Ukubophana kwesizwe kusebenza njengesisekelo sesinqumo sempikiswano ekubanjweni kwemali engekho kanye nezikweletu, kunikeza inqubo ehlelwe kahle, ehleliwe yenkantolo yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabakweletayo nabakweletwayo. Ngaphandle kwalenqubo engokomthetho, ukungavumelani ngokwezimali kungabangela isiphithiphithi, kushiye abantu abangavikelekile bengakwazi ukubuyisa iziqu ezingokomthetho. Lesihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yokukhipha izivumelwano zomphakathi ekulahlekelweni kwemali kanye nezikweletuso, simboze izisekelo zazo ezingokomthetho, izinyathelo ezingokomthetho, nezingakhokhwa ezingokoqobo kubo bonke amaqembu ahilelekile.

Ukuqonda Ukulahlwa Kwezakhamuzi

Ukuqashelwa kwesivumelwano kubhekisela enqubweni engokomthetho lapho izinkantolo noma izinkantolo zinquma khona izimpikiswano ezingezona ezobugebengu. Ngokomongo womthetho wezezimali, imisa amalungelo nezibopho zabanecala nabakweletwayo ngokusebenzisa amalungiselelo omthetho, umthetho, nezimiso zokungaguquguquki. Ngokulindelekile ummeli qhawe noma umvikeli owephulayo uthembekile kumphathi owenziwe ngecala, uzwa izimpikiswano, futhi ukhipha isinqumo esibophayo esingahlanganisa ukukhulula izikweletu, ukukhokha, ukukhokha izigwebo, ukubulala, noma ukuxosha okungekho semthethweni.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela ukungezwani komphakathi zihlanganisa inqubo efanele, ukungakhethi, nokubona ngapha nangapha. Bobabili abahilelekile banethuba lokuveza amacala abo, ukubekela ubufakazi obuphikisayo, nokufaka izicelo eziphikisayo. Loluhlelo luqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela ayiyona eyebobo abafuna ukuyenza kodwa isekelwe ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho ezinenjongo. Cornell Law’s Legal Instry Institute inikeza ukucacingisiswa okucubushekileyo kwempikiswano njengenkolelo engokomthetho.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokulahlwa Kwezingxabano Zezezimali

Ukumiswa kwezivumelwano ezingokomthetho zezikweletu kuhlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka adlule, kusukela emthethweni wesiNgisi onezenzo ezivamile zezikweletu, isivumelwano, kanye nokulandisa. Isimiso sokuwa kwamandla emali savela ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka, sinikeza indlela engokomthetho kubantu abancibilikayo yokuthola usizo lwezimali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izishaya-mthetho zalungisa lezi zinqubo, zaphumela ekwandisweni kwemithetho ebanzi enjenge-Bankruptic Code (Isihloko 11) nomthetho ofanayo kweminye imibuso. Namuhla, ukuphikiswa komphakathi kuyaqhubeka nokuthola usizo lwezinqubo zesinqumo ezingezinye izindlela zenqubo zemithetho yemithetho emishayo ukuze kwande.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sokulahla Imali

Ukuvimbela ukubhankiswa kwemithetho kusebenza phakathi kwesimiso esikhethekile somthetho esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela inzuzo yabakweletayo abafuna ukuqala okusha nabakweletayo abafuna ukubuyisa lokho abakukweletayo. E-United States, iBankruptic Code imisa izahluko ezicacile, ngayinye enemithetho ekhethekile yokukhipha ishwankathi. Izinkantolo eziphethe ukulahlekelwa kwamaphepha zinegunya elikhethekile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo, kuhlanganise nokuvunyelwa kwemigomo, nokuqinisekiswa kwezinhlelo, nokugwema ukudluliswa kwezici ezingcono.

Izinhlobo Zokuqhaqhazela Ngebhange

Isahluko 7 – Uketshezi

Esahlukweni 7 sokuwinwa kwamalungelo emali, ukufushaniswa kwemvume yomphakathi kugxila ekuqinisekiseni ukufaneleka komkweleti, ukubala impahla, nokunquma ukuthi iyiphi impahla ekhululekile ekuphucweni. Inkantolo imisa umuntu oqoqa izinto ezinganciphisi, aziguqulele emalini, futhi ihambise abakweletayo ngokwezibopho ezingokomthetho. Umphathi-mkweletayo unquma ukuthi uthola ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu ezisele, ngaphandle kwezibopho ezithile ezifana nenkongozelo yabafundi nentela.

Isahluko 11 – Ukubuyiselwa

Isahluko 11 siklanyelwe amabhizinisi futhi kwezinye izimo, abantu abanezikweletu ezinkulu. Isigwebo lapha sihlanganisa ukuqinisekiswa kwecebo lokuhlela kabusha elihlongoza ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu kuyilapho livumela onecala ukuba aqhubeke nemisebenzi. Inkantolo ihlola icebo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka, ngokholo oluhle, futhi ayibandluli ngokungafanele abantu abakweletwayo. I-gassiga ivame ukuvela ngenxa yemigomo yokuhlela, iziphakamiso ezithiwa ukuba balinganisele izikweleti, kanye nesivikelo esanele ababoletwayo.

Isahluko 13 – Icebo Lokukhokha Ngamunye

Kubantu abahola njalo, isahluko 13 sokuwiswa kwamali sidinga ukuzithoba kwecebo lokukhokha inkokhelo elithatha iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Ukukhokhwa kuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala lapho abakweletayo bengaphika khona ukuhlela amagama. Inkantolo inquma ukuthi icebo lenza noma inzuzo yonke elahlwayo ihlelweyo ibhaliswa abakweletwayo abangaboleki futhi ukuthi iyavumelana yini nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezisebenzayo. Iwebhusayithi yase-U.S.[

Inqubo Yokunqandwa Kwemiphakathi Eqhubeka Ngokukhomba Izimali

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza labo abanamacala kanye nababolekisi ukuba balindele okumelwe bakwenze nokuthi bangahlanganyela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlala Ngokuphazima Kweso Nokuzenzakalelayo

Ukufushaniswa kwemali kuqala lapho umnikazi wesikweleti efaka isicelo enkantolo ebolekile. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufaka isicelo enkantolo yokuwinwa kwemali. Amasheya aqala ukusebenza, ukuthatha itoho, ukumisa imisebenzi eminingi yokuqoqa iminikelo, kuhlanganise nokumangalela, ukukhokha iholo, nokubiza izingcingo. Indima yenkantolo kuleliqophelo iwukukhipha ukuhleleka futhi yazise bonke abakweletayo abasohliswe kulesicelo. Amaphutha angavela uma abakweletayo befuna usizo lokuhlala bemelene nomthetho noma befuna izikweletu ezithile.

Ukusho Ukuthi Usuku Oluyisithiyo Neziqinisekiso Zokuzisholo

Kumele abakhokhi babhale ubufakazi bokukhokha ngokulandelana kwenkathi ebekwe inkantolo. Umnini-mfundamatheli uhlola ukuthi uqinisile ngakunye. Uma umbono ubonakala ungafanelekile, noma kunjalo ngenxa yokuthi wenza amanani ahlukile, asekelwe esikweletini esidaliweyo, noma ngokungeyikho, noma ngokungeyikho, lowo onecala noma ophathiswe itshe lecala angaphika. Inkantolo ikhona ithatha icala ukuze ixazulule ukuphikisa, ivame ukuthembela ebufakazini obuhleliwe.

Ukuqinisekisa Izindlebe

Ekuhleleni kabusha nasekukhokheleni amacala, ukuqulwa kwecala kusemqoka. Ababolekisi ababolekwayo banikeza icebo elihlongoziwe, futhi abakweletayo bangaphakamisa izithiyo ngokuphathelene nokungalungi, ukholo oluqinile, noma ukuphathwa kwalokhu kuphikisa. Umfungeleli uhlola lokhu kuphikisa, asebenzise izindinganiso zokuqinisekisa zemithetho, futhi aqinisekise noma aphikise icebo. Ukuphika kungaholela ekuxoshweni kwecala noma ukuguqukela kwesinye isiqephu.

Ukuphelelwa Imvume Nesivalo Secala

Uma onecala egcwalisa zonke izimfuneko . njengokuqeda izifundo zokuphatha imali nokukhokha okudingwayo, kukhipha umthetho wenkantolo. Lomyalo uvala abakweletwayo ababoleki ukuba bakhokhe izikweletu. Umbambi-sithembiso ubuye abuyise umbiko wokugcina nolandiso lwalowo okhokhiweyo ngaphambi kokuvala icala. Izikhalo zeziqondiso zokukhishwa kwemithetho noma ezinye izimemezelo zingagcinwa ezinkantolo zesifunda noma eziphakameni ezibolile.

Ukuxazulula Izikweleti Kubangela Ukuphazamiseka Ngokunqanda Umphakathi

Ngaphandle kokwehluleka kwemali, ukufushaniswa kwemifelandawo kusingatha izingxabano eziningi zezikweletu ezingahileli ukuwa kwamali. Lamacala angase ahlolwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni, kuye ngokuthi ikuphi ukumangalela nemali ephikisanayo. Le nqubo yokufushaniswa inikeza inkundla engokomthetho yokuxazulula ukungavumelani okungeke kuxazululwe ngokuxoxisana noma ngelinye icala lempikiswano.

Ingxabano Evamile

  • Izikweleti ezikweletwa kakhulu: Abakweletayo bangase baphikise ngokuthi ukubala komtsheleli isithakazelo, noma izindleko akulungile. Ukukhokhwa kuvumela inkantolo ukuba ihlole izitetimende zokulandisa, izivumelo, nokukhokha umlando ukuze inqume ukulingana okulungile.
  • Ukuncishiswa kwesivumelwano kuphawula: Ababolekisi bangamangalela ababolekisi ngokuhluleka ukukhokha ngokwesivumelwano sokuboleka. Inkantolo inquma ukuthi isivumelwano esisemthethweni sikhona, ukuthi obolekayo wephulwe yini, nokuthi yini efanelekile.
  • Izikweleti ezihambisana nezikweletu ezilinganayo: Abakweletayo bangase bathi isikweleti asiphoqelelwe ngenxa yomthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukungacabangeli, noma ukukhwabanisa. Umanyoli uhlola ubufakazi bemvelaphi yesikweletu nokuthi umkweleti ukhona yini.
  • Izenzo zokwephula izikweleti zomthetho eziqoqwe ngenkokhelo: Abanumzane abahlukunyezwayo noma abakhohliswa abaqoqi bezikweleti bangafaka ifatiti. Isivumelwano somphakathi sinquma ukuthi izenzo zomqoqi ziwuphula umthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni kanye nokujeziswa uma kufanele. I-FFFL Tradect Commission’s trace facer [[[FFLTPA:3]]

Imiphumela Emithethweni Yezikweletu Eqoqiwe

Icala elivamile lokukhokha izikweletu liqala uma umnikazi wesikweleti efaka isikhalo noma enxusa. Okweletayo kumelwe aphendule phakathi nenkathi ethile emisiwe; ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahleliwe. Uma onecala eqhubeka ukutholwa, lapho kuthengiselana amakhonsathi amabhukwana nokwaziswa. Izinyathelo zokwahlulela ngokuficayo zingagcinwa uma kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela. Ekugcineni, icala lingase liye emacaleni, lapho ummeli enikeza khona isinqumo ngemva kokuzwa nobufakazi nempikiswano engokomthetho.

Imtholalwazi yezokuqeda isigebengu esikweletini

  • Inkantolo inquma ukuthi isibopho esiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho sikhona yini futhi uma kunjalo, inani laso eliqondile.
  • [ Imithwalo enika ubufakazi: Ukucacisa ukuthi yimaphi umkhakha othwala umthwalo wokuqinisekisa isikweleti ngasinye ngokunokwenzeka umkweleti kumelwe abonise isikweletu, kuyilapho onecala angadinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzivikela.
  • [ Izivumelwano:[ izinkantolo zichaza futhi ziphoqelele izivumelwano zokuboleka imali, imibiko yokubhalisa, izivumelwano zokuphepha, kanye neziqinisekiso ngokolimi lwazo olucacile nomthetho osebenzayo.
  • [[NT.:0] Amakhambi ashoyo: Imiphumela enqunyiwe ingahlanganisa izahlulelo zemali, iziyalo zokwenza okuthile, iziyalo ezimelene nokuqoqwa okwengeziwe, noma imithetho yokulahla ukuthi isikweletu asisebenzi.
  • Ithatha isibonelo: izinqumo ezikhishwa ezikweletini nasemacaleni okuwinwa kwemali zinikela equlwini lomthetho wecala, ukuqondisa izikhulu zesikhathi esizayo nezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokulahla Icala

Nakuba ukubophana kwezakhamuzi kunikeza isinqumo esibophekayo, akuyona kuphela indlela. Izingxabano eziningi zezikweletu zixazululwa ngezinye izinqubo ezinciphisa isikhathi, izindleko, nokukhungatheka komthetho. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlole lezi zinqumo ngaphambi noma phakathi nokukhishwa kwezikweletu.

Isiphazamiso

Ezokuxhumana, iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi lisiza ukuvumelana phakathi kwecala nenkokheli, lisize ukuba bafinyelele isivumelwano esamukelekayo. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo; kunalokho, aqondisa ukukhulumisana futhi anikeze izixazululo. Izinkantolo zeBankruptic ngokuqhubekayo zigunyaza ukukhishwa kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi eSahlukweni 11 ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano noma ukuhlelwa kwezindaba.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration ihilela umsizi ongathathi hlangothi ozwa ubufakazi futhi anikeze isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophanga. Izivumelwano eziningi zemali yokuthenga zihlanganisa izigaba ezifuna izimpikiswano ezixazululwe ngale ndlela kunasenkantolo. I-American Arbitration Association nezinye izinhlangano zinikeza imithetho kanye nama-rosterers afanelekayo. Iwebhthiyo yokuhlukanisa izikweletu zaseMelika [ imininingwane yezentengiselwano zayo zezentengiselwano nothelisi.

Ukuphatha Izikweletu Nokuhlala Kwazo

Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esingokomthetho, abanecala bangase basebenze nezinhlangano zezeluleko ezilulekayo ukuze zimise amalungiselelo okuphatha izikweleti. Lezizivumelwano zihilela abakweletayo abanciphisa inzalo noma imali yokukhokha imali ekhokhwa njalo enikezwa ngenhlangano. Izingxoxo zokulungisa izingxabano eziqondile phakathi kwabakweletayo nabakweletane zingaxazulula ngaphandle kokungenela kwenkantolo, nakuba izindawo zokuhlala kufanele zibhalwe phansi ukuze kuvinjelwe izingxabano zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezinqumo Ezilahliwe

Uma umuntu okweletayo engakhokhi ngokuzithandela, umkweleti kumelwe aphishekele izimiso zokuqinisekisa ezidinga ukuhileleka okwengeziwe enkantolo. Indima yomfuyiso ingase idlulele ekuvumeni izenzo ezithile zokuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa.

  • [[INDANGO: 0] Imali eshisiwe:[ Inkantolo iyala umqashi obolekwe intela ukuba agodle ingxenye yeholo futhi alibeke kumnini-mali aze agcwalise isahlulelo. Imithetho ye-Federal ne-ovel ilinganisela inani elingase liqedwe.
  • Intela:[ Iyalelo lenkantolo liqondisa ibhange lobolekwayo ukuba liqambe iqhwa futhi liphendule imali ebhandeni le-akhawunti, lifinyelele emalini yokwahlulela.
  • [ Amaphutha angokwesiko: Isahlulelo singaba isimanga esabelweni sempahla noma indawo yomnini-ndlu obolekayo, sivumele umkweleti ukuba aphoqelele ukuthengisa ngentengo yomphathi-mfuyo uma impahla inolwazi olwanele.
  • [ Icala: Uma onecala engawulaleli ngamabomu umyalo wenkantolo − njengokuhluleka ukuvela ekuhlolweni kwecala,] inkantolo ingabadelela, iholele ekukhokheleni noma ngisho nasekuboshweni.

Lapho amafayili anecala lokuwa, ukukhokha okuzenzekelayo kumisa ukuswela imali, ukukhokha izindleko, nezinye izenzo zokuqoqa, kushintshela lempikiswano enkantolo ekhohlokile.

Ithonya Kwabakweletayo Nabakweletwayo

Ukuzibophezela komphakathi kubathinta kakhulu labo abanamacala kanye nababolekisi, kulolonge ikusasa labo elingokwezimali nokuma okungokomthetho.

Kulabo Abanezikweleti

Ukukhokha ngokuphumelela ekuwineni kwemali kungaholela ekukhululweni kwezikweletu ezifanele, ukunikeza isiqalo esisha esikhushuliwe ngezibopho ezinkulu. Nokho, lenqubo idinga ukuthululwa okugcwele kwempahla, ukubambisana nophathisi, nokunamathela eziqondisweni zenkantolo. Abakhokhi abamelene nokungatholi ukwaziswa bangabhekana nokungavunyelwa noma ngisho nokuvinjelwa ngecala. Uma bengakhokhi isigwebo, isahlulelo esimelene nokweleta okungakhokhwa, kungalimaza izimali, kuholele ekulahlekelweni yimpahla, futhi kubangele ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kwenkongongoze.

Kulabo Abakhokha Imali

Ababolekisi bancike ekufushaniseni ama-akhawunti amahlongandlebe nokuvumelana nokuvunyelwa kwemithetho egunyaziwe. Ukwahlulela okuhle noma icebo eliqinisekisiwe libavumela ukuba baqoqe ngezindlela ezingokomthetho. Nokho, abakweletayo kumelwe basebenzise imithetho ye-procendial, imithwalo esobala, nokuphikisa okungase kube khona. Iziphakamiso ezibhalwe phansi zingancishiswa noma zingavinjelwa, futhi amasu okuqoqa amasu anzima angabhuntsha ngaphansi kwemithetho yokuvikela. i-American Bar Association’s Business Law Language Decture Language [[ inikeza ababoleki neseluleko sabo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqamba umbango wesizwe kuseyisisekelo sesinqumo esihlelekile sokukhokha imali emalini engekho kanye nezingxabano zezikweletu. Ngokunikeza i-partheum engathathi-mfantu elawulwa imithetho emisiwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abanamacala ahlukene bathola isivikelo emikhubeni exhaphazekile yokuqoqa izintela kuyilapho ababoleki bengenza iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesilinganiso esiphelele sokukhokha imali, ukuqoqa izikweletu zemali, noma izindlela ezixubile ezifana nokukhipha izikweletuzo, inqubo yokuzimela, iletha ngokucacile, ukungaguquguquki, nokugcina kwezingxabano ezingokwezimali. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo, izinqubo, izinqubo, nezikhongozelo ezingokomthetho kunikeza wonke amaqembu amandla okulawula izimali futhi kufinyelele imiphumela ehlonipha kokubili amaqiniso engoko ngokomthetho kanye nokubusa umthetho.