Ukuqonda Indima Yemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Embusweni Kahulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo emandla kahulumeni yakha isisekelo sanoma yisiphi isikhulu sentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Ngokuklama, lemingcele ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwegunya okuzenzekelayo, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa noma isikhulu esingabusa isifunda sezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kwemingcele enjalo, idemokrasi isengozini ephumela ekubuseni ngonya noma ngokubusa kwesixuku. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi engokomlando, izimiso eziyinhloko, izinselele zanamuhla, nokubaluleka kokungalawuleki komthetho wentando yeningi.

Iyini Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo?

Imingcele yomthetho nomthetho womthetho wesakhiwo imingcele ebhalwe njengomthetho-sisekelo wezwe olinganisela izinga namandla kahulumeni. Zichaza lokho uhulumeni angakwenza futhi angakwazi ukukwenza, zichaze amalungelo ezakhamuzi, futhi zimise izinqubo zendlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, ephoqelelwe, futhi enqunywe ngayo. Lemingcele ayikhona nje ukusikisela okungagunyaziswa ngokuhlola kokwahlulela nezinye izinqubo zokulandisa.

Empeleni, imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo isebenza njengencwadi yemithetho yamandla. Baqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni siyaziwa, siyabona, futhi sihlolwa. Lomqondo ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongalinganiswanga, lapho igunya liphathiswa khona kodwa lilawulwa njalo umthetho ophakeme.

Okwenza Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Idingeke Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Injongo eyinhloko yemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo iwukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ophathwe ngokuphamba. Imibuso incike ekuvumeni kwababuswayo, kodwa izikhundla ezinkulu zingacindezela amaqenjana amancane noma zigqekeze amalungelo ayisisekelo. Izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho zivimbela lokhu nge-:

  • [ Ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko:[ Ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuvivinya umzimba, inqubo efanele, kanye nemfihlo kuvikelwa ekungeneni kwemithetho noma kwezikhulu.
  • Ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla: Izikhulu zibekwa icala ngemingcele yesikhathi, ukugunyaza, nokuhlola okukhethiwe.
  • Ukuhlela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela: Igatsha ngalinye lingasibekela noma lilungise izenzo zamanye, liphoqelele ukubambisana nokuhlehla.
  • Ukufaka umthetho: Bonke abadlali bakahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziphakeme, kumelwe balandele izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe.

Ngaphandle kwalemingcele, idemokrasi ingangena kulokho amaGreki asendulo akubiza ngokuthi ochlocracy `ibusa isixuku'''' noma imane iphenduke i-denaristia. Izibonelo ezingokomlando, kusukela ekuweni kweWeimar Republic kuya ekuphambukisweni kwedemokrati, igcizelela ubungcono bamandla angalawuleki anamuhla.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokuqina Kwentando Yeningi

Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi amazwe anemingcele eqinile yomthetho-sisekelo athola ukuqina okukhulu kwezombangazwe kanye nezinga eliphakeme lenkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhiwo zeDemocracy (VDM) zisebenzisa izimemezelo zemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze zilinganise impilo yentando yeningi. Izizwe ezilondoloza ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwemibuso nokuzimela kokwahlulela azinakubhekana nokugumbuqelwa noma ukuthatha izikhundla zezikhulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo incishiswa, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphambana kwenkantolo, imithetho ephuthumayo, noma ukunqwabelana kwezinhlangano eziphethe idemokrasi. Lokhu kubonakala emazweni anjenge Hungary, Turkey, neVenezuela, lapho ukunqanda umthetho-sisekelo kuye kwasetshenziselwa khona ukugxilisa amandla kunokuba kubekwe imingcele.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yanamuhla engokomthetho - sisekelo isebenzisa izimiso eziningana ezihlobene ukuze icindezele amandla kahulumeni.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukushaya umthetho, ukumisa (ukuphoqelela umthetho), nokuchaza komthetho. Igatsha ngalinye linemigomo yalo futhi alinakungenela kweminye ngaphandle kokubangela ukuhlola komthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sakhiwo sasekelwa nguMontesquieu futhi kamuva sasetshenziswa eMthethweni we-U.S. Umgomo ukuvimbela noma iliphi ihlelo elilodwa ukuba lithole igunya elingaphezu kwamandla.

Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba isishaya - mthetho sibhala imithetho, isikhulu kumelwe siyisebenzise, futhi abahluleli bachaza umthetho - sisekelo waso.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nama-aspect obubanzi ahambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Banika igatsha ngalinye ikhono lokulinganisela izenzo zezinye. E-United States, umongameli angawubeka umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawususa ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingayehlisa imithetho ephula umthetho. Fateralist Papers[, ikakhulukazi u-Federalist No. 51 u-Federalists. U-No. U-Jacom, uphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezinjalo ziyadingeka ngoba “izimiso kumelwe zenziwe zilwe ukulwa nesifiso somthetho.”

Amaseyili nokulinganisela akunakusivikela ngokuphelele, kodwa kudinga isifiso sezombangazwe nempucuko yezinhlangano — kodwa kuseyisivikelo esiphumelela kakhulu ekubuseni ngonya.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Noma Ummeli Wamalungelo Ayisisekelo

Isivumelwano samalungelo siwukuhlelwa okungokomthetho kwenkululeko engenakuphulwa uhulumeni. E-United States, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo ziqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa; ukuvikela ekufuneni okungenangqondo nokuquleka; amalungelo abamangalelwa; nemingcele yesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Ezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, njengeCanada [FLT] iSiphephelo samalungelo nenkululeko [19982], noma i-South Africa neposi yayo ye-paralid Constitution, ihlanganisa isivikelo esifanayo.

Lamalungelo awaphelele — angalinganiselwa ezimweni ezincane, njengokuphepha komphakathi — kodwa noma imuphi umngcele kumelwe uthethelelwe isithakazelo esishukumisayo sikahulumeni futhi usetshenziswe ngendlela elinganayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okushaya imithetho noma izenzo eziphethe eziphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo. Yamiswa e-United States ngecala eliphawula ingqophamlando Madison . (103). Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba indinganiso yomhlaba wonke, nakuba izinga lako lihlukile ngokwezwe. Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho zihlukene nemibuzo evamile ye-judiciary futhi zisingatha imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho kuphela.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje ecatshangelwayo, kodwa futhi ifaka idolo-khampasi. Nokho, iphakamisa nokukhathazeka ngobunzima obungavumelani nomthetho-mthetho: obungakhethwanga abahluleli abamele intando yezishaya-mthetho ezikhethiwe. Lokhu kucindezeleka kulawulwa ngezimiso zokwahlulela nangenhlonipho ngesandulela.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Umqondo wokuthi umbuso kahulumeni kufanele ulinganiselwe ngaphambi kwedemokrasi yanamuhla. I-Greece yasendulo neRoma kwazama imithetho-sisekelo exubile ne-tribunes, kodwa owandulela phambili uMagna Carta ka-1215.

UMagna Carta Nomthetho

Isayinwe iNkosi uJohn yaseNgilandi icindezelwa yizigebengu ezivukelayo, uMagna Carta waqinisekisa ukuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho. Yaqinisekisa amalungelo afanele enqubo, njengamalungelo okuqulwa ngokulunga nesivikelo ekuboshweni ngokungenasizathu (ikhopus). Nakuba uMagna Carta ekuqaleni wasebenzisa kubantu abakhululekile kuphela, izimiso zayo ezakhiwe kamuva zomthetho ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kanye neSimemezelo Sesizwe Sesizwe Sesizwe Sabantu.

Izigaba eziyinhloko ezivela kuMagna Carta, ezinjengokuthi “Akekho umuntu okhululekile oyobanjwa noma aboshwe... ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe,” osele izisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Imfundiso Yokukhanyiselwa Nemfundiso Yezenhlalo

Phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18, izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noRousseau zasungula izinkolelo-mbono zikahulumeni olinganiselwe. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni bakhiwa isivumelwano sezenhlalo sokuvikela amalungelo emvelo($_low), ukukhululeka, nempahla (futhi uma uhulumeni ephula lawomalungelo, izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuvukela. UMontesquieu usekela ukwahlukana kwemibuso esekelwe ezifundweni zakhe zesimiso saseBrithani.

ISimemezelo Sokuzimela Siphinda ulimi lukaLocke, futhi iSishaya - mthetho simisa isakhiwo sikaMontesquieu sokuthatha imingcele.

UMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States: Umqulu Ofiphele Wohulumeni Olinganiselwe

Ithathwe ngo-1787 futhi yagunyazwa ngo-1788, i-Constitution yase-U.S. yayiwumzamo wokuguqula inguquko kuhulumeni olinganiselwe. Abahleli, abaqasheli bombuso, abaqasheli bobushiqela nokweqisa okuthandwayo, badala isimiso sikahulumeni esinamagunya ahlukene. ISiphakamiso I, iCate 8, sihlela amagunya akhethekile anikezwa i-Congress; iSichibiyelo seshumi lamagunya wonke abekwe imibuso noma abantu. Lesi sakhiwo saklanyelwe ukugcina uhulumeni wesizwe usendaweni eqinile.

Amaphepha a-Federalist anikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezinhloso zabakhisi be-framers. U-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay wabhala imicimbi engu-85 ephikisana ngokuhlobana. KuFederal No. 10, uMadison uchaza indlela irepublic enkulu engalawula ngayo amaqembu; kuNo. 47, uvikela ukwahlukana kwemibuso; futhi kuNo. 51, uveza inkolelo yokuhlola nokulinganisa.

Ukuvivinywa Kwanamuhla Kwemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Imingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo ekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo iyaqhubeka ihlela yonke into kusukela enqubweni yokukhuluma kuya ezinqubweni zobugebengu.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho siyisici esivelele sezinhlangano zentando yeningi. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela ukunqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokusakaza imithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela ekunganandi, kwezombangazwe, futhi ngisho nakwenkulumo ecasulayo. Nokho, imingcele ikhona − ukuhlanjalazwa kobudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokusongelwa kweqiniso akuvikelwe. Inselele namuhla ikhona ekuqondiseni amapulatifomu, inzondo, nokungathathiweli ngaphandle kokuphula imingcele yemithetho ye-galelo.

Ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi, njengeJalimane neFrance, zinemithetho yenzondo eqine ngokwengeziwe, ngokuvamile elinganiselwe ekumelaneni nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Izinkantolo kulawomazwe zilinganisela amalungelo ancintisanayo ngaphansi kokuhlaziya ukulingana.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela abantu ekuhloleni okungacabangeli kukahulumeni nasekuqulekeni. Lokhu kudinga ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze bathole izivumelwano ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. Ukwanda kobufakazi bemishini, ukuqoqwa kwemitapo, nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola kuye kwandisa imiqondo engokwesiko yokuzifihla. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme Carparter v. United States (2088) yakholelwa ukuthi ukufinyelela imininingwane yendawo yocingo kuhlanganisa isho ukuseshwa ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sesine, idinga isiqinisekiso.

EYurophu, i - General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) ne - Charter of Fundamental Rights kunikeza isivikelo esifanayo ekuhlatshweni uhulumeni nasemabhizinisini.

Amalungelo Enqubo Yokumangalelwa Nokufaneleka Kwayo

Imingcele yomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwe bathola ukuphathwa kahle. IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezesithupha ziqinisekisa ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabasizi bejaji, ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili, ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, nelungelo lokululeka. Icala lengqophamlando imanda v. Arizona (196) yadinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolayo ngalamalungelo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.

Lezizivikelo zivame ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi zokhuseleko lwesizwe, njengokuvalelwa kobuphekula. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yanquma ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ngisho nabangebona abangabangeni-imboni abaphethwe eGuantanamo Bay bane-habeas corpus amalungelo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo (] Rasul v. Bush, 2004; ]Boumediene brace b.[FLT] Bush[FLT]]], 2008]

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

I-Umeal Protection Claus of the 144th Amendments inqabela ukuphika noma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Lomusho uye waba isisekelo semithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ephawula imingcele, kuhlanganise Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ukuqeda ukuvikelwa kwesikole, kanye no-Obergecreb v. Hodges (2015) [FLT] ifaka imingcele efanayo engokomthetho. i-Constitutions inxusa ohulumeni ukuba baphathe zonke izakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ingekho ukuthethelelwa okunamandla kwendlela yokwelapha ehlukile.

Izinselele Zokulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Naphezu kokusebenza kwawo okuhlala njalo, umthetho - sisekelo ungaphansi kokucindezela okuvela eziqondisweni eziningi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokuvikelwa Kwentando Yeningi

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, ukubusa ngokwezombangazwe kuye kwaholela emizamweni yokululaza izinkelele zomthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zingafaka izinkantolo, zisuse izinhlangano ezizimele, noma zingazinaki izinqumo zokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, ePoland ngemva kuka-2015, iqembu elibusayo lamisa imithetho eyayilawula ngokuphumelelayo i-Constitutional Tribunal neNkantolo Ephakeme yezombangazwe. I-European Union iye yasabela ngokugodla izimali nangokumisa izinqumo ezingokomthetho, iqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nemithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuthambekela okufanayo kubonakala e - United States, lapho izimpikiswano mayelana nokumiswa kokwahlulela, iziyalezo eziphethe, nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho ziye zaphazamisa khona izinqubo ezingokwesiko.

Ubuchwepheshe, Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu, Nokwenyuka Kukahulumeni

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iletha izinselele ezintsha ezivikelweni zomthetho-mthethweni eziyimfihlo. Izinhlelo zokuhlola, ukuqapha ubuso, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa yibo bobabili ohulumeni nezinkampani kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobukhulu beSichibiyelo sesine kanye namalungiselelo afanayo kwamanye amazwe. USUSA PARIOTTTTS [Phakathi ka-Umthetho ngemva kwe-9/11] amandla kahulumeni okuhlola, kodwa izinguquko ezilandelayo nezinselele zenkantolo ziye zathuthukisa ukulondeka nenkululeko.

EYurophu, isinqumo Schrems II seNkantolo yoMahluleli salulaza i-EU-U.S. Shield eyimfihlo ezingxenyeni zomuntu siqu, ebonisa indlela imingcele yomthetho-mthetho esebenza ngayo ekudluliseni ukwaziswa emhlabeni wonke. Imingcele yomthetho-manani ihlala ingenye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho.

Usongo Oluvuselelekayo: Ubuphekula, Imishini, Nezwe Eliphuthumayo

Lapho bebhekene nezinsongo ezikhona, ohulumeni ngokuvamile bafuna imibuso eyandayo. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabona imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ibeka imithetho eboshelwe phansi, imithetho yezikhathi zasekhaya, nemithetho yokugoma − izimpawu ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisana namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zasekela imingcele yempilo yomphakathi ngesisekelo esinengqondo, kodwa futhi zabulala imingcele engekho umthetho (isib., izinqumo ze-Federal Constitutional Council Council Court yaseJalimane).

Imizamo yokumelana nobuphekula iye yahlola imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Iziboshwa ezingapheli ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo zezempi zezakhamuzi, kanye nokusebenzisa zonke izintambo ngokungenamthetho ezilwa nesivikelo esimisiwe. Isihluthulelo siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso ephuthumayo ingeyesikhashana, igunyazwe ngokomthetho, futhi ihlolwe ngokucusumbulwa kokwahlulela.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Imingcele Ehlukene Yamandla Alinganiselwe

Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ayifani phakathi kwedemokrasi. Amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho .C.algin lomthetho uphikisana nomthetho wesizwe, amaphalamende ama-paralement. izimiso zobumongameli ._shape indlela ezisebenza ngayo.

  • United States: ukuhlukanisa okuqinile kwemibuso nesimiso sobumongameli, ukubukeza kokwahlulela okuqinile, nomthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe okunzima ukuwuqeda. IBhili yamaLungelo licacile kakhulu.
  • Umbuso ohlangene: Umthetho-sisekelo ongabhalwanga oncike ezimisweni, emthethweni ovamile, nasemihlanganweni emikhulu. Umbuso wePhalamende awusho ukuthi inkantolo ayiwuthinti uMthetho wePhalamende, nakuba i-Human Rights Act 1998 nendawo yeNkantolo Ephakeme idebeselela imingcele.
  • Canada:[ Umbuso womthetho-sisekelo onemithetho-sisekelo ebhaliwe ehlanganisa iChater of Rights and Freedoms. Naphezu kwesigaba (Ukwethula 33) ivumela iPhalamende ukuba lithathe imingcele yamalungelo athile eTreater iminyaka emihlanu (i-valv yokuphepha eyingqayizivele.)
  • IsiJamani: UMthetho oMkhulu (Grundesetz) umisa inkantolo eqinile yomthetho-sisekelo enamandla amakhulu. Izigaba ezingunaphakade zivikela isithunzi somuntu nezimiso zentando yeningi ekulungiseni.
  • Indiya: umthetho-sisekelo obhalwe kade kunayo yonke emhlabeni uhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, izimiso eziqondisweyo, neNkantolo ePhakeme enamandla. Imfundiso eyisisekelo ivimbela izinguquko ezibhubhisa umsuka womthetho-sisekelo.

Isimiso saseU.S. singaholela ekuhlelekeni; isimiso se - UK sithembele kakhulu ekuzithibeni; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisho saseCanada singabiza kakhulu ngokwezombangazwe; inkantolo yomthetho - sisekelo yaseJalimane ithenjwa kakhulu; imfundiso eyisisekelo yaseNdiya iye yasetshenziswa ngobuciko ukuze icindezele ukuphamba kwesikhulu.

Ikusasa Lokulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ayimi ndawonye. Ziyashintsha ngokuguqula, ukuchaza, nokushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi. Njengoba idemokrasi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha(inguquko entsha), ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ukubusa kwembulunga yonke () umbuzo wokuthi ukuphoqelela amandla kuyoba yingxenye enkulu.

Ukuvela kwabaholi bezikhulu zesonto abathi bamelela “abantu beqiniso” nabaphezulu abagxilile kuvame ukuholela emizamweni yokususa imingcele engokomthetho. Ukuvikela lemingcele akudingi izinqubo ezingokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nempucuko yomthetho-sisekelo owenziwe ngomthetho-sisekelo.

Imfundo, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinendima ebalulekile ekusekeleni lelosiko. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa umphakathi, ngisho nomthetho-sisekelo obekwe kahle kakhulu ungashaywa indiva noma ushintshwe kabusha.

Isiphetho

Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo emandla kahulumeni ayisithiya ukubusa okuphumelelayo, kodwa yisisekelo sayo. Ngokuphoqelela, ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu, benza idemokrasi ikwazi ukusekela. Ukusukela eMagna Carta ukuya ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva, umsuka kahulumeni olinganiselwe uhamba amakhulu eminyaka ulwa namandla azimele. Kulesi sikhathi sokuguqulwa kwentando yeningi nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqinisekisa indima yemingcele yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izakhamuzi, abakhi bomthetho, nabahluleli, ngokufanayo kumelwe basekele izimiso ezigcina amandla zikhona futhi ziphila.