Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho yomphakathi nokukhula kwezomnotho buyindaba eyinhloko kohulumeni emhlabeni wonke. Isinqumo ngasinye sihilela ukuhlobisa izinjongo eziningi, imfuyo eswele, nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Le mithetho ihlela ngokuqondile indawo amabhizinisi asebenza kuyo, izisebenzi zihola iholo, futhi kunikezelwa izinkonzo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela le misebenzi yokuhweba ethinta ngayo ukusebenza kwezomnotho esikhathini eside kubalulekile kubenzi bezemithetho, abatshali bezimali, nezakhamuzi ezithinteka ngemiphumela. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpawu eziyinhloko zezokuhweba ngezimiso zomphakathi, izinhlelo zazo, imiphumela yangempela, kanye namasulelo lokuzilawula ukuze zithuthukise ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukuqonda Ukuhweba Ngemithetho Yomphakathi

Izimiso zomphakathi zikhona lapho abenzi bezinqumo kumelwe bakhethe phakathi kwemiphumela emibili noma efiselekayo kodwa engcono kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi imithombo `fenancial, umuntu, nemvelo" ilinganiselwe, zonke izakhiwo zinethuba. Uhulumeni okwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuzivikela kungase kuncishiswe ukutshala imali emfundweni, ngokwesibonelo. Ngokufanayo, umthetho oklanyelwe ukuvikela indawo ezungezile unganqanda ukwanda, uthinte umsebenzi nomkhiqizo ngesikhathi esifushane. Le misebenzi ayilungile ngokwemvelo noma iyingozi; ibonakalisa ukukhetha okunzima okumelwe kwenziwe ezweni elifuna ukuphikisana.

Isimo Sezinkampani Zohwebo Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Sikahulumeni

I-trandoff ifakwa kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wesimiso, kusukela ekuhleleni okuhleliwe kuya ekugcwalisekeni. Ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, ohulumeni banquma ukuthi kungakanani ukuhlelwa kwemali yesizwe ekwazi ukunikezela ukusetshenziswa (isibonelo, ukuthutha ngokwenhlalo, amaholo kahulumeni) kuncintiswane nokutshala imali (umz., izakhiwo zemfundo, iR&D). Phakathi nokutshala, ukukhetha kukhona phakathi kwemisebenzi engokomzimba nezinhlelo zenhloko-nhloko-mfuno. Ngisho nezimiso zokulawula ukuhweba ngemithetho zihilela ukuhwebelana: ukuphepha okuqinile noma izindinganiso zendawo zinganciphisa izindleko zokwehla kwezindleko zemali ezinde noma izindleko zempilo yomphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukwazi ukubona nokuhlola lezi zindleko zokuhweba ezihlelelweyo ezihlelekile kunokuba zingazinaki.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokuhwebelana

  • Izinkonzo zokutshala inzuzo yokwakha. Izinkonzo zomphakathi [[FLT: 1] - Ukwakha imigwaqo, izikhumulo, kanye nezimiso ezibanzi ezingandisa umkhiqizo nokuhlangana, kodwa imisebenzi enjalo ingaminyanisa imali esetshenziselwa ukunakekela impilo, imfundo, namanetha okuphepha. I-trasport ikhulu kakhulu ezomnotho ezisathuthuka lapho kudingeka khona kokubili.
  • Izicelo zezezenhlalakahle zomphakathi ezihambisana namabhizinisi. Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zomphakathi – intela yenkampani ephansi noma yekomkhulu ingaheha ukutshala imali nokusungula okuthile okushukumisayo, kodwa inciphisa inzuzo kahulumeni engaxhasa ukuthunyelwa kwemali, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, noma imfundo yomphakathi. Ithonya lenetha ekukhuleni lixhomeke ekutheni inzuzo yokungahoxiwe isetshenziswa kanjani.
  • Imithetho engokomsuka iphikisana nomthetho. intuthuko yezimboni - Izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi eziqinile noma imingcele yokusebenzisa umhlaba kunganyusa izindleko zokulalela nokungaqiniseki kwemisebenzi, kodwa kungavuselela futhi ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza futhi kuvikele inhloko - dolobha engokwemvelo, okubalulekile ekukhuleni isikhathi eside okungagcinwa.
  • inqubo yokuqinisa imingcele. Imisebenzi - amabhange aphakathi abhekene nokuthengwa phakathi kokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali nokuhweba ngemisebenzi okusekela izentengiselwano. Ukwenyusa inzalo kunganciphisa izingcindezi zentengo kodwa futhi kunciphise imfuno yesidingo futhi kwandise ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi.

Ingxenye ngayinye inikeza i-internacity esebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutshala imali ezinhlelweni zezokuhamba kunganciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba, izindleko ze-logists, kanye nokwandisa ukufinyelela kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano . "zonke] kodwa uma lokho kutshala kuxhaswa ngokuncishiswa kwemfundo, ikhono lesikhathi eside lomsebenzi lingase linciphe, linciphise ukukhula. Ngokufanayo, ukuphulwa kwentela yokucwaninga nentuthuko kungasheshisa ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa uma kungahlanganiswa nemali eyanele yokucwaninga okuyisisekelo, amapayipile okutholayo angancipha.

Umsebenzi Owengeziwe Wezomnotho

Ukwanda kwezomnotho kulinganiswa ngokukhula komkhiqizo wangempela wasekhaya wezwe (GDP) kumuntu ngamunye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokho, ukukhula akuwona umphumela wemishini; kubangelwa ukuhlangana kwezici eziningi ezizwelayo ezinhlelweni zomphakathi. Uhlelo oluvamile lokukhuliswa kwemisebenzi lunciphisa umkhiqizo ube yiminikelo evela enhloko- dolobha, emsebenzini, kanye nengqikithi yenani elikhiqizayo (TFP).

Izici Ezibangela Ukwanda Kwezomnotho

  • Intuthuko eyinhloko yabantu - Imfundo, ukuqeqesha, nempilo kuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wemisebenzi kanye nekhono lokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha. I-policiee ethi ukusetshenziswa kwemali ephambili ezikoleni, ezimisweni zomsebenzi, nasempilweni yomphakathi kukhula ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa idinga ukutshala izimali zangaphambili futhi inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana.
  • Ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe nokusungulwa kwezindlela ezithile – R& izikweleti zentela, izikhungo ezisemthethweni, kanye nokusekela okuqondile kwezimali zikahulumeni zesayensi nobuchwepheshe kungashukumisa impumelelo. Ukuhweba kusekwabiwa kwemali yokucwaninga enzima phakathi kwesayensi eyisisekelo (ingozi enkulu, umvuzo ophakeme) nokusebenzisa ukucwaninga (iholo eliningi elisheshayo).
  • Ukwakheka kobukhulu bemali [ - ukutshala komphakathi emigwaqweni, emishinini yamandla, nakwezisekelo zamanani kuphakamisa amandla akhiqizayo ezomnotho. Kodwa imisebenzi yezesisekelo ivame ukubangelwa ama-display nemijikelezo yezombangazwe, futhi incintisana nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zamanje.
  • [ Indawo ezungezile elawulayo - Izimiso ezihlelwe kahle zingalungisa ukwehluleka kwezentengiselwano (umzk., ukungcola, izakhiwo ezizimele) futhi zinikeze uhlelo oluqinile lwebhizinisi. Imithetho eshibhile noma engaphoqelelwanga kahle, nokho, ingaphakamisa izindleko zokuthobela, inqande ukungena, futhi ivimbele ukuncintisana.
  • Imaket i-March trap opport kanye nomncintiswano – I-Trade favolution, ukugcinwa kwemithetho elwa nomthetho, nokunqandwa kwemithetho yokusebenza kungandisa ukuphumelela nokukhetha kwabathengi. Kodwa izimakethe zokuqala zichaya izimboni zasekhaya emncintiswaneni wakwamanye amazwe, okungabangela ukusheshiswa kwemisebenzi ezingxenyeni ezisengozini.

Ukufakwa kwalezi zici kusho ukuthi ukuhwebelana ngezimiso akuvamile ukuthinta ukukhula ngendlela elandelanayo. Inqubo ethuthukisa ukusungulwa kwezimali ngesikhashana nje ingalulaza inhloko- dolobha uma inciphisa imali esetshenziswayo kwezemfundo. Ngokuphambene, ukutshala imali kwezempilo nemfundo kungaphakamisa umkhiqizo osohlangothini lwenhloko- dolobha, kubangele imiphumela ephelelisanayo. Ukushaya inqubo ephumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda lokhu kuhlangana futhi wenze ukukhetha okunwebela ukuchuma okuthatha isikhathi eside.

Izibonelo Zesimiso Sezwe Esingokoqobo Nezindawo Zaso Zohwebo

Ukuhlola izenzakalo ezingokoqobo kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ukuhweba okusebenza ngayo nokuthi kungaba nemiphumela engakanani engokomnotho.

Intela: Izinga lokusebenza

Intela eholayo iye yaba yindawo evelele yempi yempi. Amazwe amaningi aye anciphisa amazinga okuthola intela emishayo ukuze akhange inhloko- dolobha ehambayo nabathengisi bezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States yanciphisa izinga lenkampani yayo ehlangene lisuka ku 35% kuya ku 21% ngo-2018. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi amazinga aphansi emali yokukhokha imali, ukuphakamisa iholo, nokuveza ukukhula okunamandla okunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwemali. Ubufakazi obuyintengosi ekhokhayo obusuka e-OECD busikisela ukuthi ukucheba intela yenkampani kungakhuthaza ngempela ukuthengwa kwemali, ikakhulukazi uma kuxhaswa ngemali eshisiwe ekuthengeni imali ekhiqizayo yomphakathi. Nokho, ukuhweba kubonakala lapho amandla ehlawulwa intela entengo yomphakathi noma ukuthutha umphakathi okusekela ukukhula. [FF] [F]

Isimiso Sokuqondisa: Izindinganiso Zendawo Ezungezile Nezimboni Ezinenkampane

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zinikeza imingcele evelele yokukhula-kusuka ekudaleni. Imingcele eqinile ekukhishweni kwegesi noma ezweni esetshenziswayo ikhuphula izindleko zezifemu, ukunciphisa imikhiqizo nokusebenza ngesikhashana. Nokho izinzuzo ezithatha isikhathi eside zezokuhlanza . Umoya owehlayo, incishiselwa phansi kwezindleko zempilo, kanye nokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile. Ukuhlolwa kwezenhlala-khona kwe-U.S. Ukuvikelwa kwe-mo yemvelo (EPA) eMthethweni we-EPA kulinganisela ukuthi izinzuzo zokunciphisa ukufa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ukugula kudlule kakhulu izindleko zokuvuma. Ukuhweba kuba okungalawuleki kakhulu uma kuklanyelwe ukuba kwenziwe ukuba kwenziwe ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu, ukuguquguquka kweminyango. I-OCD igcizelela ukuthi izingozi ezinhlongo zokuhlola iziqondiso zezentengo. I-OCD i-F.[0]

Ukuhlelwa Kwemfundo: Umbono Wesiphambano

Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, ohulumeni babhekene nokukhetha okunzima phakathi kokwakha imigwaqo namabhuloho (okunenani eliphakeme lezezombangazwe kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi yesikhashana) kanye nokutshala imfundo yesiqalo (eyenzeka isikhathi eside kodwa inzuzo ephakeme yezenhlalo). Ukuhlolwa kweBhange leZwe Lase-Latin America kuthola ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yezemfundo yomphakathi ngokuhlobene nezakhiwo ezingokwezemfundo ezisemzileni ezifinyelele izinga eliphakeme kakhulu eliphakeme kakhulu, naphezu kokunqwabelana kwezezimali. Ukuhweba akuyona izakhiwo ezizinziwa ngokuphindwe kabili (ezinesikhathi eside kodwa kungenza ukuba kube lula ukufinyelela ezikoleni ) kodwa ukuhlelwa kwemali ehlelekile. Indlela elinganiselwe ehambisanayo esekelwe ekuhleleni imali kuzo zombili izinhlobo zenhloko yezakhiwo inhloko ibaluleke kakhulu.

Imiphumela Yezinqumo Ezingafanele Zohwebo

Lapho abakhi bemithetho behluleka ukuhlaziya ukuhweba ngokunakekela, “‘ noma benza izinqumo ezisekelwe ekutholeni inzuzo yesikhashana kwezombangazwe,⁠ imiphumela yezomnotho ingaba mikhulu futhi ihlale isikhathi eside.

  • Ukungasebenzi kwanda [ - I-Pricies ebeka phambili izingxenye eziyinhloko eziphethe izisebenzi ezingasebenzi ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokuziqeqesha ngokwanele kungaholela ekwakheni imisebenzi. Ngokufanayo, ukuvama kakhulu kungavimbela ukusungulwa kwebhizinisi nendalo yomsebenzi.
  • Iholo elingangeni manzi - Uma intela izuzisa ngokungenakulinganiswa abaholi abaholayo noma izinhlangano, kuyilapho izinkonzo zomphakathi ezisekela umkhiqizo wezisebenzi (ikhasi lokusebenza, ukunakekela izingane, impilo) ziyasikwa, iholo langempela lingase linciphe isidingo esithengwayo kanye nokutshala imali.
  • Intengo encishisiwe emaqenjini agxekayo - Ukucindezela kwesikhashana kokulinganisela imali kungaholela ekuncipheni kwe R&D, imfundo, noma ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kunyuka kwenani elikhulu lenhloko- dolobha kuqeda amandla omnotho asebenzayo.
  • Ukungalingani kweholo - Uma intengiselwano zithanda inhlokomfa ngenxa yezisebenzi, noma amaqembu angenisa imali ephakeme emaqenjini ahlawulwayo aphansi, ukungalingani kuyakhula. Ukungalingani okukhulu kungavimbela ukukhula ngokunciphisa inzuzo yezenhlalakahle nokulinganisela ukutshala izimali kwabantu ngemikhaya empofu.
  • Ukuwohloka kwemiqondo yenkolo - - ukumisa phambili ukwanda kwezimboni ngenxa yesivikelo sendawo ezungezile kungaholela ekuncipheni kwemithombo yemvelo nezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, okubangela izindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside ukudlula intuthuko esheshayo.

Lemiphumela ingadala imijikelezo enzima: ukuhweba okungathandeki kunciphisa ukukhula, okunciphisa indawo yokutshala imali esikhathini esizayo, okucindezela kakhulu ukukhula. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe ahlala ephansi kakhulu emfundweni abheka ukunqwabelana kwezakhiwo eziyinhloko zabantu, okunciphisa ukukhula kwe-TFP, okwenza kube nzima ukubalekela izicupho eziza kancane.

Izinqubo Zokuphatha Okuphumelelayo Kwe - Tradeoff

Ukuze baphumelele ekuqondiseni izikhungo zokuhweba, ohulumeni badinga izimiso zezinhlangano kanye nezimiso ezithuthukisa izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi, ezibonisa ngokucacile.

Ababambi Besinqumo

Ukususa izikhundla ezithintekile − amabhizinisi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, umphakathi, nohulumeni bendawo − kuveza izikhungo ezingabonakali emniningwaneni. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, ukuzwana, nemikhandlu yokuhloba izinqumo kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene ahlolwa. Ukuthembisana ngenkani kuthuthukisa ukuthembana kwenqubo yenqubo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa imali uma kudingeka.

Ukuphatha Imisebenzi Enemivuzo Ephelele

Ukuhlola imiphumela elawulayo (i-ARIAs), ukucusumbula okubizayo, nokuhlola ukugcinwa kwemithetho kunikeza ubufakazi ngemiphumela engenzeka yokukhetha uhlelo. Imishini elungile ihlela kokubili ukudayiswa kanye nemiphumela engaphucuzeki, icabangela imiphumela esakazayo, futhi ihlanganise nokuhlola ukuzwela. IBhange lezwe i-Religitation and Investicement Centurity[ inikeza isiqondiso sokuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwalezi zinqubo.

Ukubeka Ubufakazi Phambili

Izinqumo kufanele zisekelwe ekucwaningeni okunemibandela. Ukuhlola okungalawuleki, ukuhlola okungalawuleki, i-quasi-experrie, kanye nokuhlola okuhambisana ne-conometric astrication kungaveza imiphumela engcono ehilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi obuvela ezincwadini ezidluliswayo ngemibandela yemali bubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjengezeMexico's Progresa[ ezithuthukisiwe empilweni nasemfundweni yemfundo ngemiphumela engcono ngokuhwebelana okungalawulekiyo, ikakhulukazi uma ziqhathaniswa nemali engadingwangwanga.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Inqubo

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhwebelana kushintsha ngezimo ezishintshayo, izinqubo kufanele ziklanyelwe ukuba zivumelane nezimo futhi zibukezwe njalo. Ukuhlelwa kwemisho, izisekelo ezizisebenzelayo (umzk., izintela zeholo ezithuthukayo ezivumelana nomjikelezo webhizinisi), kanye nokuhlola kwezikhathi ezithile kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba balungise indlela lapho ukuhlola kokuqala kokudayisa kuveza ukungaqiniseki futhi kwakhe ukufunda ukungena enqubweni yenqubo.

Umklamo Womthetho Owenziwe Ngokugodliwe

Kunokuba basebenzise indawo ngayinye ngokuzehlukanisa, ohulumeni bangathatha izindlela zokuhlanganisa iqoqo elidiliziwe eziqondene ngqo nokuhlanganisa nezingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, "indlela yokukhula okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ihlanganisa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile nezimiso zezezezimboni, beqaphela ukuthi ukutshala ugesi okuhlanzekile kungadala imisebenzi kuyilapho kuncishiswa ukungcola. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlela inkambiso yentela nemali echithwayo yemfundo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amakhono abasebenzi afanelane nezimfuno zezimboni ezisizayo ezinceleni zentela.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lezentengiselwano zomphakathi ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho likhulu. Nganoma yikuphi ukukhetha okuphathelene nentela, imithetho, noma ukusetshenziswa komphakathi, kunezindleko ezingasusa inzuzo yezomnotho iminyaka eminingi. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bamelane nesilingo sokugwema ukuhweba noma ukuwahlela njengezinto ezilula. Kunalokho, badinga amathuluzi awesayensi, ahlukene, kanye nombono omude. Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela inzuzo nokulahlekelwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene, nangokusungula izimiso ezingazivumelanisa njengobufakazi obunqwabelanayo, ohulumeni bangadala izimo zokukhula okungalungiseki okuzuzisa ukuhlanganisa umphakathi. Ekugcineni, umgomo awukona ukuqeda ukuhweba okungalingani nokuncishiswa kwezwe kwezwe.