Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sesivikelo Se - IP

Impahla eqanjiwe (IP) isekela ezomnotho zanamuhla ngokusungula izinto ngomvuzo nangokusungula izinto ezintsha. Kusukela ekhemisi eligunyaziwe ukuya entweni enombhalo osemthethweni noma igama eliphawuliwe, amalungelo e-IP anika abanikazi bawo ukulawula ngokuphelele indalo yabo. Nokho, uma lamalungelo ephikiswana mayelana nobunikazi, isilinganiso, ukugxambukela, noma ukuphambanisa ngobukhulu bezomnotho, noma ukuhlelwa kwezindawo okungacacingi, kungakhuliswa ngokushesha, kuvinjelwe, kuvinjelwe izisusa eziqhubekisela intuthuko. Inqubo yezentengiselwano zomthetho, isebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko yokulungisa lezingxabano. Inikeza inkundla esobala lapho ubufakazi bulinganiswa khona, ichazwe, futhi kugcinwa izinqumo ezigcinwayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima engxandeni engo yolwazini engolwazini yolwazi (IPR), izibalo, izibalo, isebenza, izinhlelo zayo.

Kuyini Ukulahlwa Kwezakhamuzi Emfanekisweni We - IP?

Isivumelwano somphakathi sibhekisela enqubweni engokomthetho lapho inkantolo ixazulula khona izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu ngokuphathelene namalungelo abo omphakathi nezibopho. Ngokungafani necala lobugebengu, amacala omphakathi ahilela iziphathi ezizimele (izinkampani, noma izinhlangano) ezifuna amakhambi njengemali elahlekile noma imiyalelo. Endaweni yempahla enengqondo, ukufushaniswa kwemithetho esemthethweni kuxazulula izingxabano ezikhona, izimvume, izimfihlo, izimfihlo zezentengiselwano, nezinye izinhlobo zempahla ezingaqondakali.

Izici Zokwamukelwa Kwe - IP Yombango

  • Juristition and Misti: Inkantolo kumelwe ibe negunya ezindabeni zendaba nakumaqembu. Ngokuvamile, izinkantolo zesizwe zizwa izimpikiswano ze-IP ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo yasekhaya, nakuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zingathonya imicimbi.
  • Ukuchaza okusemthethweni: Abahluleli basebenzisa imithetho (umzk., iUS Paten Act, UK Copyright Act) nomthetho wokunquma izinga nokubaluleka kwamalungelo e-IP.
  • Ukuthola-oct: Ubufakazi bunikezwa ngezincwadi, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinqubo zokuthola ukuthola ukuqinisekiswa kwamaqiniso njengezinsuku zendalo, ubuciko, noma ukugxambukela.
  • Imithetho: Izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo (yesikhashana noma ehlala njalo), ukukhipha umonakalo (ongokwezwi nezwi), ukunqanda ukugqekeza izimpahla, noma ukufuna inzuzo.

Inqubo yokufushanisa yesizwe iklanyelwe ukuba ikhiphe icala, futhi iqembu ngalinye likhiphe icala phambi komahluleli ongakhethi noma abahluleli. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokusekelwe ekufaneleni okungokomthetho kunokuba zixazululwe amandla.

Ukuhlabeka Kwezimpikiswano Ze - IPR Kunqunywa Izinkantolo Zomphakathi

Ukuzibophezela kwezakhamuzi kusingatha izingxabano eziningi ze - IP. Ukuqonda izinhlobo zezingxabano kusiza ekuvezeni indima yenkantolo.

Izingxabano Ezinamandla

Amacala aqinile ngokuvamile axhomeke ekuphazanyisweni, ekuhlonishweni, nasekutheni ubani. Umnikazi walendawo umangalela umphikisi oqanjwe ngokusemthethweni owenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ukufaneleka kwemvume esemthethweni, aphikisane nokubonakala noma alindelwe ubuciko bangaphambili. Izinkantolo zangaphakathi zihlola ukwakhiwa, zihlaziya ubufakazi obuphikiswayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zichitha amandla. Ukuthatha iziqu zobuso ezingeni eziqinile njengezithakathi zemithi nobuchwepheshe kungahlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi nesilinganiso esikhulu sezesayensi.

Izingxabano zelungelo lombhali

I-litigation yamalungelo asemthethweni ihilela ukuveza, ukusakaza, ukwenza, noma ukujwayela imisebenzi yokudala, umculo, amafilimu, i-software. Izinkantolo kumele zinqume ukuthi umsebenzi wokuqala uyavikeleka, ukuthi ummangalelwa ukhona yini, nokuthi ukhona yini ukufana. Ukusebenzisa i-piglot noma isivikelo esiqinile kuyaphikiswana. Izenzakalo ezingakholeki zihlanganisa Google LLC v.SCMENT America, Inc. [INT:1] [ikhonto engathi ikhona iNkantolo ye-United States, 2021] mayelana nokukopishwa kwe-Java APIs.

Uhwebo Nezigqoko Zohwebo

Lezi zimpikiswano zigxile ekudidekeni, ekuncishisweni kwegama, nasekufakweni kwemvelaphi. Izimpawu zokuvimbela abanye ukuba basebenzise amaphawu afanayo angadukisa abathengi. Izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezifana namandla, ukufana, ukusondelana kwezimpahla, nobufakazi bokudideka okungokoqobo. Izimpikiswano zomphakathi zixazulula izimpikiswano zezindawo zomphakathi kanye nezisho zokukhohlisa. Louis Vuitletier v. Dooney & Bourke izenzakalo zibonisa indlela izinkantolo ezihlukanisa ngayo izinkantolo phakathi kwezentengiselwano ezivikelekayo nezingakhi.

Imfihlo Yezohwebo Yokudunyazwa

Izimpikiswano zasese zezentengiselwano ziphakama lapho ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo kwezebhizinisi (imininingwane, izinqubo, izinhlu zabathengi) zisetshenziswa kabi noma zivezwa. Izinkantolo zombango zihlola ukuthi izinyathelo ezifanele zokufihla izinto zikhona yini, ukuthi ukwaziswa kuthola inani elizimele lezomnotho, nokuthi kwenzeka yini. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwe-injrations kuvame ukuvimbela ukudalulwa okuqhubekayo, futhi umonakalo ungatholakala ngokusekelwe ekucebiseni okungalungile noma ukulahlekelwa kwangempela.

Ukuxabana Kwama - licen Nezingxabano Eziqhubekayo Ze - IP

Izimpi eziningi ze-IP zisuka ezivumelwaneni zokwenza izivumelwano zokwenza isivumelwano, izabelo, ukuthuthukisa izivumelwano. Izinkantolo zichaza lezi zivumelwano ukuze zinqume izinga, ukuqedwa kwesivumelwano, amalungelo okuqedwa, nokuphulwa. Izivumelwano zomphakathi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izithembiso ezivumelanayo eziphathelene ne-IP ziyasebenza, zinikeza ukubikezela ebuhlotsheni bezentengiselwano.

Inqubo yokunqanda i-IP yombango: Hamba Ngenyathelo

Nakuba izinqubo zihlukahluka ngokwesimiso sombuso, ngokuvamile i - IP yangaphakathi ilandela indlela ehlelwe kahle.

Ukugqugquzela

Isikhulu sifaka isikhalo esibonisa isisekelo esingokomthetho, amaqiniso, futhi sicele usizo. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo noma ngezwi lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuxosha (isib., ukuntuleka kwegunya, ukwehluleka ukuveza icala). Izenzo zakuqala zinganikeza izimpikiswano eziwubala noma zixazulule icala ngaphandle kokulingwa okuphelele.

Ukuthola

Imicimbi ishintshanisa ukwaziswa okubalulekile − uxwebhu, izicelo, imibiko yolwazi. Ezindabeni ezigunyaziwe, kuthiwa ukwakhiwa (ukuzwa kwezwi lomnini) kwenzeka ukuze kuchazwe izinga lemvume. Ukuhlolwa kungaba kukhulu futhi kubize, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze kube nokulunga.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Izahlulelo ezifingqiwe ziphikisa ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana okuqotho kweqiniso elingokwezinto ezibonakalayo, zisho ukuthi iqembu elishukumisayo lahlulele njengendaba yomthetho. Izinkantolo zinikeza lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo uma ubufakazi busekela uhlangothi olulodwa ngokunamandla.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ezindabeni eziningi, amacala e-IP ayizikhambi ezisemabhentshini (ukwahlulela kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Ubufakazi bunikezwa, kuhlolwa ofakazi, futhi kuqulwa izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. inkantolo ikhipha khona okutholakele kweqiniso neziphetho zomthetho, okufinyelela ekwahlulelweni.

Ukudlulisa Imibiko Nokukhanga

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifake icala elisha noma icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zibukeza amaphutha angokomthetho kodwa ngokuvamile zithathela emuva ekutholweni kwamaqiniso ngaphandle kwephutha elisobala. Ukugcina kungase kuthathe iminyaka eminingi, kodwa isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme sibeka isiqalo samacala esikhathi esizayo.

Izinzuzo Zokunqanda Impi Ye - IPR

Naphezu kokuphakama kwesinqumo esihlukile sempikiswano (ADR), izinkantolo zomphakathi ziseyiphutha lokulwela izingxabano ze - IP ngenxa yezinzuzo eziningana ezihlukile.

  • Izahlulelo eziphoqelelweyo: iziyalo zenkantolo ziphethe amandla ahlangeneyo kahulumeni. I-injctions zinganqanda ukugxambukela okuqhubekayo; umonakalo ungaqoqwa ngezindlela ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kuphoqelelwa kubalulekile uma iqembu lenqaba ukwenza ngokuvumelana.
  • IRecord ne Precedent: [ izinqumo zeNkantolo ziyakhishwa, zinezela ekusungulweni komthetho we-IP. Zinikeza isiqondiso sokuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo, zisiza amabhizinisi ukuba aqonde amalungelo nezibopho zawo. Izinqumo zeposi zivame ukuhlela zonke izimboni.
  • [ Iprojectal Fair: Imithetho yobufakazi, ukutholwa, nenqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amaqembu anamathuba okuveza udaba lwawo. Ukuhlola isiphambano nobufakazi obungochwepheshe kuyasiza ekuvezeni iqiniso.
  • I-Expective Expective: Amazwe amaningi manje asenikezelwe izinkantolo ze-IP noma izigaba (umk., iNkantolo yokudlulisa izigwebo ze-US yeFederal, i-UK Intectiveal Post Enterprise Court e-Europe). Leminyango iveza amajaji ngobuchwepheshe nangoqeqesho olungokomthetho, kuholela ekuthatheni izinqumo eziqinile nezingaguquguquki.
  • [[NT.0] Izindlela zomthetho: izinkantolo zangaphakathi zingalungisa amakhambi avumelana nomonakalo //imithetho yokuvimbela ukulimala okuseduze, imiyalo ehlala njalo yokunqanda ukwephulwa okuqhubekayo, umonakalo wokubuyisela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukujezisa njengesithiyo.

Lezi zinzuzo zenza ukuba ukufushaniswa kwezakhamuzi kukufanelekele ngokukhethekile ukuxabana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe - IP lapho izigxobo ziphakeme khona futhi abahilelekile befuna isinqumo sokugcina, esinegunya.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokuqamba Amanga Kwe - IP Yombango

Akukho simiso esingenawo amaphutha. Ukubambisana kwezakhamuzi ezimweni ze-IP kubhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphikelelayo.

Izindleko Nesikhathi Eside

I-IP ibiza kakhulu. Amacala akhokhelwayo e-US angabiza izigidi zamaRandi ezinkokhelweni zabameli, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, nokuthola. Isikhathi esivamile sokuthatha isigwebo ukuya kwelinye icala singadlula iminyaka emibili, futhi izicelo zenezela ukulibala okwengeziwe. Amabhizinisi amancane nabasunguli ngabanye banganqandwa ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo ngenxa yemingcele yezimali.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bezobuchwepheshe

Ijaji namajaji ngokuvamile abanaso isizinda sobuchwepheshe sokuqonda izinto ezisunguliwe zesayensi noma ze-software. Ngisho nangobufakazi obuqanjiwe, ukungaqondani kungavela. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwandisa ingozi yezinqumo eziyiphutha, ezingase zibe nemiphumela enzima yezomnotho.

Ukuthenga Nokungaguquguquki

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ama-ligig angakhetha izifunda ezibhekwa njengezilungile (umzk., i-Priversity of Texas ukuze kuthengwe izikhombi ezisemthethweni). Lokhu kungaholela ekuthengeni, ekuthatheni imiphumela engafani, nasekuziphatheni okungakhiphi ukubikezela. Nakuba izinguquko ezinjenge-US America Ivents Act ziye zazama ukusingatha lokhu, ukuhlukana kuyaqhubeka.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Amalungelo e-IP asendaweni: imvume yase-US igcinwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwe-United States. Uma abaphambanisi besebenza ngaphesheya kwemingcele, ukufushaniswa komphakathi kwelinye izwe kungase kufinyelelwe kancinci. Ukuqashelwa nokugcinwa kwezahlulelo zakwamanye amazwe kuxhomeke ezivumelwaneni noma ekuhlanganeni, futhi akuwona wonke amazwe abambisanayo. Lokhu kudala izikhala zokuvikela izimboni ezihwebelanayo embulungeni yonke.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwalokho Okutholwe

Ukuvubukulwa kungasetshenziswa njengesikhali sokuhlupha abaphikisi noma ukuqhubekisela phambili izindleko. Izisicelo zokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi enkathini yokusebenza kwemishini, zinganqoba amaqembu amancane. Naphezu kokuphatha kwenkantolo, ukuthola izimpikiswano kuvame ukubambezela izenzakalo.

Lezi zinselele ziye zavusa isithakazelo ezicini ezihlukile, kodwa ukuphikisana kwezakhamuzi kusewuphawu oluyinhloko lokuxazulula izingxabano ze - IPR.

Ezinye Izindlela Nezici Ezisekelayo: Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Ze - ADR

Ukuze kuncishiswe izithiyo zokuhlaziywa okungokwesiko, amaqembu aphendukela ngokwengeziwe kwezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano (ADR), futhi izimiso eziningi zomthetho ziye zakha izinkantolo ezikhethekile ze - IP.

Ukususa Izwe Nokulungisa Imishado

I-Arbitation inikeza inqubo yangasese, esheshayo, eshibhile lapho abaqophi bekhetha khona umenzi wesinqumo (ngokuvamile isazi se-IP esingathathi hlangothi). Amamadi ngokuvamile agcina futhi agunyaziwe ngaphansi kwe-New York Convention. Inqubo engabopheki, ingasiza amaqembu ukuba afinyelele endaweni eyamukelekayo. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zidinga ukuba amalungu acabangele ukukhishwa kwezindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Nokho, i-ADR ayinawo amandla andulelayo nokuhlolwa komphakathi, futhi ingase ingakufanelekeli ukuxabana okudinga usizo oluphuthumayo.

Izinkantolo Ze - IP Ezikhethekile

Amazwe amaningana aseke izinkantolo ezihlukene noma izigaba ezikhethekile ze-IP. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Inkantolo yezikhalo yeFederal Foundation: Izwi izikhalo emacaleni asemthethweni, ukuletha ubufana. I-Paten Trial and Appleance Board (PTAB) futhi iqhuba izibukezo zangemva kokudlulisa izigwebo njengendlela yokulawula.
  • UK Impatho Engafundwanga I-inprise Court (IPEC):[ Inkantolo enikezelwe enezinqubo ezihambayo, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nezigqoko ezisohlakeni, eziklanyelwe amabhizinisi amancane namaphakathi.
  • [ Inkantolo yePatent (UPC): Inkantolo yesizwe yemvume zaseYurophu, ivumela ukumiswa kwemithetho ephakathi kanye nokugcinwa kwemingcele.
  • Inkantolo yaseJamani ye-Federal Patant: izwa izenzo ezichithayo nezinxusa ezivela eHhovisi lePaten, elisebenza amajaji afanelekayo.

Lezi zinqubo ezikhethekile zihlanganisa ukuphumelela kwemiqondo yokwakheka nobuchwepheshe obuncane, zithuthukise izinga nejubane lokuncintisana kwemigomo yomphakathi.

Ukuqina Nokulimala Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Izingxabano ze - IP zivame ukweqa imingcele, ukuphikisana kwezakhamuzi kumelwe kusetshenziswe ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe nemithetho yesizwe.

Isivumelwano SeTRIPS

I- I-Active on Trade-Revered Aspects of Intective Intective Prease Rights (TRIPS), eqondiswa yiNhlangano yeZwe Lohwebo, imisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe ze-IP nokugcinwa. Kudinga amazwe angamalungu ukunikeza izinqubo zomthetho we-IP, kuhlanganise neziyalo, ukulahla, nokuthatheka izimpahla. I-TRIPS iye yathonya kakhulu imithetho yesizwe ye-IP, ikhuthaza isisekelo somthetho we-procetural.

Ukungqubuzana Kwemithetho Necala

Uma impikiswano ihilela amaqembu avela emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi yimuphi umthetho osebenzayo nokuthi unagunyaphi. Brussels I Regate (EU) kanye ne-[FLT] Ukukhetha kweNgqungquthela YaseNkantolweni [] [i-full]] inikeza izisekelo zokuqaphela igunya nezimiso ezindabeni zezentengiselwano, kuhlanganise ne-IP. Nokho, amalungelo e-IP ahlala esendaweni ethile, ngakho inkantolo yaseFrance ayinakunikeza imvume ye-US [[FLT] kuphela enqubwelwe amalungelo esiFulentshi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Ngisho noma inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo, ukuqoqa umonakalo noma ukumisa umyalo kwelinye izwe kudinga ukuqashelwa ngokwehlukene noma ukuqashelwa ngaphansi komthetho wendawo. WiPO Arbitration ne Mediation Center inikeza izinkonzo zokuxazulula izimpikiswano ze-IP zomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zezindawo ngaphansi kwe-FOCTH Phome-PP (UDIRP).

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Ukunqandwa Kwezimpi Zomphakathi Ezihlakaniphile

Phakathi kwezimpi zama - computer ezikhona emhlabeni wonke zango - 2010, u - Apple noSamsung bamangalela abantu abaningi kulo lonke elase - United States, eYurophu nase - Asia, bephula imithetho yokusungula imithombo yamandla, izakhiwo zomklamo nezimpawu.

E-US, iSigodi saseNyakatho California sangamele icala eliyingqophamlando. Abasizi bejaji bathola ukuthi uSamsung wayephule imvume ka-Apple futhi wanikeza izindleko ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane zamaRandi (isinye seziphetho ezinkulu ze-IP emlandweni. Icala ladlulisela izikhalo eziningi, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme (Samsum Electronics Co. v. Apple, 2016), eyanciphisa izibalo zokusungula izakhiwo. Le nqubo yokukhomba i-IPP yabonisa kokubili amandla nezingozi zombangongo: yanikeza isinqumo esiqinisekile ngenzuzo kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu kakhulu eminyakeni eminingi.

Izimpi zocingo zembula futhi inselele yokugcinwa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke. nakuba izinkantolo zase-U.S. zazinikeza umonakalo, ukuqulwa kwemithetho efanayo kwezinye izifundazwe kwaveza imiphumela ehlukene, okubonisa imithetho ehlukene nencazelo yenkantolo. Ekugcineni, izingxabano eziningi zaxazululwa, ziqokomisa ukuthi ukufushaniswa kwemithetho ngokuvamile kusebenza njengesisekelo sokuxoxisana.

Izimo Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuncintisana kwezingxabano ze - IP kuyaqhubeka kubhebhetheka ngenxa yokucindezela kwezobuchwepheshe nokuvela kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ukuguqula Izibalo Nokuhlola

Ukwanda kobufakazi bemidiya (isisekelo sekhodi, imetameter, ukuxhumana nge-electronic) kudinga imithetho eqinile e-e-avbley. Izinkantolo zithatha ukubukezwa kobuchwepheshe obusizayo kanye ne-codem ebikezelayo yokuphatha ama-tem-tem, ukunciphisa izindleko nesikhathi.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngekhono Ne - judiciary

I-AI iqala ukusiza amajaji ekwakheni okusemthethweni, ngaphambi kokuhlaziya ubuciko, kanye nokuhlola okungaqondakali okungaqondakali. Abanye babikezela ukuthi i-Al ekugcineni ingaba ithuluzi lokusekela isinqumo noma ngisho umlamuleli. Nokho, imibuzo yokulandisa, ubandlululo, kanye nokubona kahle ayiphenduli.

Izindlela Zokulungisa Ezisheshayo

Ukusingatha izindleko nokwephuza, izifunda eziningi ziye zasungula izinqubo ezicatshangelweyo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-US Office’s Fast-Track Examiniting ne IPEC] inikeza izinqumo ezisheshayo ngezindleko eziphansi, yenza ukukhipha imibandela emincane yesizwe ifinyeleleke kakhulu entweni ezincane.

Ukubambisana kwesiphambano sokuhleleka

Izinyathelo ezifana ne UPC kanye ne [[FLT]]WPO Good Offices [ inhloso yokunciphisa ukuhlukana. Ukukhula komhlaba wonke kwempikiswano ye-IP, ikakhulukazi ekudluliseni nasekudluliseni ubuchwepheshe, kusikisela ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwezimiso eziyimfihlo, eziguquguqukayo. Kodwa ukufushaniswa komphakathi kuzakuhlala kuwumgogodi we-IP, kunikeza ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho ukuthi ukuqalwa kwembulunga yonke kuxhomeke ekuqalisweni.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokunqanda Umphakathi

Ukufushaniswa kwesivumelwano kungaphezu kwendlela yokunquma ephikisayo, indesheni yesimiso sempahla yezemfundo. Ngokunikeza i-fonsom lapho amalungelo anganqunywa khona ngokuqinisekile, ilimaza impumelelo enikezwayo, futhi ikhiphe iziyalo, izinkantolo zinikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela okukhuthaza ukutshala imali e-R&D, ukubhula, nokuveza. Nakuba izinselele zezindleko, ukuyinkimbinkimbi, nokuqinisekisa kwezizwe ngemisebenzi kuyaqhubeka, izinguquko eziqhubekayo, , i-ADR ukwenziwa kwe-acrate, impumelelo ye-procedrose, kanye nemishini ye-atmetrogess (indlela yokusebenza kwe-injini, i-injini, i-injini, i-injini, kanye ne-atmoscial projectivessssssss. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezomnotho kwembulunga yembulunga yonke, ukuncintinga, ukugcinwa kwezindawo zembulunga zanamuhla, nokuhlonishwa.

[[Umthetho:0] Izikhombo ze-External:[[[Umthetho:1]