Izehlakalo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke azivamile ukuhlonipha imingcele yezwe. Isisulu singahlushwa kwelinye izwe ngamanxusa esinye, noma inhlangano ephethe isifundazwe sesithathu ingaba nesibopho sokusebenzisa kabi izingxabano ezinqamule imingcele. Ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezinjalo ezingokomthetho kudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezidlula imibuso. Ukulwa komphakathi okuthi ngazo kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ezingezona ezobugebengu phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, inqubo ekhona njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokusingatha amalungelo abantu lapho ukuphulwa kwemithetho engekho, noma ingenamkhawulo. Ngokunikeza izisulu inqubo yokufuna ikhambiso lezelo njengeze, imiyalekiso, noma ukukhipha izahlulelo, izinkantolo zomphakathi, ukuphoqesha imithetho yezizwe, ukunikeza izigila-mthetho zezizwe zonke, ukulandisa, nokukhipha izikhulu zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zesizwe, nokukhipha izikhulu zezindawo zezindawo zesizwe ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho womphakathiniziwe emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka, nokubaluleka kokubaluleka komthetho womphakathi, ukuveza ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ezinqumbweni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho, zombili.

Ukuchaza Ukwahlulelwa Komphakathi Emkhakheni Wamalungelo Abantu

Ukuqashelwa kwesivumelwano kuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho lapho izinkantolo noma izinkantolo zixazulula khona izimpikiswano phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezihlangene ngamalungelo, imisebenzi, kanye nezikweleti ezingekho ezobugebengu emvelweni. Ezindabeni zamalungelo abantu, umuntu noma iqembu (________________uquanisa ummangalelwa, okungase kube uhulumeni, inhlangano, noma omunye umuntu, ukuphula amalungelo avikelwe ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lonke noma wasekhaya. Amakhambi afunwayo ayingozi yokubulala, ukukhulula, noma isahlulelo sokulahla icala lokuthi ilungelo liye lachithwa.

Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwezigebengu, ezihlose ukujezisa izaphulamthetho futhi ezifuna ubufakazi obungenakungabaza okunengqondo, amacala omphakathi asebenza ngendinganiso ephansi esobala (ubufakazi obuqanjiwe) futhi agxile ekunikezeni izinxephezelo ezingokomfanekiso. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba izenzo eziningi zonya zamalungelo abantu zenzeka emongweni lapho uhulumeni ungafuni noma ungakwazi ukuqulwa. Amasu omphakathi avumela abakhona ukuba badlulise izimiso zomthetho zobugebengu ezingasebenzi kahle futhi bafune imbuyiselo ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izahlulelo zombango zangaphakathi zingathwala isisindo esingokomfanekiso, ziqinisekisa obala ukuthi ukuphulwa kwabantu kwakwenzeka futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi impala.

Amacala amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ezinkantolo zomphakathi aveza iziqeshana zemithombo engokomthetho. Imithetho yasekhaya ingahlanganisa izivumelwano zezizwe zonke (jengesibonelo, i-Despix Adbix Protection Act e-United States), noma izinkantolo zingasebenzisa umthetho wezizwe wezwe jikelele ngokuqondile. Kwezinye izifunda, izimiso ezifana ne-Alien Tort Spagte (28 U.S.C. . . 1350) zinikeza izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukubusa kwezenzo zomphakathi zabafonti abavela kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokwephula umthetho wezizwe noma isivumelwano se-United States.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yokulahlwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngombango

Ukusetshenziswa kwanamuhla kwezinkantolo zomphakathi ekulungiseni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu kunezimpande ezijulile ekwandeni kwezeMpi Yezwe II. Ukuqulwa kwecala laseNuremberg kwamisa isimiso sokuthi abantu bangabekwa icala ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe zonke ngenxa yobugebengu obuye babekwa emphakathini, kodwa lelocala ekuqaleni ligxile emthethweni wobugebengu. Kwavela amakhambi omphakathi kamuva, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kobulungisa bobugebengu.

E-United States, icala lika-1980 Filártita v. Peña-Irala laphawula inkathi yoshintsho. INkantolo Yesibili Yesifunda Sesifunda Sezizwe Zokudlulisa Amacala lathi umkhaya waseParaguay ungamangalela othile owayeyisikhulu samaphoyisa saseParaguay ngokubulawa ngokungeyikho ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa, esebenzisa iAlien Tort Scyte. Inkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ukuhlushwa ngamabomu ngaphansi kombala wegunya elingokomthetho kuwephula imingcele esemthethweni yomhlaba wonke. Lesi sinqumo savula umnyango wegagasi egatsheni lamalungelo abantu e-U.S., kanye nezinkantolo ezikhothayo ezikhothayo eziphethe izikhulu zakwamanye amazwe, izinhlangano zezinhlangano, nezinkampani, futhi ngisho nezindawo zokuxhaphaza abantu ezisezweni ezingaphandle.

Ngokufanayo, eYurophu, iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECTR) yasungula isimiso esiqinile sombuso ngaphansi kwe-European Convention on Human Rights. Abantu ngabanye bangafaka izicelo ezimelene nemibuso yamalungu ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abo, futhi iNkantolo inganikeza imvuzo yokwaneliseka nje (imbuyiselo). IECTHR isebenza njengenkantolo yomphakathi yesizwe, futhi izahlulelo zayo ziye zaguqula imithetho yasekhaya enqamule amazwe angu-46 angamalungu.

Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezinjenge-International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCR) ne-Convention Against Torture (CAT) nazo zasungula izinqubo zokukhononda komuntu ngamunye ngezinhlangano zesivumelwano (isib. iKomiti yamalungelo abantu). Nakuba lezi zindikimba zikhipha imibono engavumelani, zineqhaza ekubekeni izivumelwano zomphakathi ngokunikeza izincazelo ezigunyaziwe zezimiso zesivumelwano.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokwahlulelwa Komphakathi Emacaleni Amalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Izici eziningana ezihlukile ziphawula ukuphikisana komphakathi kulenkundla, ngayinye inikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele.

Ukuzisola Nokuthenga Ngezimpahla Ezinkulu

Ukumisa igunya lokulawula amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ngokuvamile kuyisithiyo sokuqala. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibe negunya lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa (ngokuyisisekelo lisekelwe ekubeni khona, ukuvumelana, noma ukuxhumana okuncane) kanye nokulawula kwe-consitudensis ekufuneni igalelo. Emacaleni ahlukene, abamangalelwa bangase bahlale kwamanye amazwe, futhi abakhokhi balwe kanzima ukuthola i-aspressum engalalela icala. Lokhu kuye kwaholela [kuMkhakhakhamo wecala] ukuthenga [] .] [16] [amaphepha efuna imibuso yemithetho enobungane (njengeUnited States, i-United States, noma i-Netherlands) evuma ukuthi i-othologovern esekelwe ezweni lonke. Amanye amazwe, njengase-Canada, eJalimane, amisa imithetho ekhethekile yokuphatha amalungelo abantu, i-Chan Actsmown Act, noma i-Smown Act.

Umthetho Olula Nokukhetha Umthetho

Izinkantolo zaseFrance kumelwe zinqume ukuthi yimuphi umthetho olawula lomthetho. Ezindabeni eziningi, izinkantolo zisebenzisa umthetho wasekhaya (umz. itort lomthetho) kodwa zibheka imithetho yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke njengengxenye yesimiso esingokomthetho esisebenzayo noma njengeziqondisi ezichazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkantolo yaseFrance izwa ukumangalelwa kwenkampani yezimayini ngomonakalo wendawo ezungezile ePeru ethinta amalungelo abomdabu, ingabhekisela e-ILO Convention 169 noma iSimemezelo se-UN samalungelo abantu ukuba sazise isinqumo sayo. Imidlalo ephakathi komthetho wasekhaya nowezizwe ingadala isayensi, kodwa futhi ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziguqule amalungelo azo ezwe lonke igebende ngezindinganiso zembulunga yonke.

Ubufakazi Obuhlanganisa Imingcele

Ukuqoqa ubufakazi obuvela ezinhlamvwini eziningi kuphakamisa izinselele eziwusizo. OFakazi bangase bangabaza ukunikeza ubufakazi, amabhukwana angangolunye ulimi, futhi imingcele engokomthetho yokuthola okuxhunyiwe komkhawulo wesikhawu ingaphazamisa ukuthola iqiniso. Ezinye izinkantolo zisebenzisa ama-reclarator (acela ezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe ukuze zisize) noma zithembele ezinhlanganweni (Zos) ezingezona ezaseburhulumenteni (zi) zokuhlanganisa ubufakazi obubalulekile. Ukuvela kobufakazi bezobuchwepheshe (‘amathetellitenti, izinsi zomfono, izigqekezo zomphakathi, imininingwane yocingo, imininingwane ye-makhalekhukhwi, kodwa futhi iphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngeqiniso nemfihlo. Izinkantolo zivame ukwamukela izinto ezinikezwa nge-vidiyo zobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Ukwahlulela okuhle kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokugcinwa kwakho. Ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke, abamangalelwa bangase babe nempahla emazweni amaningi, futhi abamangalelwa kumelwe bafake lezompahla ukuze baqoqe izingozi. Ukuphoqelelwa kungavalwa ngemithetho yokuvikela izikhali, isenzo semfundiso kahulumeni, noma ukuntuleka kwezivumelwano zokugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Nokho, amanye ama-odanti aye agcinwa ngokusemthethweni ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho (MLLAT) noma ngokuvala i-Hague Courage of Countacts Convention. Imvume yokuzimela ukunqanda ukumiswa kwemisebenzi noma ukulimala. Ngokuyala inhlangano ukuba inqandwe noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho engekho ngokomthetho. Naphezu kwalezi zinkinga, izimpikiswana eziningi ziyaqhubeka ngenxa yesahlulelo, noma uma ingekho i-tradictive, intement, idala idume nente.

Ukubaluleka Kokulahlwa Kwesizwe Ekusekeleni Amalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Ukuthungatha kwesizwe kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emvelweni yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, kunikeza ikhambi ezisulwini ezingase zingakwazi ukuthatha imvume yokulunga. Uma imibuso ihluleka ukuqungatha isigwebo (ngokwalokho okuhambisanayo), inkohlakalo, noma ukuntuleka kwekhono) kunikeza enye indlela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuwa kwemboni yezingubo ze-Rana Plaza eBangladesh ngo-2013, izisulu nemikhaya yazo zazingakwazi kakhulu ukukhokha imbulelwa ngezinkantolo zaseBangladeshi. Nokho, amasudi ezakhamuzi ayebekwe e-UK naseCanada ngokumelene nabathelisi nabathengi namanani ahilelekile, okuholela ezindaweni zokuhlala nasezinguqukweni zezemisebenzi yezemboni.

Okwesibili, ukufushaniswa kwesizwe kukhuthaza ukulandisa ngalé kombuso. Abadlali abangameleli ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinkampani zezizwe ngezizwe, izinkampani zempi ezizimele, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, bangabekwa icala lokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu. I-UN Guideting Principles on Business and Human Rights iqaphela ngokucacile isidingo sokuthola ikhambi, kuhlanganise nezimiso zomthetho. Abadlali abangameleli baphoqelele izinkampani ukuba zithuthukise izimo zemisebenzi, zivimbele ukubhujiswa kwendawo ezungezile, futhi zikhokhele izisulu zezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe ukusebenza noma indawo etholwe kuyo.

Okwesithathu, izinkantolo zomphakathi zinikela ekuthuthukiseni umthetho wezizwe zonke. Ngemibono eningiliziwe, izinkantolo zichaza izivumelwano nomthetho ovamile, zicacise izindinganiso, futhi zigcwalise izikhawu ezishiywe yizindikimba zesivumelwano. Izinqumo ze-Landmark njenge- Kiobel v. Inkosi yase-Dutch Petroleum[ [U.S.S.C. Court, 2013] ne [FLD:] UNEVS Resources Ltd. v. Arya (Inkantolo yaseCanada, 2020]) ilo lilolonga izinga lomthwalo wezelungelo wenhlangano yelungelo labantu. Lezahlulelo, izinhlangano zomhlaba, nezokuvuka.

Ekugcineni, ukufushaniswa kwemithetho kusiza ekuvimbeleni umsebenzi. Ithemba lokulimaza okukhulu noma ukusakazwa kabi kwezindaba likhuthaza izifundazwe nezinkampani ukuba zithathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela, njengenkuthalo efanelekile yamalungelo abantu, izinhlelo zokulalela, nezindlela zokukhala. Uma inkantolo iyala inkampani ukuba ikhokhe izigidi zemali ngenxa yokuhlanganyela ekuhlukunyezweni, lo myalezo uzwakala emhlabeni wonke.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nokulahlwa Kwecala Kwangaphakathi Emasontweni Ezizwe Zonke

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukuphikisana komphakathi kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezivimbela ukuphumelela nokufinyelela kwawo.

Izimpi Zamaphutha Nempi EnguMbusi

Enye yemigoqo ebaluleke kakhulu imfundiso yokuvikela ukuvikela kobukhosi, evikela amazwe nezinhlangano zawo ekumangalelwe ezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe. Nakuba kungekho imisebenzi yezentengiselwano (“imfundiso yokuvikela” noma yokuphulwa kwe jus cogensuns izimiso (imithetho elandelwayo enjengokuvinjelwa kokuhlushwa), izinkantolo bezinqikaza ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa. Inkantolo yezizwe zonke yezobulungisa, Jeririgianctal Immunity Issunitys of the State (Iglate.) i-Italy incike kakhulu futhi igweba ngisho nomthetho owe-WWIDIera, isho ukuthi ijabulela ukuvikelwa kwezenzo zobukhazinsu. Le komiti yezomthetho yangaphandle iyazi kahle ezinkantolo, kodwa izisuluwe kakhulu izisulu ezigwegwegwegwegwegwegwe yizi.

Ukwehluka Okungokomthetho Nezigebengu Ezingezona Eziyinzuzo

Ukungafani kwezimiso zomthetho kungabangela ukuqashelwa kwezindaba. Ezinye izikhulu azikuqapheli ukusho okuhlangene (izenzo zekilasi), zinemithetho emifushane yokulinganisela, noma idinga intela ephakeme yokukhokha izimali. Imfundiso ye engekho ikhonsathi esemthethweni ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe icala uma enye i-orsum ilungile, ngokuvamile ishiya abaphakamisi ngaphandle kokukhokha. Ngokwesibonelo, iU.S. inkantolo iye yawalahla kaningi amacala ngokumelene nezinhlangano zokuxhashazwa emazweni asathuthuka, iphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezwe zilungile kakhulu uma lezonkantolo zingenawo amasuntswo amagebeku.

Amathonya Nezingxabano Zezombangazwe

Izindaba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zihlangene ngokungenakugwenywa nezombangazwe. Ohulumeni bangafaka imvume yokumelana nemithetho ephikisayo, basongela ukujeziswa kwabameli abangomthetho, noma bamise umthetho wokulinganisela izinzuzo zamalungelo abantu. E-United States, iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ka-2013 i-Kiobel[ isinqumo esivimbela kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-alteriotial Tort Scyte, siveza ukukhathazeka ngokuphazamisana nenqubo yangaphandle. Ngokufanayo, i-Corporate Corvetic Religiated Relationsssss [[[Foperation Resclation Relation]] ibhekene uvalo olunamandla emabhizinisini. Izempini i-politian ingapholication futhi inqande ukusetshenziswa kwendima yabo eyandayo.

Izithiyo Eziphoqelelwayo Nokuthuthwa

Ngisho noma abakhokhi bempumelelo bewina isahlulelo, ukuqoqa umonakalo ngokuvamile kuyanzima. Abalweli bangase bafihle impahla, bashukumisele ukuba bathathe ama-ode jours ngokuqinisekisa okubuthakathaka, noma bamane bangafuni ukukhokha. Izisulu zingase zintule imithombo yokuphishekela inzuzo nokuphoqelela emazweni amaningi. Izimiso zokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, njenge Hague Service Convention on the Stagintance and in Morcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), ziklanywe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezingxabano zezentellings futhi zingase zingafiki izahlulele izahlulelo zamalungelo abantu. Ukuthuthukisa kombuso wezizwe onikezelwe ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuhlala kuyinto ephambili.

Ukuhlola Amacala Okulahla Amalungelo Abantu Ngombango

Ukuze ubone ukuthi kunamandla kangakanani ukudlala, cabangela izibonelo ezimbili eziphawulekayo eziqokomisa kokubili izingibe nezihibe.

IFilártita v. iPeña-Irala (1980, U.S.)

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, lelicala lalihlanganisa ukuhlushwa nokufa kukaJoelito Filártga eParaguay. Udadewabo noyise bamangalela lowo okuthiwa umhlukumezi, u-Americo Peña-Ilera, owayehlala e-United States. Isifunda Sesibini sathi ukuhlushwa ngamabomu kwephula umthetho wezizwe zonke nokuthi i-Alien Tort Spagment inikeza igunya. Inkantolo yesifunda yakhipha isahlulelo esingahluleki esingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10, nakuba ukuqoqa leso silinganiso kwabonakala kuyinselele. Noma kunjalo, icala lamisa isandulela esiveza ukubekwa kwamalungelo abantu kuze kube lolu suku. Kwabonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zomphakathi zinganikeza izisulu zezwe ezikhungenwa ubudlova lapho kungaphumeleli.

IKiobel v. iRoyal Dutch Petroleum (2013, U.S.)

Lelicala elikhathazekile lasola uhulumeni waseNigeria ngokuthi iRoyal Dutch Shell yawuncenga uhulumeni ukuba usebenzise kabi amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nokuhlukumeza nokubulala okungaphezulu, esifundeni sase-Ogoni phakathi nonyaka ka-1990. Ababhishobhi babesindile noma izihlobo zabashisekeli ababulewe. INkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yanquma ukuthi i-Allien Tort Spagment ayisebenzisi ukuphatha kabi okungaphezulu kakhulu, ukusho ukuthi akukho kuhlangana ne-United States. Isinqumo sasiyisithibekele phansi kwezwe lika-U. Umthetho, ekugcineni iqede amalungelo abantu amaningi ngokumelene nezinhlangano zakwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, yawakhuthaza ukuba asebenzise ukuhlaziwa kwezinye amazwe, njengaseCanada, e-UK, naseNetherlands, lapho kuye kwachuma khona.

Nevsun Resources Ltd v. Araya (2020, eCanada)

Ngokungafani [[FLT: 0] , i-Kiobel, iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada ivumela iqembu lezisebenzi zase-Ertrea ukuba lifake inkampani yezimayini zaseCanada ngenxa yokuphoqelelwa emsebenzini, ubugqila, nobugebengu obumelene nabantu baseCanada ngaphansi komthetho we-start nomthetho wesizwe. INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi imithetho yezizwe zonke esemthethweni ingagunyaziswa ngokuqondile ezinkantolo zombango zamazwe eCanada. Lesinqumo savula umnyango wecala lenkampani yezenkampane eCanada futhi sakhuthaza amasuntswana afanayo ngokumelene nezinye izinkampani zezimayini zaseCanada. Ibonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zesizwe zingasebenza ngokusebenza kwezimiso zomphakathi, ngisho nangaphandle ngaphandle kokugunyaza komthetho we-plomthethweni.

Indima Yezinkantolo Zezizwe Zonke Nezidumbu Zesivumelwano

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo zasekhaya, izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke zinendima ephelelisanayo ekufunyaniseni amalungelo abantu. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yobulungisa (ICJ) izwa amacala aphikisanayo phakathi kwezizwe − njenge Bosnia v. Serbia[ icala lokuqothulwa kwesizwe (kodwa] kodwa alizwa iziphakamiso zabantu ngabanye. Nokho, imibono yayo yemibono nezahlulelo zicacisa izibopho ezingaphansi kwesivumelwano njenge-Genecocide Conven.

I-European Court of Human Rights iyinkantolo ethuthukisiwe kakhulu yamalungelo abantu yesifunda, esingatha izicelo ezingaphezu kuka-50 000 ngonyaka. Abantu bangaletha ukuzibopha ngokuqondile, futhi iNkantolo ingakhipha isijeziso (ukwaneliseka nje kuphela). Inkantolo yayo ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamalungelo futhi iye yaphoqelela amalungu ukuba ashintshe imithetho nemikhuba. INkantolo yaseMelika yamaLungelo abantu neNkantolo yaseAfrika eHlamfulweni Yabantu neyamaLungelo isebenza ngendlela efanayo ezifundeni zabo, nakuba inemithombo ehlukahlukene futhi inamandla amancane okuvimbela.

Amaqumrhu eSivumelwano njenge-UN Human Rights Committee Against Torture, ne-Committee on the Renation of Trust Identition of Treasement “imibono” ngokuxhumana kwabantu ngabanye. La macala awabopheleleli ngokomthetho kodwa anegunya elingokomthetho. Amaqembu esizwe alindeleke ukuba asebenzise, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zasekhaya ziyawacaphuna ezahlulelweni zawo. Zombili, lezi zinqubo zomhlaba zidala isimiso sokulandisa komphakathi esifakelwe izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Iziqondiso Nemathuba Esikhathi Esizayo

Izindlela eziningana zihlela ikusasa lezivumelwano zomphakathi ezicaleni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, umqondo we wezwe lonke ukubusa komphakathi uyanda. Amanye amazwe, njengeSpain neBelgium, asemise kakade imithetho evumela amasudi emithetho ehlanekezelwe engathi sína emhlabeni wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzeka kuphi. Nakuba ukumelana kwezombangazwe kusalokhu, umqondo wokuthi amalungelo abantu aphulwa noma kuphi, angakhishwa noma kuphi lapho abaphangi beye bazuza khona izazi nenkxaso yezentengiselwano.

Okwesibili, ukunyuka kobufakazi obungaqondakali kanye nobuvulekile obuwukuhlakanipha (OSINT) kuguqula indlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo izikhawu ezinqamule imikhawulo. Umfanekiso wesatellite, amavidiyo ezokuxhumana, ne-metameter metameter zocingo zingathola amaqiniso ayengenakufakazelwa ngaphambili. Izinkantolo zivumelanisa imithetho esobala ukuhlangabezana naleliqiniso elisha, nakuba zikhathalela ukuxhaphazwa kanye neketanga lokugcinwa kwelungelo kuyaqhubeka.

Okwesithathu, ukushintsha okungalinganiyo namalungelo abantu asendaweni ezungezile kuvela njengomngcele wesivumelwano somphakathi. Izinkantolo eNetherlands, eJalimane, naseFrance ziye zakhipha izinqumo ezingekho emthethweni eziyala ohulumeni ukuba banciphise ukukhishwa kwegesi. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji icabangela umbono omelene noshintsho lwesimo sezulu. Izisulu zokulimala kwendawo ezungezile zisebenzisa kakhulu amalungelo abantu ekusebenziseni izinkampani zezentengiselwano nohulumeni ezimisweni zomphakathi.

Okwesine, abathengisi namalungelo abantu afanele imithetho yenkuthalo iyasakazeka. I-Corporate Sustativability (Indawo Yokuzimela I-Corporate Moduced) ye-European Union, lapho yake yamukelwa, izodinga izinkampani ukuba zibone, zivimbele, futhi zinciphise amalungelo abantu kanye nokulimala kwendawo ezungezile emaketheni azo. Izisulu ziyothola amathuba amasha angokomthetho okuveza ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi yenkuthalo, zisusa umthwalo wobufakazi futhi zakhe isibonelo sokuqinisekisa okusebenza okuqhubekayo.

Okokugcina, ukulungiswa kwemithetho kanye nemishini emisha kungaqinisa ukufushaniswa kwemithetho yomphakathi. Isivumelwano esibophayo ebhizinisini namalungelo abantu singaphansi kwengxoxo eZizweni Ezihlangene. Uma siqediwe, singavumelanisa imithetho elawulayo, izimiso zokuphoqelela, nezindinganiso eziqeqeshiwe. Ngokufanayo, ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemiphumela ethinta amalungelo abantu nokubika okusemthethweni kungakha ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa ekuchazeni.

Isiphetho

Ukufushaniswa kwesizwe akuyona ikhambi lokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Kuyathatha isikhathi, kuyabiza, futhi kuyizithiyo zezombangazwe nezezomthetho. Nokho kuseyisici esibalulekile sezemisebenzi yembulunga yonke yokuhlela amalungelo abantu. Ngokunikeza izisulu indlela yobulungisa lapho ukuqulwa kobugebengu kungatholakali, ngokubeka abadlali abanamandla icala, nangokucacisa nangokuthuthukisa imingcele engokomthetho yomhlaba wonke, izinkantolo zenza imisebenzi engenakuba khona. Ukuqinisa ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, ukukhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho yasekhaya enikeza izintambo zezizwe zonke, nokusekela umsebenzi wamalungelo abantu kuyizinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe. Njengoba izinselele zamalungelo abantu zifeza imingcele ehlukene, imiphakathi, izigaba, nezemisebenzi yomphakathi, iphinde ithuthukise ukubekwa kwezeluleko nokubekwa kwezeluleko kwezentengozomthetho engokomthetho kuphela.