Indima Yokuqala Ekunqandeni Izinqumo Zokuthutha

I-pritaryism, njengendlela yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, iveza ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yayimiswe ngesikhathi sokudilizwa kwayo. Abaphili bempikiswane bathi amajaji kufanele anamathele encazelweni yokuqala yombhalo, kunokuba aguqule incazelo yawo ukuze abonise izindinganiso zamanje. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, lefilosofi iye yasuka eqenjini eliwumthetho we-jurisprudence, isebenzisa ithonya elinamandla endleleni izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo imibuzo yamandla kahulumeni, amalungelo anye, futhi ($] ngokugxeka ukuhlanganisa kwayo.) Ukuhlobana phakathi kokuqala nomthetho wokufuduka nokuthutha akuyonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kujula. Kusuka egunyenisweni yegunya eliphethe umngcele kuya elungelweni lokugcinwayo phakathi kwe-United States, ukuveza izimpikiswano zokuqala, ukuveza ukuveza izimpikiswano, imingcele, imingcele, imingcele, imingcele, inqununu nemithetho.

Umthetho wokuhlanganisa ukhona ekuhlanganeni kobukhosi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, uhulumeni, nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Kubantu bokuqala, lezindawo zilawulwa ngamalungiselelo akhethekile omthetho-sisekelo aqondene nencazelo yawo elungisiwe ekuqaleni. Lolu hlelo lungaveza imiphumela evimbelayo noma evikela amalungelo abafuduki, kuye ngomlando. Ukuqonda indlela ukuqala kwaqala okusebenza ngayo kulendaba kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela koMsunguli ̱ imibono yokufuduka, ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwamandla kahulumeni, nendlela ukucabanga kwasekuqaleni okuye kwafakwa ngayo ezicaleni ezingokomlando nasezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhloliswa okukhulu kwendima yenqubo yokuqala yezimiso zokufuduka, ukucusumbula okungokomlando, ukucubunga okungoko ngokomlando, ukuhlola imfundiso, nokubheka imibono ephikisanayo.

Isisekelo Semicabango Yokuqala

Ubufandamentalist abuyona i-ratiation. Imicu emibili eyinhloko iyinhloso yokuqala, efuna ukubuyisela izinhloso zokuqala zomthetho wokuqala we-Framers, kanye nencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi, egxila endleleni umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo owawungaqondwa ngayo umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuhlohlwa. Owokugcina, olwelwelwe nguMahluleli Antonin Scalia nezinye, usekelwe yisimo esiyinhloko sobufundisi emthethweni wanamuhla. Ngale ndlela, umsebenzi womahluleli uwukusebenzisa incazelo eqinisekile yombhalo ezimweni ezintsha, hhayi ukuvuselela incazelo ehambisana nemithetho ehlanganisayo. Lomgomo wokulungisa umbhalo kuthiwa uyakwazi ukucubunga, ukubikezela, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa nokuvikela.

Ukuvela kobuProfethi bokuqala njengenkolelo-lwazi evumelanayo kwathola amandla ngawo-1980, ngokwengxenye njengokusabela ekuthatheni isinyathelo okucatshangelwayo kweWarren neBurger Courts. U-Attorney u-Edwin Meese III wachaza icala ngenhloso yokuqala ewuchungechunge lwezinkulumo, futhi izazi ezinjengoRobert Bock wasungula izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo. Ngesikhathi sokumisa kukaJaji Scalia eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 1986, ubuStatu base beyilungu elinamandla kakhulu. Namuhla, buye bathonywa yiziningi zezenkolo ezingokomthetho ezingokwesiko futhi ziye zathonya amajaji kuzo zonke izingalo ze-judicary, kuhlanganise nezingathathunabelo zeNkanto eSiqoko.

Emkhakheni wokufuduka, ithonya lobuSulumane lijule kakhulu ngoba umthetho wokufuduka uphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nobukhosi kanye nobukhulu bamandla esizwe. UMthetho-sisekelo awusebenzisi ngokucacile igama elithi “ukuthatha indawo,” kodwa unika iKhomishane amandla okumisa umthetho ofanayo wokuzivumelanisa imvelo (Isigaba 8, Claus 4) kanye nokulawula ezohwebo nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe (Ingxenye ye-I, i-Clausle 8, Clause 3). INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela isikhathi eside amandla obukhosi ayisisekelo okulawula nokususa ukwakhiwa kwe-ongeyo, amandla abekwa kuqala uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo futhi angalinganiselwengahlanganiswangahlelanga amalungiselelo. Abaqalangakholwa kumelwe bavumelane nokwakheka kokuqala kwemibuso elinganiselwe, ukuhlanganisa.

Ukuqonda Kwasekuqaleni Kwamandla Okuthutha

Isizukulwane esisunguliwe sazuza ifa lesiko lomthetho ovamile waseNgilandi, elaqaphela igunya elibanzi lombusi lokungena nokuxoshwa kwabafokazi. AmaBlackstone’s Deferator, umthombo oyinhloko wa-Framers, wachaza ilungelo lenkosi lokukhipha noma ukususa abantu bakwamanye amazwe njengengxenye “yombuso”. Lesisizinda siqaphelisa ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwegunya lombuso lokufuduka. Izihloko zeConfederation azinikanga hulumeni wesizwe amandla acacile phezu kokufuduka, kodwa ukwamukelwa komthetho wemvelo ofanayo, uhlangene nokufanelekela kanye nomthetho oweSivumelwane, usikisela inhloso yokulawula igunya eliphethe uhulumeni lomphakathi nemithetho yokungena.

Izenzo zakuqala zengqungquthela ziqinisekisa lokhu kuqonda. Umthetho we-Naturation Act ka-1790 wamisa imithetho yokuqala efanayo yokuba isakhamuzi. I-Alien Friends Act ka-1798, ingxenye ye-Alien neSedition Acts ephikisanayo, yagunyaza uMongameli ukuba axoshe abantu abangazenzi lutho ababhekwa “njengengozi ekuthuleni nasekulondekeni kwe-United States.” Nakuba i-Alen ne-Sedition Acts zazincilphikizaniswa kwezombangazwe futhi ziphelelwe isigaba, azizange zibekwe inselele ngokuphumelelayo enkantolo esisekelo somthetho. Lesi senzakalo esingokomlando sibonisa ukuthi isizukulwane sokuqala saseMelika saqonda uhulumeni ukuba sibe nesibindi, nakuba kungengenamkhawulo, amandla phezu kwabangezona i-Azenèn.

Izazi zomthetho zivame ukugcizelela ukuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe ufundwe ngokusekelwe emongweni ongokomlando owabhalwa kuwo. Izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo nasemihlanganweni yombuso evumela ukufuduka zinengxoxo ehlukene eqondene ngqo, kodwa ukuqonda okuvamile kobukhosi nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe kuveza amandla anamandla okulawula izwe. U-Aleksandre Hamilton, ebhala ku-The Federalist No. 11, waveza ukuthi isimiso sezentengiselwano esihlangene siyokwenza i-United States ikwazi “ukuhlanganisa ukuvunyelwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe” ngendlela evumelana nesithakazelo sesizwe. UJames Madison, kuyi-Federalist No. 42, wahlanganisa amandla emvelo okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwesidingo sokuhlangana phakathi kwezifunda, esikisela ukuthi abamele ukuvimbela amazwe ngabanye ukuba bavimbele ezindaweni ezithile ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuthutha amazwe.

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Ephakeme: Ukuqamba Ngesidala Kuyasebenza

Icala LamaShayina Eliqeda Impilo

Izimemezelo zokuqala zeNkantolo Ephakeme zamandla okufuduka kahulumeni zafika ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinethoba, ochungechungeni lwamacala ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Exclususion Cases. Chae Chan Ping v. United States [1], iNkantolo yasekela amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni okususa izisebenzi zaseChina naphezu kwezivumelwano zangaphambili ezazithembisa ukungena ngesihle. UMahluleli uStephen J. Isifunda, sibhalela iningi, sibiza amandla ayisisekelo azimeleyo onke amazwe ukulawula imingcele yaso. Nakuba iNkantolo yangawasebenzisanga igama elithi “uBristory,” ukucabanga kwayo kwakuxhomeke kakhulu embonweni yokuthi amandla kahulumeni ombuso wokukhipha abantu bakwamanye amazwe ayeneluphawu lombuso wezwe kusukela ekuzinzeni kwezwe lase-United States.

Izazi zoqobo namuhla ziphikisana ngokuthi ama-Exclusion Cases aseChina ayenqunywe kahle yini ngaphansi kwencazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso yamandla obukhosi engokwemvelo ayivumelani nesimiso soMthetho-sisekelo sokwaba imibuso futhi ukuthi igunya likahulumeni kahulumeni phezu kwamazwe angewona amaningi kufanele lilinganiselwe kuleyomibuso enikezwe ngokucacile embhalweni. Abanye bagomela ukuthi amandla okulawula imingcele ayimfuneko esizwe abaFramens abawathatha njengemvume futhi ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka ulondoloza. Le mpikiswano iyaqhubeka iveza izimpikiswano zamanje ngokuphathelene negunya lezikhulu lokuvimbela ukufuduka.

Fong Yue Ting v. United States[ (1893)

Fong Yue Ting, iNkantolo yandisa umqondo [we- Chae Chan Ping wokukhipha, iphethe ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni wokususa ongekho e-inkolo ayemaningi njengamandla awo okuzikhipha. Icala lalihilela izisebenzi zaseChina ezaziboshwe ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuba nezatifiketi zokuhlala ezazifunwa yi Geary Act. Inkantolo yalahla izimpikiswano ezazivimbela ukukhishwa kwesigwebo sobugebengu okwakufuna ukuqulwa kwekomiti yabahluleli ngaphansi kweSihlanu. Umthetho uHorace Gray, ebhalela iningi, wachaza amandla okuxosha abafokazi “isenzeka njengombuso wombuso wezwe lase-United States njengelungu lomkhaya wezizwe zesizwe."

Ukuhlaziywa koqobo u-Fong Yue Ting kugxila ekutheni incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi yoMthetho-sisekelo isho umehluko yini phakathi kokususwa nokudingiswa kwezinjongo zomthetho-sisekelo. Isizukulwane esisungulayo sasinolwazi olulinganiselwe lokudingiswa, kodwa i-Alenen Friends Act ka 1798 yagunyaza ukususwa kwe-Anversity ngenkani ngohlelo lwezikhulu, ngaphandle kwemiyalo yokwahlulela. Lomlando usikisela ukuthi iRepublic yangaphambili yamukela amandla ombuso omkhulu wokudingiswa; nakuba, i-Alen Friens Act yayinoves Act yayinempikiswano enkulu kakhulu futhi iphelelwe ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ishiya ikamelo lokuqala ukuba iphikise ukuthi ayisungulanga ukuqonda okusemthethweni. Umbuzo uhlala ukhona kumthetho wanamuhla owenziwayo.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (198)

Ekushiyeni ukuthambekela okuqinile kweSikhathi sobuzwe saseChina, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe ku- uWong Kim ukuthi umntwana ozalelwe e-United States kubazali baseChina ababevunyelwe ngokomthetho kwakuyizakhamuzi zase-U.S. isakhathi esingaphansi kweSihlalo sobuKhosi u-Claus eSigqini se-Grandmentation. UMahluleli uHorace Gray, waphinda wabhalela iningi, wafaka ekuhlolweni okuningiliziwe komthetho ovamile welungelo lobuzibulo (juli) futhi waphetha ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala yobuHlobazwe lukaClaus yahlanganisa bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States futhi ngaphansi kwegunya laso, kanye nezincwadi ezincikeneyo zezingane zakwamanye amazwe, izitha, namalungu esizwe saseNdiya.

Lesi sinqumo sivame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo esivelele sokucabanga kobuqaba obaveza umphumela owengeziwe. Ngokusekela incazelo engokomlando yokuqonda izakhamuzi kumthetho ovamile kanye nezinhloso zabakhi bamaflamethi ekubhaleni iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iNkantolo yalahla izimpikiswano zokuthi amaShayina aseMelika ayengenalungelo lokuba yindawo yobuzibulo. Namuhla abaqondisi bemfundiso yenkolo bakhomba ku- u-Kim Ark [ njengobufakazi bokuthi ubuShona mbumbulu abunamingcele yamalungelo abafuduki; kunalokho, buveza imiphumela esekelwe ekufundweni kahle kobufakazi obungokomlando, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi incazelo yenqubo yanamuhla.

X Izithoba:

Igunya Eliphethe Nokuvinjelwa Kokuhamba

Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu samuva nje sokucabanga kobuSulumane emazweni amaningi ahlukene nabantu abafudukayo yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme John Roberts trump v. Hawaii (2017), eyasekela ukumiswa kwesithathu kokuhamba kukaMongameli Trump ngokuvimbela amazwe amaSulumane amaningi azimele. UMahluleli omkhulu John Roberts, ebhalela iningi, ngokusekelwe ekwazini okubanzi ngokwesiko okunikezwa uMongameli ngaphansi kwe-Immigration neNationality Act negunya langaphandle legatsha lesikhulu. UJustice Clavel Thomas, ngokuvumelana nombono ovumelanayo, waqhubeka, ephikisa ngokuthi igunya lommeli elingokwemvelo lomthetho wokufuduka nelozwe linye futhi ukulondeka kwezwe lalincike kakhulu kunalowo owasikisela abaningi.

Ukuvumelana kukaMahluleli Thomas kuyisibonelo esingokobuzwe sokuhlaziya kobukhoma. Walandelela ukuqonda okungokomlando kwegunya lokubusa izindaba zakwamanye amazwe kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa kweRepublic yakuqala, egcizelela ukuthi uMongameli, njengommeleli okuwukuphela kwesizwe ebuhlotsheni bangaphandle, unegunya elingokwemvelo lokususa abantu abangabheki abangenasithakazelo ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Wabuye wanxusa incazelo yokuqala ye-Taice Clause kanye ne-Veclause ukuba aphikise ukuthi imicimbi kaMongameli wezindaba zangaphandle ayigcini ezimithethweni nasezivumelwano kodwa idlulele esithebeni sokuzimela. Nakuba iningi lingamukelanga isithakazelo esiphelele sikaThoma sesizwe, ukucabanga kwakhe kubonisa ithonya elikhulayo leNkadeli yeNkavukela juriscillance.

UDACA Nokuhlakanipha Okuphethe

I-Deferered Action for Childhood Accountings (DACA) uhlelo luye lwabangela izimpikiswano zokuqala. Abagxeki be-DACA baphikisa ngokuthi igatsha eliphetheyo alinalo igunya lomthetho-mthetho lokwakha uhlelo olubekelwe isilinganiso esikhulu lokuthatha futhi ludluliswe ngokuphumelelayo imithetho yokufuduka edluliswa yi-Congress. Abaqali bakhomba ukuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho kwemibuso, bephikisa ukuthi amandla okumisa izigaba zobukhona obungokomthetho nemvume yokusebenza asekelwe eSikoleni soMkhandlu weNkathilo ngaphansi kwe-Celauslausce ne-Monity ne-faucial Clausle. Umzamo we-Trump wokuthatha imithetho yokuphindela imithetho ye-DCA, u-RCUM, u-Prount wabekwa inselele inselele iNkampela ye-Auni eMthethwe ngaphansi kwe-Mthethwe-Myalthobo womthetho, kodwa wafinyelela u-Myalo-Mthenwa we-Mthenwa we-se-se-se-se-se-se-se-

Izazi zoqobo zihlala zihlukene nge-DACA. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala yamandla esikhulu ifuna uMongameli ukuba aphoqelele imithetho yokufuduka njengoba ilotshiwe, angasishiyi gumbi lohlelo oluyenqaba ngokuphelele ukususa isigaba esikhulu sabangebona abamele. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukwahlulela okungokomlando kunemvelaphi yezekhono lokulawula nokuthi ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kuhlanganisa igunya lokubeka imithombo engokomthetho, ngisho noma lokho kusho ukuhluleka ukuphishekela ukususwa ezinhlangothini ezithile zezindaba. Le mpikiswano igcizelela ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi bezimiso zokuqala zokusebenzisa izimiso zesifunda sezwe sanamuhla.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngokufanele NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Indaba yobuzibulo iye yaba isici esiphambili ezimpikiswaneni zokufuduka, njengoba abanye abaqondisi be zindaba bakuqala bephikisa ngokuthi i-Cintu ye-Claus ayidingi ukuba izingane zabafuduki abangabhaliwe noma izivakashi zesikhashana zibe yizakhamuzi. Ukuqonda okungokwesiko, okusekelwe [ u-Wong Kim Ark, ukuthi isigebezo simboza bonke abantu abazalwe e-United States futhi singaphansi kobukhoma babo, kuphela ngomthetho ovamile ohlukile. Nokho, abagxeki bempi bakudala, baphikisa ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yokuba khona kwabo “kubuswa kwezwe labo abakhona kungekho emthethweni noma abazali babo abangazikhonzi ngokugcweleyo, njengezibo ezingokomthetho, njengokukhokhwakhwa kwentela nokubuthwa kwentela.

Lombono wokubukeza uye waqoshwa izazi ezinjengoPeter Schuck noRogers Smith, futhi uye wathola ukusekelwa phakathi kwamajaji nabenzi bezimiso ababambelele emacaleni. I-stargument, evikelwe iningi uWong Kim Ark, ukuthi ubufakazi obungokomlando busekela ukuqonda okubanzi kwendabuko yobuzibulo. Izimpikiswano mayelana namaLungelo e-Civin Rights Act ka-186 kanye neSiphendulo se-1459ti kubonisa ukuthi i-Congress inhloso yokulawula isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:] DD Scott v. [[FLT] [FLT:] [57] futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abazelwe eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizwe noma izakhamuzi zangaphambili, abawubheka ngokuphikisa lo mbhalo futhi basekela ukuthi umthetho ocacile.

Izinsongo Zokusungula EMthethweni Ongenazo Izinkolelo - ze

Ukuqamba uqobo akunabo abagxeki, futhi kuvela izimpikiswano eziningi ngokukhethekile emongweni wokufuduka. Okunye okuvamile ukuthi ukugxila kobuKhomanisi kugxile ekuqondeni kweshumi elinesishiyagalombili neshumi elinesine neshumi elinesine nekhulu kuyangena ngokomthetho ezweni lokufuduka okukhulu kwezizwe zonke, ubuphekula bembulunga yonke, nokubuswa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi. Abasunguli bezakhiwo zanamuhla bangeke balindele izinga nesimo sokufuduka, futhi bazame ukusebenzisa izinhloso zabo ezicatshangelwayo ezinkingeni zamanje zingaveza imiphumela ewumphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda kokuqala “kwezizwe zakwamanye amazwe” kungase kunganwebi lula ukufinyelela ezigabani zemali, izinqubo zobukhoselo zanamuhla zokukhosela amabhukwana, izinqubo zokukhoselo, noma imithetho yemisebenzi.

Uhlelo lwesibili lusho ukuthi ukukholelwa kokuqala kudinga ukuthembeka encazelweni yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi incazelo yokuqala ivumela ukucwasana kwemibono. Abagxeki bakhomba i-Exclususion Cases yaseChina, ngokuvamile egxekwa njengenhlahlo-mthetho yohlanga, njengobufakazi bokuthi ukucabanga kwakuqala kungasetshenziswa ekusekeleni imithetho engalungile. Uma ukuqamba kwakuqala kudinga ukwethembeka encazelweni yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi incazelo yokuqala ibekezelela ukucwaswa kohlanga nokungabikho kwemithetho engokohlanga, khona - ke ukuthathela phambili kungavumelana nokungalungi komlando. Izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ziveza ukuthi izimiso zemithetho ekhethekile yalezozimiso, nokuthi iReleth Refectivesmetic Provision istion Claus, iqonde kahle emongweni wayo yokuqala, ivimbela imithetho yokufuduka kokwehlukana kwezindawo.

I-critique yesithathu iphathelene nenkinga yokungavumelani komlando. Umlando wemibuzo eminingi yomthetho-sisekelo awucacile, futhi abasekeli bezokuqala bavame ukungavumelani ngalokho okufunwa yincazelo yokuqala. Emthetho wokufuduka, lokhu kungavumelani kukhulu: ngoba zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomlando ezisekela amandla kahulumeni amakhulu, kukhona ukuphikisana okubonisa ukumiswa kwe-rerada ngezindaba ezisemkhandlwini. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi i-althristism iyahluleka ukunikeza isithembiso sayo sokunqanda ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bangasekela cishe noma isiphi isiphetho. Izazi zesayensi yezomlando ziyavuma ukuthi ukucwaninga okungokomlando kuhilela ukwahlulela kodwa kuveza ukunqandwa okukhulu kwemithetho ephilayo, okunganikezi lutho olusekelwe ngokuphelele.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Nekusasa LoMthetho Ongangeni Ekhaya

Njengoba iningi leNkantolo ePhakeme liqina, ukuqamba izinto kwakuqala kungenza indima enkulu ngisho nangokwengeziwe ekulolongeni izinqumo zezimiso zokufuduka. Ukumiswa kwamajaji azinikele kwindlela yomphakathi yokuqala echazayo, njengoMahluleli uNeil Gormoth noJaji Brett Kavaugh, izimpawu zokuthi amacala okufuduka esikhathini esizayo azakubekwa futhi anqunywe ngokunakekela ngokuseduze umbhalo, isimo, nomlando. Lokhu akubikezeli ukuthi umphumela ofanayo ukhona nakweminye ezicaleni; indlela yokuqala yesayensi yokuhlola isetshenziswa enkantolo-secansini, nobufakazi obungokomlando bunganqamula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngendaba ethile yomthetho.

Enye indawo lapho ubuKhomanisi beNkantolo bungase bube nethonya elikhulu khona yindawo yokufakelwa kwemithetho yokufuduka kukahulumeni. Izwe liye lafuna ngokuqhubekayo ukumisa izinyathelo zalo zokuqinisekisa ukufuduka, kusukela e-SB 1070 kuya e-Texas i-Lone Star. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Arizona v. i-United States [20] [202] ishaye amalungiselelo amaningana e-SB 1070 ezisekelweni zeze, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwe-predition kusalokhu kuphikiswana. Abanye abaqalayo baphikisa ngokuthi isimo somthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi i-Clauslauskiastry ne-Extrainsme, akukho ndawo yokulawula ukuthutha, njengoba isizukulwane siqonda ukuthi i-Hen i-ten i-sting i-rectivement isholdsss iyavuma sokuzimela umthetho wokuhamba kwezelela kwamanye amazwe.

Enye indawo eyisihluthulelo yisimo somthetho-mthetho wesiphephelo nokungabikho komthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho weSiphepho wango-1980 wahlanganisa izibopho zomhlaba wonke ngaphansi komthetho-1967 i-Mostyle of Relatings, kodwa abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo bayabuza ukuthi iSivumelwano ngokwaso sidinga isivikelo yini ekubuyeleni kwabantu ekushushisweni. Isizukulwane esisungulweni sasinolwazi oluncane ngesivikelo, futhi incazelo yokuqala yeSimo sobukhondlalo uCelacelo noMnyango wobuKhosifazi bezwe ingafinyelelangazeli abantu abafuna ukungena. INkanto Ephakeme ayikadingi impikiswano ephelele, kodwa njengoba izindaba zokukhosela ziqhubeka zikhuphulula izinkantolo zombuso womhlaba wonke. Abanye abakholelwa ekushushisweni kwabo, baphikisa ukuthi ukuqondwa kwesizwe sonke, njengoba kushiwo yi-United States, futhi bavikela bonke labo abashushiswa, bebodwa, futhi baveza ukuthi, baphikisa ukuthi, abanye abantu abaqala ukubhekana noshushiso.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kokukhulekela Ukuqala Nokushintsha Umthetho

Umthetho womthetho olandelwayo awukho owenziwe ngokungenangqondo; uhlangene nencazelo yemithetho, umthetho wokuqondisa, kanye nokuqonda kowawo amagatsha ezombangazwe indima yawo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngisho noma izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucabangela kokuqala ezicabeni zokufuduka, uKhongolo lunawo amandla amakhulu okuhlela isimiso sokufuduka phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo yezobuchwepheshe ingasiza ekucaciseni leyomingcele, inikeza isiqondiso kubaqondisi bemithetho efuna ukukwazi ukubhekana nokubukezwa komthetho-mthetho- ngokomthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-stristism imisa ukuvimbela okungase kuphazamise imigomo ethile yenqubo , ngokwesibonelo, uma incazelo yokuqala yemigoqo yemidalo yomthetho ka-Claltura Claus Claus isithilie imingcele yekhono lokuthumela igunya lokufudula kuMongameli, noma uma ukuqonda kokuqala kwesivikelo esilingani nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe emithethweni ezindaweni zokufuduka.

Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngenguquko yokufuduka eKhongolose ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izilinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibunjwe umcabango wokuqala. Uma abenzi bomthetho becabangela iziphakamiso zokushintsha isimiso sokufuduka esisekelwe emkhayeni, bakha iqembu elisha le-visa izisebenzi ezihlatshwayo eziphakeme, noma banikeze indlela yokuba zibe ngokomthetho kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abangabhalwanga, kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi iziphakamiso ezinjalo ziyavumelana yini nomklamo womthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. Imfundo yemfundo yakuqala ingazitshela lezi zinqumo ngokunikeza imibono engokombuso, izakhamuzi, namalungelo abantu abangewona ama-Cequalitzs. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda kokuqala imfuneko yokufana kwe-Claus ngokwemvelo kungalinganisela ikhono lokwakha imithetho engokwemvelo ehlukile yezifunda noma izifunda, uma leyo mithetho ebonakala isebenza kahle.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Kwezinye Izinsolo

Nakuba ubufundisi buhlobene kakhulu nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, indlela yokuchaza imibhalo engokomthetho ngokwendlela yokuqala abalobi babo abayiqonda ifana nezinye izimiso zomthetho. ECanada, isimiso se- “incazelo yokuqala” sifeza indima elinganiselwe ekuchazeni i-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, njengoba iNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakade kakhulu yaseCanada ikhetha injongo yokuqala “yokuthatha i-Constitution" ukuze uvume umthetho-mthethweni. Nokho, ezinye izazi zase-Canada ziye zaphikisana ngendima enkulu kakhulu ekuchazeni izinhlelo zomthetho womthetho wobugebengu nemithetho ye-soshalinto. EJalimane, iNkanto ye-Federal Constigational Councial Council ibhekisela enhloso yokuqala yoMthetho oqinile, kodwa iNkantolo yeNkantolo yeNkantolo igxile kakhulu ekuqondeni kwezinjongo ezisemthethweni.

Kumongo wezokufuduka, amanye amazwe awazange asungule umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi ofana nawo wezezigelekeqe zakuqala, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi amasiko awo omthetho-sisekelo awagcizeleli ukumiswa kombhalo. Ukungabikho kwesiko lokuqala kwamanye amazwe kuqokomisa ukuhluka komthetho waseMelika kanye nobukhulu obumakhelwa kwe-university ye-U.S. ngezindlela ezingasetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo. Kubantu baseMelika abaqalayo, lokhu kungokomsuka kuwumthombo wamandla: kubonakalisa isibopho esiyingqayizivele sobukhosi obudumile nomthetho. Kungabagxeki bezenziwa kuqala, kusikisela ukulawulwa kwe-parochimentiyumsm okungathandeki ukusingatha inqubo yembulunga yonke yezimiso zokufuduka.

Isiphetho

Indima yokuqala ekuqondiseni izinqumo zezimiso zokufuduka ibalulekile futhi iyaphikiswa. Ngokumisa ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo encazelweni yokuqala yombhalo, ukusungulwa komthetho ngokomthetho kunikeza ikhambi lokuxazulula imibuzo mayelana namandla kahulumeni, igunya eliphetheyo, namalungelo omuntu ngamunye ayinhloko engokomthetho olawula ukufuduka. Umlando unikeza ukusekela kwemiphumela eminingi, kusukela ekulawuleni kwemingcele eqinile ukuze kuvikelwe ubuzibulo nenqubo efanele yabangangeni. Njengoba iNkanto ePhakathi iyaqhubeka isebenzisa ukucabangela kokuqala kwezokufuduka, indlela yokusebenza kuyo ihlala inamandla, uma kuwukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ukumiswa kwemithetho yezokufuduka kwe-Americanstruction sy.

Kubenzi bezimiso, ama-ligigator, nezazi, ukuqonda ukuqala akuseyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela. Noma umuntu uvumelana nefilosofi, ukuyisebenzisa, noma ufuna ukuyisebenzisa emongweni we-mongo wezingcingo, ithonya layo ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezihlala kwamanye amazwe alinakuphikwa. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngegunya lezikhulu zezokufuduka, imithetho yokufuduka, imithetho yobuzibulo, ubuzibulo, namalungelo okungekhona okwakhona ahambisana nakho konke ukucabanga kwakuqala. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka silwa nezinselele zokufuduka ekhulwini lama-20 kuya phambili, ukushisekela komthetho wenkolo kuqhubekela ekulungiseni imingcele engokomthetho. Ifa eliyinhloko lomthetho wokuqala engokomthetho wokufuduka liyoxhomeke eqophelweni kwempikiswano engokomlando, ukuthonya ukuvumelana nokuvumelana nokuvumelana nokuvumelana kwayo yonke imithetho yezomthetho.