Intela iwumgogodla wendlela yokuthuthukisa i-Indiya, ukuyisa izimali ezisezikhungweni zasemaphandleni nezimboni emaphandleni amakhulu asemaphandleni anezikhokhisi ezicishe zibe 65% zabantu balelozwe. Ngaphandle kwenani eliqhubekayo nokwanda kwentela, izinhlelo zokwakha imigwaqo yasemaphandleni, ukuvoca amabhungane, futhi ukunikeza imitholampilo yezempilo ihlala ingaphansi kwezifiso eziphambili. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwentela nentuthuko yasemaphandleni akuyona nje indlela yokulawula; kuyisimiso somthetho esinezimiso esihlanganisa imithombo yentela, ukukhubazeka kwezomnotho, nokuphehla utshani. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela intela ehlukahlukene engokongantengiselwa kwemali emaphandleni, izinhlelo eziyinhloko zikahulumeni ezithembele kulemali, izithiyonganiso ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe inqubo engcono nengcono.

Ukubaluleka Kwentela Ekhokhwayo Ezindaweni Ezisemaphandleni

Imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa amakhaya — kusukela ekwakheni zonke imigwaqo ehamba phambili yezempilo kuya ekumiseni izikhungo ezinkulu zempilo ezisemqoka kanye nezindleko eziphindaphindiwe. Intela inikela ingxenye enkulu yamali ekhona phakathi kanye neyamabhilidi kahulumeni. Ngokwezincwadi zemali zaminyaka yonke zezezimali, amathikithi entela (ukuboleka) ngokuvamile i-akhawunti yemali ewuhulumeni ophethe. Ingxenye enkulu yalokhu incishisiwe ngokwemithetho yentela ye-Phovisi yezemali, okuyimithetho enzima njengenani labantu, indawo yemali, nemali ekhokhwanywayo ezuzisayo empofu, inzuzo ephakeme kakhulu engokwengqikithi kahulumeni wasemaphandleni. Ingxenye yalokhu incishisiwe ngokwezinganiso yemali engcono elandela intela yezentela yezezimali ze-Malimese Commu, okuyimibandela emikhulu enjengezemali enjengezenani labantu, indawo, nemali eholayo engenisa imali ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kokudluliswa ngokuqondile, intela ixhasa futhi izinqubo ezixhaswa kakhulu (CSS) ezibhekene nobumpofu basemaphandleni, umsebenzi, nesisekelo. Fanance Commission [ ngokwayo] itusa ukwabelana ngentela ye-Union (kuhlanganise intela yenkampani, intela yomuntu siqu, ne-GST(ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezindawo ezinemali ephansi ngaphakathi zinganikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo. Le mithetho yombuso ibalulekile ngenxa yokuthi imitapo yendawo yasemaphandleni (panyats) inemitako elinganiselwe, ithembele ngokuyinhloko ezinkokhisweni zempahla, intela yomsebenzisi, futhi izimali zentela. Ngaphandle kwenkongozo ephambili yesizwe, ukuqoqwa kwezemfundo yasemaphandleni kusukela ekuthengiseni kwemibhosholo yesikole semibhoshongo (8).

Izinhlobo Zentela Ezisekela Imisebenzi Yasemaphandleni

Ukuqonda indlela i - levy ngayinye esebenza ngayo kusiza ekuqondeni imvelo engokwemvelo.

Intela

Intela yeholo lomuntu siqu neyamabhizinisi ziyiminikelo emikhulu kakhulu eHhovisi laseNdiya. Intela emisiwe yemali yama-Contivement (ngokwesibonelo, 41% njengekhomishane yemali ye-15) inciphisa izifunda njengengxenye yechibi lentela. Amazwe abe esenikezela lezimali ukuze abeke iminyango yezemfundo yasemaphandleni, ezolimo, ezokwandisa, nezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle. Intela ethile yentela (ngokwesibonelo, ukuthengwa kwengxenye yezenhlalakahle) ngezinye izikhathi ikhokhwanywa ngezindlela ezifana ne- Pradhan Mantan Yas . Ngaphezu kwalokho, intekothombo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezelo yasemaphandleni (i. isigaba 35, i-CM, ingxenye ye-CMPrams, ngaphansi kwezindawo eziphathiswayo yeze-omkhampatho, ikhuthaza ukuphatha.

Intela Nezinkonzo (GST)

IGST yathatha indawo yentela engaqondile futhi iyintela ehlanganyelwe phakathi kweSikhungo nezifundazwe. Ingxenye yezwe iGST (SGST) yandisa inzuzo yezwe, engasetshenziswa emisebenzini yasemaphandleni. I-GST (CGST) futhi igelezela emalini ye-Union yemicebo exhaswe ngokusemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLD:] [0] Inkampani engenisa i-Cess [igcwele intela] [intengothi ye-oyela] [i-FLT]] [igcwele ukunethengwa kokunethelisa nokukhokha nezimpahla ze-injini, isetshenziselwa ukukhokhela amazwe ngenxa yokulahlekelwa imali, ukukhokha imali ekhokhwakhwawayo. Kusukela ngoJuli 2017, i-GST indise intela ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ingenisa izinkonzo ezincane zentela.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iqoqwa ngokuyinhloko yizindikimba zendawo, kodwa amapankayathi emizini ezindaweni eziningi akhokhela intela yezindlu, izindlu, nendawo yezolimo (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi “intela yendlu” noma“imali yemali efakwa ezweni”). Nakuba intengo yemali ilinganiselwe, iyindawo enzima kakhulu ye-pankachayats, inikeza intela engcono. 14 ne-15 yezezimali itusa ukukhokha intela yemali yemali efakwa epankantini, ekhuphulayo ekuqoqweni kwentela yempahla, ekukhokheleni intela engcono. Ngokusho kuka-Kerala ne-Tamilmal, intela yempahla ye-palkamilchat, ukuqoqwa kwezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zomgwaqo, nokuqoqa imfuyo yezemfutho, nokuqoqo yenswe yamanzi.

Intela Yezolimo

UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya ugunyaza ukukhokha intela eholweni, kodwa izifunda eziningi ziye zayikhulula ukuze ivikele abalimi abancane. Nokho, ezinye izifunda ze-levy ziyintela ephansi yemali edonswayo yezolimo [ emasimini (ikhofi, injoloba) noma emapulazini amakhulu. Intengo enjalo ingena ngqo ezindaweni zikahulumeni ezikhokhayo, ngokuvamile ebekelwe ukusekela izinkonzo zokuthengisa ezolimo, ukunisela ngenkanti, nemigwaqo yasemaphandleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inzuzo yezwe [[FLT] . Isimiso sezentengo yezentengo yezolimo kodwa esikhona ezweni lokulima . Inkokhelo engcono yentela yezentengo yezentengo yezolizolizolizolimo yeze. Imali eyandayo, kuphikisana nenkampatho yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo engcono enkulu kakhulu.

Ezinye Izintela NamaLevi

Umsebenzi wokuziphilisa wentela yemoto kanye futhi unikela ngokungaqondile. Amazwe ngokuvamile anikezela ingxenye yezimali ezikhokhelwa izindikimba zendawo ngenxa yentuthuko yasemaphandleni. Swachh Bharat Mission [GRAN), ngokwesibonelo, athola ingxenye yengxenye kahulumeni ophakathi yengxenye ye-patting populan pourro ne-dish. Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi nokubhalisa izimpahla ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasezindaweni ezivamile zezindawo zikahulumeni futhi zisetshenzwe ngokwemisebenzi.

Abahlongozi Bawohulumeni Bakhokhelwa Intela

Uhulumeni waseNdiya uphethe izinhlelo eziningi zokuthuthukisa intela emaphandleni ngokuyinhloko ngezimali ezikhokhelwayo.

IMahatma Gandhi Izwe Elisebenza Ezindaweni Zasemaphandleni Liqinisekisa NgoMthetho (MGNREGA)

I-MGNREGA iqinisekisa izinsuku eziyikhulu zomsebenzi okhokhelwa abantu abangenalwazi ekhaya. Isu elixhaswe ngokuphelele nguhulumeni omkhulu ngamarisidi entela (kuhlanganise I-Monitor Spectess [ i-Ession i-Cecless [uMT] ehlangene ne-GST imbuyiselo ye-cress). Ku-Union Baclement 2024-25, MGREGA yathola intracreyithi yezinhlelo zobumpofu ezinkulu kakhulu. Izimali zisetshenziselwa ukukhokhela izindleko zendalo (esheshifu, amageve, amachibi, amapulangwe), kanye nezindleko zokuphatha. I-MGREGA ikhuphule izigidi zezigidi zemisebenzi enziwayo.

UPradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (uGramin)

Le nqubo yokukha izindlu inikeza izindlu ze-pucca ezinezici eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emikhayeni empofu nengenandawo yasemaphandleni. Ixhaswe ngenhlanganisela yemali yentela ephakathi kanye neminikelo kahulumeni ehambelanayo. Imali yePMAY-G eFY2024-25 yayicishe ibe 764,500 croore. Izindawo zokuhlala zithola inzuzo eqondile ethunyelwayo (DBT) ekwakheni izindlu, ngokuvamile ngokusekela okubolelana imali ezintshovweni. Impumelelo yaleli cebo inciphise ukungabi namakhaya futhi ithuthukisiwe izinga lokuphila.

Impicabadala Yezempilo Kazwelonke (NRHM)

NRHM, manje isingxenye yeNational Health Mission, igxila ekuqiniseni izakhiwo zempilo yomphakathi emaphandleni", ukwakha izikhungo ezisezingxenyeni ezisezansi zempilo (PHCs), kanye nezikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi. Izimali zitholakala ngezimali zentela kahulumeni ophakathi nangezimali zokuhlela imali. Lo mkhakha uye waholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwezinga lokufa komama kanye nokufa kwezinsana emaphandleni. EFY20242424-25, umsebenzi wezempilo wathola ingqikithi yemali ye-6 000, kanye nengxenye enkulu yezimiso zezempilo zasemaphandleni.

UPradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

IPMSKY ihlose ukwandisa ukudilizwa kwenkasa nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi. Ihlanganisa izakhi ezifana nokuhamba kwamanzi amancane, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi, nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo. Icebo lixhaswe ngentela yohulumeni abaphakathi namazwe, kanye nengqikithi yemali engaphezulu kwe 76,000 000 ngonyaka ezinhlamvwini zamuva nje. I-PMSY iye yasiza ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka kwabalimi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi kunemithombo yamanzi yezitshalo.

UGram Sadak Yojana (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yoja (PMGSY)

PMSGSY ihlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala ezingaxhunyanisiwe nemigwaqo yonke exhunyiwe. Ixhaswe uhulumeni ophakathi (ngezimali zentela kanye nemali ekhokhwayo) nohulumeni bamazwe abanikeza umhlaba nokuzinakekela. Icebo liye lakha amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-800,000 emigwaqweni yasemaphandleni kusukela ekumisweni kwayo, ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wezomnotho nokufinyelela ezimakethe, izikole, nezibhedlela. Imali yemali ye-PMS iye yazidlula ngokuqhubekayo i-255 000 crore.

Ukuthunywa Kwe - Swachh Bharat (I - tramin)

Lolu hlelo lokukhucululwa kwendle oluhamba phambili lwakha izigidi zezindlu zangasese zomkhaya kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezimanzisa kakhulu ngemithombo yentela ephakathi kanye neyamazwe. Lo mgomo wafeza umgomo wawo wokwenza i-Indiya ivule isikhululo ngo-2019. Ingxenye yentela ihlanganisa ingxenye ye-ces yentengo ye-GST nemali ekhokhelwayo. Impumelelo ye-SBM-G ibonisa indlela imizila yentela enikezelweyo engaguqula ngayo impilo yomphakathi wasemaphandleni.

Ezinye Izidwebo Eziphawulekayo

Uhlelo lokuthuthukisa i-Skinbow (umz., Deen Dayal Udadiya Grameen Kaunikaya Yoyanya]) kanye Udwebo lwezinkonzo ze-Livelity [ (njengeNTLMRLM)] futhi luxhomeke ezinkoleni zentela. [[FLTY:]]] Izwe Local Livelication Mis Mission [ inike abesifazane amandla ngokuzisiza ngokwabo kanye ne-microckeditedit, esekelwe ngokuqondile emalini ephakathi. [[FLT:] [FLD]

Izinselele Eqoqweni Lentela Nasezindaweni Ezihlala Asemaphandleni

Naphezu kwendima ebalulekile yentela, izinselele eziningana zokwakha zinciphisa izindleko ezifinyelela imisebenzi yasemaphandleni.

Ukukhishwa Kwentela Nokuvuselelwa

Isilinganiso sentela ye-Indiya ukuya ku-GDP sincipha cishe ngo-11-12%, siphansi kunezezomnotho eziningi ezisathuthuka. Ukubalekela okugcwele ngenxa yomsebenzi wezezomnotho (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasezindaweni ezivamile) kuyancipha. Ngokwesibonelo, abathengisi abaningi abancane ezimakethe zasemaphandleni bayayibalekela intela ne-GST. Ukuqinisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngemininingwane e-alytics, e-ivociatic, ne-sssting kudingekile. I-GST Network isiza kakade ukwandisa ukukhonzwa kweminxeba yeminikelo yasemaphandleni, kodwa kudingeka okwengeziwe.

Ukuqoqwa Okunganele Kwezindikimba Zendawo

I-Panchayat ayihlonyiselwe ukukhokha intela yempahla. Abaningi abawagcini amarekhodi afanele ezindawo noma amabhuloho okuhlola. Izinga lokukhokha intela yempahla ezindaweni zasemaphandleni livame ukungaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-30. Lokhu kuphoqelela kuxhomeke ezinkokhelweni, ezihambisana nezimo ezivaliweyo, ezinciphisa ukuvumelana nezimo zendawo. I-Mali Commission ihlobanise ukuthengwa kwentela yempahla, kodwa isakhiwo sempahla siyacotha.

Ukungasheshi Nokungawasebenzisi Kahle Amandla Emali

Ngisho nalapho intela inikezwa, ukukhokha okungadingeki ekugcwalisekeni kwezinhlelo ($inkokhelo elahliwe, inkohlakalo, nokungaqashelwa) . MGREGA[ iye yagxekwa izisebenzi ezisebenza ngezipoki futhi yaphucwa iholo. Ukuqinisa i-DBT, ukuhlola kwezenhlalakahle, kanye nokuhlola kwangempela kungathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimali.

Umehluko Ongaphesheya Kwamazwe

Izifunda ezicebile ezinezikhungo zentela eziqinile (umz. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) zingaxhasa ukuthuthuka kwasemaphandleni ngaphandle kokuthembela kakhulu ezinkokhelweni eziphakathi. Izifundazwe zezeMaroer (umz., i-Bihar, i-Uttar Pradesh, i-Odisha) zinemithombo elinganiselwe futhi zincike kakhulu ekuthengeni kwentela ephakathi. Inqubo yezezimali yokuzama ukulungisa lokhu, kodwa ukungalingani okumile nokuqondeli. Inqubo eqhubekayo yokukhokha intela ingasiza.

Ukungaqiniseki Ngemithetho Yentela

Izinguquko ezivamile emazingeni e-GST, intela, kanye nemithetho eqondile yentela yenza ukuba abantu abahlela uhulumeni bangaqiniseki. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ces yembuyiselo ye-GST yayihloselwe ukuba ibe yisilinganiso sesikhashana, kodwa ukunwetshwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekutholeni imali kuye kwaphazamisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwezindleko ezithile zentela nasemaphandleni. Izabelo zentela zingathuthukisa ukulandisa.

I-outlook yesikhathi esizayo: Ukuqinisa iTaxi-nexus yeNkathi Yomlando

Ukuze ithuthuke ngokushesha emaphandleni, iNdiya kumelwe isebenzise isu elinemigomo eminingi lokuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kwentela futhi iqiniseke ukuthi imali ekhokhwayo ifinyelela abazuzi bayo abahloselwe yona.

Ukwandisa Intela

Ukuletha okwengeziwe kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zentela kubucayi. Isimiso se-GST kakade sesibhalise izigidi zamabhizinisi amancane, kodwa amaningi asesebenza ngaphansi komnyango. Ukuhlisa umnyango we-GST ezingxenyeni, kanye nokuvuma okulula, kungandisa inzuzo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhokha inzuzo yezolimo ngaphezu komnyango othile (umz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ubuchwepheshe Obuntekenteke

Iqoqo lokwaziswa elingokoqobo eliqoqwe ngentengiselwano ephazanyiswayo, i-GIS, kanye nokuhlelwa kwamarekhodi ezwe ngekhompyutha kungathuthukisa ukuhlolwa nokuqoqwa kwentela yempahla ezindaweni ezikude. Ikhasheya le-Aggregator Framework[[[FLL:1] ne[FLT] ulwembu lwezentengo lwezemali [FOLT] lwezentengo yezemali Ulwembutho lwezentengo yentela [[[FLTLT]] [FLT]] lungasiza ukukhokha intela yobuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezikude. Uhulumeni kufanele bafake izikhungo zenkonzo ezisekoleni zentela emizaneni.

Ukuphawula Nokubona Ngaphakathi

Ukwakha i-FLT Umthetho we-Ces noma ukuxhumanisa okucacile phakathi kwengxenye yentela ekhishwayo nentela ehlawulwayo kungandisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ambulensi encane ethola imali ephezulu ingakhokhwa ngeminyango yasemaphandleni nezikole. Uhulumeni kufanele unyathelise “Umthetho Wezentuthuko” obonisa ngokucacile iminikelo yentela ehlelweni ngalinye, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuphatha.

Ukuqinisa I - opary etholakala Endaweni

AmaPanchayat kumelwe anikwe amandla okukhokha izintela zawo siqu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kakhulu kukahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sekhulu lama-73 sinikeza uhlelo, kodwa ukufezeka kubuthakathaka. Ukunikeza amapanchayat umthetho wokuhlela intela yempahla, ukuqoqa amakhonisi emisebenzini yezentengiselwano, futhi ukugcina ingxenye yemali ekhokhwayo yeGST kungafaka emzamweni wentela futhi kunciphise ukuncika.

Ukuthuthukisa Intela Eluhlaza Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Amadolobha Asemaphandleni

Intela yendawo ezungezile ehlobene (intela yecarbon, i-castle yepulasitiki, ama-ces aluhlaza ezimoto) ingathunyelwa ngokucacile emisebenzini yokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu sasemaphandleni, njengemisebenzi yokulawula i-athomu, ama-microgrid anamandla avuselelwayo, kanye nokusekela kwezitshalo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imigomo yokuthuthukisa indawo ezungezile neyasemaphandleni.

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwentela nokuthuthuka kwasemaphandleni akuyona nje indaba yokuphatha intela kuphela, kuyindaba yokuphatha. Isimiso sentela esihlelwe kahle esiqoqa ngokunempumelelo futhi esisebenzisa ngokusobala singasheshisa ushintsho lwamadolobhana aseNdiya. Ngokwandisa isisekelo sentela, ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa imishini, nokuthuthukisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi, uhulumeni angaqinisekisa ukuthi imali ekhushuliwe kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ($urban nasemaphandleni, ecebile nempofu) ibekwe ngendlela ethuthukisa izindawo eziswele kakhulu. Kungabe kulapho kuphela lapho kutholakala khona amandla agcwele ekwahlukaniseni kwenani lenani lenani elingokwenani labantu baseNdiya.

Ukufunda okwengeziwe, bhekisela emalini yempucuko yase-Matiko yeNyakatho yemibiko yaminyaka yonke, INITI Aytiog[ amaphepha enkambiso esemthethweni emisebenzi yasemaphandleni, [[FLT:] i-[FLT] i-Reserver Bank yase-Indiya[[[FLT]]][[FLT]]] Ibhange lezentengiso yezimali zikahulumeni, i- i-World Bank's’s’s’s sholow system system projecteds , kanye nezincwadi ze-Universalbacritem zemali ezikhishwe yimboni yezemali. Le mithombo inikeza ukwaziswa okugcweleyo embubhishini yentela esemaphandleni sasemaphandleni sasemaphandleni nakwezezezezezezezezezentengo.