Ukuqonda Ukulahlwa Kwezakhamuzi

Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kuyinqubo engokomthetho enqunywe izinkantolo noma izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezixazulula ngayo izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele namaqembu ohulumeni. Ngomongo womthetho wendawo ezungezile, ikhuluma ngezingxabano ezibangelwa ukwephulwa kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile, amalungelo empahla, izikhangiso ezikhathazayo, izitho zobuthi, kanye nokunikezwa kwezimpahla. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kobugebengu lapho uhulumeni umangalela umuntu ngokophula umthetho, ukusekela komphakathi kugxile ekunqumeni icala, ekubopheni izibophophozo, nasekukhokheleni izibophophozo ezithiwe, kanye nezindlela zokukhokha izindleko ezinjengalezo ezithi ziwubuthiwe noma izintela.

Izingxabano zendawo ezungezile zihilela ababambi-mathikithi abaningi ngokuvame, izinhlangano, izinhlangano zohulumeni ezingezona ezoburhulumente, neziphathimandla zendawo noma zombuso. Izimo zomphakathi zinikeza i-fonomethi lapho lamaqembu enganikeza khona ubufakazi, i-cross à expamine, futhi athole isinqumo esibophayo ngokomthetho. Le nqubo ixhomeke emithethweni ye-procedvement eklanywe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-header, ukucaca, ukuvaleka, nokuguquguquka. Izinkantolo zivame ukumisa abaphathi abakhethekile noma amaqembu ochwepheshe ukuze zisize ngemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yesayensi noma yezobuchwepheshe, ziqinise ikhono le judiary yokusingatha izindaba zendawo ezungezile.

Ukubaluleka Kokunqanda Izindawo Zomphakathi Ezimpikiswaneni Zendawo Ezungezile

Izingxabano zendawo ezungezile azivamile ukuthatha indawo. Zivame ukuhlangana nezithakazelo zezomnotho, ukukhathazeka ngempilo yomphakathi, nokusekela indawo ezungezile okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ukuzimela kombango kuletha izinzuzo eziningana ezibucayi kulezi zingxabano:

  • Izentengiselwano - Isinqumo seNkantolo sicacisa amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yeqembu ngalinye. Lokhu kucacisa kusiza ekuvimbeleni izingxabano zesikhathi esizayo futhi kuqondise ukuziphatha kwabanye ezimweni ezifanayo.
  • Access kuMahluleli - Iqembu lomphakathi lingaletha ukumangalela ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu noma ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ngezinkantolo zomphakathi. La amazinga amadlalidi, ikakhulukazi uma ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile kuthinta ukuphila kwabo ngokuqondile.
  • Izindlela ezinyakaziwe - Izinkantolo zingayala abangcolisi ukuba bahlanze izindawo ezingcolisiwe, bakhokhe imbuyiselo, banqande imisebenzi elimazayo, noma babuyisele imvelo engcolile. Lemiyalo isekelwa igunya lombuso.
  • Izibalo Ukuhlela[ - Icala elibonisa indawo ezungezile elimisa amacala ezwe amisa izimiso zomthetho ezilawula umthetho nemithetho yesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zokuma emacaleni endawo emvelo ziye zandisa ongamangalela imithombo yemvelo.
  • Ukulandisa kobuPublic - Ukuqulwa kwecala komphakathi kuyavuleka emphakathini nasemithonjeni yezindaba. Lokhu kukhanya kukhanyisa ukuphamba kwezindawo ezizungezile nokuziphatha kwenkampani, ngokuvamile kukhuthaza izinguquko ezilawulayo noma izinguquko zokuzithandela.

Isimiso Sendawo Esizungezile Sokunqandwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Umzila osuka ekufakeni isikhalo esiyisa esahlulelweni sokugcina uhilela izigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye esivumelana nobunkimbinkimbi bezindaba zendawo ezungezile:

Ukunemba Nenkonzo Yenqubo

Ummangalelwa uqala icala ngokukhipha isikhalo esingokomthetho esichaza ukulimala okuthiwa kungenxa yokugula, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokumangalela, futhi ikhambi lifunwa. Ummangalelwa uthola isaziso nethuba lokusabela. Ezimweni zendawo ezungezile, ukukhononda kuvame ukuhlanganisa imibiko eminingi yesayensi kanye nokufingqa ukwaziswa.

2. Ukuqulwa Kwezindlebe Kwangaphambili Nokulawulwa Kwecala

Abahluleli bangase babambe imihlangano yasekuqaleni ukuze baxoxe ngokuphatha amacala, bamise isikhathi esimisiwe, futhi bakhuthaze ukuxazulula noma esinye isinqumo sempikiswano (ADR). Ezinye izinkantolo zidinga ukudluliswa kwemithetho ephoqelelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, njengoba amacala endawo ezungezile angaba isikhathi esiningi kakhulu futhi abize kakhulu. Uma ukukhishwa kwecala kungaphumeleli, icala liyaqhubekela phambili.

3. Ukutholakala Nobufakazi Obuhlangene

Ukuvubukulwa kuyisimo lapho kuthengiselana khona ukwaziswa, amaphepha, nezinhlu zofakazi. Ukuhlelwa kwendawo ezungezile kuvame ukuhlanganisa izicelo zamashumi amaningi eminyaka zemibhalo egciniwe esebenzayo, ukwaziswa okukhishwayo, ukuhlola kwezempilo, nemibiko yochwepheshe. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziqondiso ezivikelayo zezimfihlo zezohwebo kuyilapho zisavumela ukwaziswa okuphathelene nendawo ezungezile ukuba kuvezwe. Ukuqashelwa okukhethekile kunikezwa ngemishini kokuhlola nokugcina izinhlelo ze-operacrate.

4. Ubufakazi Obuqaphile Nezinyathelo Zangaphambili

Uma kucatshangelwa isimo sobuchwepheshe bezingxabano zendawo ezungezile, ofakazi abangochwepheshe banendima enkulu. Izazi zesayensi yezesayensi yemvelo, izazi zezifo ezibulalayo, izazi zesayensi yokuphehla isikhumba, kanye nezezomnotho zifakazela ukuncishiswa kwemivubukulo, ukulimala, nezindleko zokulungisa. Izinkantolo zihlola ukwethembeka kochwepheshe ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezimisiwe (umz., indinganiso yeDaubert eUnited States). Izimo zezesayensi yezembulo . Zisho ukuthi inqubo yokuthatha isinqumo esifushayelwe ngokufushayo, zizama ukuxazulula ezinye noma zonke izinkinga ngaphandle kokuqulwa ngokuphelele, zinciphisa umthwalo owenziwe ngejajini.

5. Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nesinqumo

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, kokubili kunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano. Umahluleli noma ummangalelwa uhlola ukuthi uphula imithetho yendawo ezungezile yini noma wenza i-coot. Isinqumo sihlanganisa okutholwayo kwamaphuzu neziphetho zomthetho. I-injnctions (iziqondiso zomthetho zokumisa noma izenzo zokugunyaza) zivamile ezimweni zendawo ezungezile, njengoba kunjalo nangemiklomelo yezindleko zokuhlanza noma yemiphumela yempilo.

6. Ukukhanga Nokuphoqelelwa

Kunoma yimuphi umkhakha angase adlulisele isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigxila emaphuthani angokomthetho, hhayi ekutholweni okuyiqiniso. Uma isahlulelo sesigcina, umnqobi kumelwe asiqise. Uma ohluliwe enqaba ukuhambisana naso, izinkantolo zingaphoqa amafa, zithathe impahla, noma zihlazise umphikisi. Ukuphoqelelwa kwezahlulelo zendawo ezungezile ezinqamule i-preselgrain kuhlala kuyinselele, njengoba ngokuvamile kudinga izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke noma ukubambisana.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Eziyinhloko Ekunqandeni Okungokwendawo Ezungezile

Izimfuneko Eziqinile Nezingashongo

Akuwona wonke umuntu ongamangalela ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile. Izinkantolo zifuna umkhohlisi ukuba abonise ukulimala okuphelele okungasekelwe ekuziphatheni kommangalelwa futhi ngokunokwenzeka abuyiselwe ngesinqumo esihle. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ziye zanikezwa ukuma ngenxa yamalungu azo ahlushwa isithakazelo esiqinile noma esizijabulisayo. Inkantolo ePhakathi ye-U.S. [i-Frients yoMhlaba, Inc. v. Laid Environmentations, Inc.[FLT:] [2000]) yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukulimala kwesithakazelo sezezezokuzijabulisa. Inkantolo ephakeme yase-U.U.S. ingathola ngisho noma i-FLT.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nokukhangisa

Ezimweni zendawo ezungezile, ummangalelwa uvame ukuthwala umthwalo wokuveza izenzo zommangalelwa ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba abangele umonakalo. Lokhu "kunakanisa ubufakazi" kuphansi kunomthetho wobugebengu "Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo," kodwa ukubonakala kuyinto enzima ezimweni zendawo ezungezile. Amatoxin angathatha iminyaka ukubangela ukugula, amaqembu amaningi anganikela ekungcoliseni, futhi amazinga emvelo abangele ukubhikisha. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimfundiso ezinjengezibopho nezici eziningana (lapho noma iliphi iqembu elinecala lingaba necala lokulimala okuphelele) futhi lihlanganyele icala lokukhuluma ngalezi zimo zentethelo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha: Ukungezwani Nezingozi

Izinkantolo zinokukhetha okukhulu emakhambini. Izinhlanganisela zingakunqanda ukungcola okuqhubekayo, zidinge ukufakwa kobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukungcola, noma zigunyaze ukubuyiselwa kwendawo yokuhlala engcolile. Ukulimala kwe-monetary kungahlanganisa izindleko zokuhlanza, izindleko zempahla, izindleko zezokwelapha, nokujeziswa kokuziphatha okungafanele. Kwezinye izimiso, izinkantolo zinganikeza futhi impumuzo engcono elinganayo njengezahlulelo zokususa igebezo ezicacisa amalungelo angokomthetho ngaphandle kokuhlela isinyathelo esithile.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kokunqandwa Kwezingxabano Zendawo Ezungezile

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukuphikisana komphakathi kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu enkundleni yendawo ezungezile:

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obungokwesayensi Nobuchwepheshe

Abahluleli namajaji abaqeqeshiwe. Kumele bathembele kubufakazi obungochwepheshe, obungaphikisana futhi budida. umfuziselo wezemvelo uvame ukuholela "kochwepheshe abahambisanayo," lapho uhlangothi ngalunye luqasha khona ososayensi abasekela isikhundla sabo. Izinkantolo zilwa kanzima ukuconga isayensi eyize, futhi izinqindi zingaba zikhulu kuyilapho amaqembu ephikisana ngezindlela zengxoxo nemiphumela. Izinkantolo zendawo ezikhethekile (njengezwe neNkanto Ezungezile ye-New South Wales, Australia) zingene kulendaba, kodwa imithombo yawo ilinganiselwe.

Isikhathi Nezindleko

Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo ezungezile kungathatha iminyaka eminingi futhi izindleko zingafinyelela ezigidini zamaRandi. Izindleko ezingokomthetho, ukuhlolwa nochwepheshe, nezindleko zokuthola izinto kuvimbela abantu abaningi nemiphakathi emincane ukuba baphishekele izicelo ezingokomthetho. Ngisho nalapho bewina, izindleko zokuphoqelelwa nokugadwa okuqhubekayo zingadlula isahlulelo sokuqala. Lokhu kungalingani kwemithombo yemali ngokuvamile kuyabavumela abamangalelwa abagconwayo, kunciphisa isimiso sokufinyelela ekwahlulelweni okulinganayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Ngaphesheya Kwemingcele

Ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile okuningi − njengokungcoliswa komoya okugudla ulwandle, ukulahlwa, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. . Ukukhipha isinqumo senkantolo yasekhaya ngokumelene nento yangaphandle kunzima ngaphandle kwezivumelwano njenge Hague Convention. Amanye amazwe awafuni ukuqaphela izahlulelo zendawo ezungezile yamanye amazwe, futhi impahla ingabekwa ezikhundleni ezingaphezulu kwezingafinyeleleki inkantolo. Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke (umz., iNkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJavalement yobulungisa) zikhona kodwa zisingatha kuphela izimpikiswano zesifundazwe njenge Hague.

Ukuma Nezithiyo

Ngisho noma kunemithetho ekhululekile, izinkantolo eziningi zidinga ukulimala komuntu siqu okuqondile, okungakhipha amaqembu afuna ukuvikela izidalwa ezingenabuntu noma izizukulwane ezizayo. Ukulimala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo noma imvelo kungase kungaguquleli ekulimaleni okulungile kwezinye izimiso zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfuneko zangaphambi komthetho njengokuhlanganisa isibopho noma ukuphepha ngokwezimali zingavala abasebenzisi abanezimo ezilinganiselwe.

Imithi Engasetshenziswa Kuyo Ingase Inganele

Ukulimala kwe-moneta kungavala izisulu kodwa akwenze lutho ukubuyisela indawo ezungezile ngokwayo. Izindawo ezingavimbela ukulimala kwesikhathi esizayo, kodwa ngesikhathi kukhishwa umthetho wenkantolo, umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kungenzeka kakade usuke wenzekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthatha ijubane eliphansi lokuchaza ukuthi ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile kuyaqhubeka phakathi nezenzakalo. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zazama ukusingatha lokhu ngemithetho yokuqala, kodwa zibhekene nezindinganiso eziphakeme futhi zingase ziphendulwe ukudluliswa.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuphawulekayo

Uthando Olune - canal (United States)

Kuwo 1970, izakhamuzi zaseLove Canal, eNew York, zathola ukuthi indawo yazo yakhiwe endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu enobuthi. Icala likahulumeni elalandela ngokumelene no Hooker Chemical neDolobha laseNiagara Falls laba ingqopha - mlando eMthethweni wendawo ezungezile. Izenzakalo zamisa izimpawu zokuthi i-torts enobuthi, imfanelo eqinile, nemfuneko yokuba amaqembu aphethe athole imali yokukhokha ukuhlanza nokuthutha. I-ligigayo yakhuthaza futhi ukusungulwa kwesimiso se-U.S. i-EPA Superfungfund, okubangela ukuba abangcolisi bangcolise izindawo eziyingozi. [[FLT:] bafunde kakhulu ngothando e-EPAFUlt [FUFUred:1]

I - exxon Valdez Oil Spill (e - United States)

I-Exxon Valdez ka-198 yachitheka kukawoyela e-Alaska yaholela ekuqulweni okukhulu kwecala lomphakathi. Ijaji ekuqaleni lakhokhela izindleko zemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 [R250], kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. kamuva yanciphisa isilinganiso saba yizigidi ezingu-50,50 [R3,50] e-Exton Tork[[ Umthetho wobugqizi be-Exton ... [2008] [icala].

I - Ecuador (International)

Enye yezimpikiswano zendawo ezungezile ezinde kakhulu ezihilela i-Texaco (kamuva eyatholwa nguChevron) e-Ecuador Amazon. Ngemva kweminyaka yokuzinqumela kokubili e-Ecuador nase-U.S., inkantolo yase-Ecuador yakhipha isahlulelo esingu-R9.acratic bhiliyoni elingu-2011. [FLT:] i-Chevron yaphikisa isahlulelo esikhohlisayo futhi yenqaba ukukhokha. U.S. S. zanqaba ukuphoqa i-mpho kugunyaza ukubusa ukubusa kwe-Ecuarian, inselo ngokomthetho ye-Ecuastriya, ibonisa inselamza ngokomthetho ye-octiverlation. Icala lisene mvume yezezezezezezezahlulele. [FFoctive Centerern Center:] [F]]

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphumelela Kokunqanda Izindawo Ezizungezile

Nakuba ukuvimbelana kwabantu kungenakuxazulula zonke izingxabano zendawo ezungezile, intuthuko ehlukahlukene ingakwenza kuphumelele futhi kulunge kakhudlwana:

Izinkantolo Zendawo Ezungezile Nezinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Amazwe anjenge-Australia, iNew Zealand, neKenya aye amisa izinkantolo ezinikezelwe zendawo ezungezile namajaji aqeqeshwe kokubili emthethweni nasesayensini. Lezinkantolo zilungisa amacala ngokushesha, zisebenzise izimiso ezingaguquki, futhi zivame ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano. Ukwandisa izindikimba ezinjalo ezikhethekile kunganciphisa ukulibala nokuthuthukisa izinga lezinqumo.

Ukuthuthukisa Isinqumo Esihlukile (ADR)

Ukubuyisana, ukuhlanganisa, nokubambisana kungaxazulula izingxabano ngokushesha kakhulu nangezindleko eziphansi. Izinkantolo zinikeza i-ADR imvume yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi uma ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo phakathi kwenhlangano elawulayo nenkampani bumelwe ukulondolozwa. Nokho, i-ADR ingase ingafaneleki uma ihilela impikiswano engokomthetho noma uma kunokungalingani okuphawulekayo.

Ukuqinisa Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukuvumela amaqembu omphakathi anesithakazelo ukuba angene noma athumele i-acicus curiae ("umngane wenkantolo") kuthuthukisa umlando ngemibono ehlukene. Izinkantolo futhi kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi izinsuku zokuzwa nezincwadi zitholakala kuyi-inthanethi, ikakhulukazi uma impilo yomphakathi isengozini. Ukuvuleka kobulungisa kwakha ukwethembana futhi kufundisa umphakathi ngezindaba zendawo ezungezile.

Ukuthuthukisa Amandla Esayensi

Izinhlelo zokufundisa ngokwahlulela ngesayensi yendawo ezungezile, kanye nochwepheshe benkantolo abamisiwe, banganciphisa ukuthembela kochwepheshe abalwayo. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa "isayensi yabaqondisi" noma omabhalane bezomthetho abanikezelwe. Nokho, ukuxhasa izikhundla ezinjalo kuvame ukulinganiselwa.

Ukuvumelanisa Imithetho Nezinsolo

Izingxabano zezemvelo zomhlaba wonke zingazuza ezivumelwaneni eziningi eziqaphela futhi ziqikelele izahlulelo zendawo ezungezile. I-UN Environment Programme (UNEP) iye yathuthukisa iziqondiso zemithetho yesizwe yokufinyelela ubulungisa ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo akulingani. [iziqondiso ze-Explore UNIP] zokufinyelela ekwahlulelweni [.

Isiphetho

Ukuqamba izivumelwano zomphakathi kuyisisekelo sesinqumo sempikiswano yendawo ezungezile, ukunikeza inkundla ehlelwe ngokomthetho lapho amalungu athintekayo engafuna khona ukulandisa, imbuyiselo, namakhambi okuvimbela. Kuye kwalawula izinguquko eziphawulekayo ekulawuleni ukungcola, isivikelo sendawo yokuhlala, nempilo yomphakathi, kuyilapho futhi kwembula amaphutha aqhubekayo: izindleko eziphakeme, ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bezozo, nokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezithile. Ngokufaka imali ezinkantolo ezikhethekile, ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana kwemibono ehlukile, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, izinhlangano zingaqinisa indima yokulawula ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile. Injongo yokugcina akukona ukuxazulula nje ukuxazulula izingxabano, kodwa ukuvimbela ukulimala nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza iplanethi nezakhamuzi zayo ngokufanayo.