontiswa kwemali kuphela kunokunciswa kuphela kwentela eqondile.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo: Ukukhokha Intela Okunesisekelo

Ukuze iNyakatho Kaal (2047) ikwazi ukufinyelela izisulu zesisekelo esiyinhloko, iNdiya kumelwe iqinise ukuhlobana phakathi kwentela nentuthuko yezakhi ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukuphoqelela Intela Ngokuqasha

Isicelo sikahulumeni sokukhokha intela ye-minustry, i-Falls and Services Truth (GST) nokugunyazwa kwezindawo ezizimele nge-RERA kuyayandisa kancane kancane intela. Izenzo ezifana ne-E-Shram yesikhulu sezisebenzi ezingahlelelwanga ne-Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) ingaletha umsebenzi owengeziwe wezomnotho kwinethiwekhi yomthetho. Intela enkulu ivumela uhulumeni ukuba uthenge intela ekhungethe imali eshisiwe ngaphandle kokukhuphula intela. Ukufakwa kweholo entsha (ngeniswa kwenani eliphansi nehholo eliyingcolisiwe) kungakhuthaza ukuthonywa kwentela, nakuba inzuzo yayo ilawulwa.

Intela Eluhlaza Nezakhiwo Zendawo Ezungezile

Isibopho sika-Indiya sokukhipha igwebu nge-02070 sidinga ukutshala imali enkulu ekwakheni amandla avuselelekayo, i-hydrogen eluhlaza, kanye nemfucumfucu. Intela eluhlaza, njenge-cess (manje ye-GST yembuyiselo) kanye nentela yekharbon ekhishwe ekhishwe embonini, kungaveza inzuzo enikezelwe yezemvelo zendawo ezungezile. I-Movernver Green Bondssuances, isekelwe yinkokhiso eluhlaza, i-mfantuthu ethembisayo. Ukwandisa umqondo ‘ we-ces'eeeeefaces's ephezulu ekhiyeni le-carbon engaphezulu nesetshenziswa izimali zemisebenzi yamandla ahlanzekile kungahlanganisa intela yezentengo yokulondoloza izinhloso egciniwe.

Imikhumbi Yomphakathi Nezinkampani Zentela

Ukuze kufakwe imisebenzi yentela ekhokhelwayo, uhulumeni uncike emishinini yomphakathi e-PPPs (PPS) ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi. Izisusa zentela ezinjengokwehla kwemali okusheshayo, amaholide entela yokwakha i-transfer (BOT), nokungahoxiswa kwemali ethile ngaphansi kwe-PURC 80IA ye-Unicome Treaxial Act, zisetshenziselwa ukukhanga inhloko-mfunda. Impoqo yezentengo yezwe yamuva evunyelweyo yokukhokha izisusa ezinjalo. Nokho, izindleko zentela ezibangelwa yizisusa ezithelisi ezithenjiswayo kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokucace kakhulu. Ukukhokhwa kwentela nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwazo okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokukhokha intela sisekela intuthuko.

Isiphetho

Intela ihlala iwumgogodla wezakhiwo zezezimali ze-Indiya. Nakuba intuthuko enkulu iye yenziwa cishe ngentela yeholo neGST iphawulwe, inzuzo yakha ikhono lezwe lokwakha, ukugcina, nokulungisa imigwaqo, izitimela, amatheku, izintambo zamandla, nezimiso zokuxhumana. Nakuba intuthuko enkulu iye yenziwa cishe ngenkani ngezezinguquko zezezimali zeGST kanye nokukhuphuka kwentela yeGDP, ukunyukela isilinganiso sokukhula kwe-GP, ukuguqula intela, ukukhokha intela, ukuyinkimbinkimbi, nokwezomnotho okungahleliwe ngokomthetho kuyaqhubeka. I-mithetho yemithetho igxile ekuhleleni intela esemthethweni, intela eluhlaza, kanye nezindlela eziphumelelayo zokukhokhiswa kwezentengoze ezindaweni ezikhungweni ezikhuliswayo. Njengoba i-Indiya iphishekela umbono wayo wokuba isizwe esithuthukile, ukukhokha intela, ukukhokhiswa kweze kakhulu, futhi inzuzo ephambili ayisebenzi. Inqulushini ephambili yeze inzuzo yomhlaba neya inqulundayo.