Umqondo wobubonisi uyisisekelo sokusebenza kukahulumeni wase-United States. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo, abakuqaphela kakhulu ukukwazi ukubusa ngonya, baklama isimiso samagunya ahlukene lapho igatsha ngalinye ($"umthetho, umphathi, nokwahlulela) linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile futhi banamathuluzi akhethekile okuhlola amanye. Lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhlola nokulinganisela luqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elilawulayo nokuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sihlala sinecala kumthetho-sisekelo nakubantu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi ngendlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenzisa ngayo ukuqondisa abanye, ukulandisa okungokomlando nokusebenza kwalezi zinqubo, nokubaluleka kwalo okuhlala njalo ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuphatha Kwegatsha Okungokomthetho

ISishaya - mthetho, njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni, sinamagunya amaningi kakhulu okuqondisa phezu kwesikhulu. Lokhu kuqondisa akuwona nje umthwalo ocatshangelwayo kodwa kuwumthwalo oyinhloko oqinisekisa ukuba uhulumeni omkhulu ophethe usakwazi ukuphendula abameleli abakhethiwe. Izindlela kusukela ekunikezeni okucacile okungokomthetho amathuluzi ngokwethukela asungulwe ngokusetshenziswa.

Ukuqinisekiswa kokunqunyelwa

“ Indima yeSigele nemvume” ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, iSiqendu 2, kuyi-sehlo esiqondile ekhonweni likamongameli lokusebenza egatsheni eliphethe nelokwahlulela. Unobhala ngamunye wekhathena, umahluleli wezwe, inxusa, nezikhulu eziningi zenhlangano ezinkulu kumelwe ziqiniswe yivoti eningi eSigeqeni. Lenqubo ilawulwa yizimpoqo ukuba zihlole ngokunzulu “‘ ukuphenya okuphakathi, ukuzwa kwekomiti, nokuphikisana kobuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqinisekisa okuphikisana okunjengalokho kukaMahluleli uBrett Kavaugh noma unobhala weSigeqe uJames Matts ibonisa indlela iSigeqe esingalibala noma silahle ngayo izinqumo zikamongameli, iphoqeqe ukuba kukhethwe isikhulu esingcono noma samukelekile. Isiqinisekiso sisebenza futhi njengenqubo yokukhipha izibopho esizibopho ngesibopho esingokomthetho sokuziphatha saso esingokomthetho, ukubophelelisa ukubopha izibophozo ezisekuphethe.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

I- “igunya lesikhwama” mhlawumbe liyikhokha kakhulu. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, iSiphakamiso 8, ilawula yonke imali kahulumeni. Akukho senzo sokuphatha esingavela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali. Ngonyaka wezicelo, iSishaya-Mkhandlu singanda, sinciphise, noma sinciphise ngokuphelele izinhlelo eziqondile. Ingahlanganisa abagibeli abavimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphatha ngokukalsha (ngokufana nesibonelo, ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zokudlulisa iziboshwa eGuatámo Bay ukuya e-United States. Usongo oluzayo lokuvala imvume kahulumeni, njengoba kuboniswa ngo-2013,19202019, lubonisa ukuthi i-Prountarancesssss. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Accouncication Office (GAO), inhlangano ezimele, ukusetshenziswa kwezengadiyokwayo yokusebenza nokukhipha izimali ngokusemthethweni.

Ukucwaninga Nezindlebe

Amakomiti e-Congregational anegunya elikhulu lokuhlola noma isiphi isici phakathi kwegunya lawo. Lombuso, oqinisekisiwe ezimweni ezifana no Mcrain v. Daughty (1877), uvumela amakomiti ukuba abhale izincwadi zamabhandena futhi aqhube ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe. Uphenyo lwezwe luhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Watergate [73/1974], okwavumbulula ukuziphatha okubi komongameli futhi kwaholela kuMongameli Nixon's Presion's, ukuhlola kwe-Iran-Contra (19877), okwadada ukuthengiswa kwezikhali eziphethe i-Iran ukuya eNicaragua; izihlulo ze-Gwate, kanye no-January 62220222222), ezahlola ukuhlasela kwe-Capito kuphela. Lawahlola ukuhlulwa komthetho wezelela kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhlola umbono womphakathi wezomthetho.

Ukuzifunela

ISiphakamiso Inikeza iNdlu yabameleli amandla okungamele izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, kanye neSigele okuwukuphela kwamandla okuzama ukunqanda ukugunyazwa. Ukugunyaza kungukuhlola kokugcina kwemithetho yezomthetho (ikhambi lokulawula (ikhambi lomthetho-mthetho) lokulawula “ukuphenya, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala aphakeme.” Omongameli abathathu baye balahlwa yiNdlundlobu yeNdlu: u-Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (Clinton (19, 2019, no-2021). Akukho ngokomthetho owalahlwa yiSigeqe, kodwa inqubo ngokwayo, ukubuthwa kobufakazi, nokuvota okuphansi kungenziwa ukucindezela okukhulu kwezombangazwe futhi kungenza umboniso wokuziphatha okungalawuleki mongameli we-Cencant, ukuxwayisa ngezenzo ezikhuthaza ukuqabula impikiswano.

Ukuqondisa Kwegatsha Eliphethe Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Nakuba igatsha eliphethe livame ukubhekwa njengenjongo yokwengamela, lisebenzisa amathuluzi abalulekile okuqondisa, ukuthonya, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuqeda izinqumo ezithathwa yiSishaya - mthetho.

Amandla E - Veto

Umongameli u-Franklin D. Roosevet translate translate percent. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 7, isithathu esingu-3 emagumbini womabili kuyadingeka ukuba silawule iveto, okuyinto eyenzekayo ngokomlando (kuphela cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela amavetoes avamile aye angenawo umthetho. Umongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt isambated 635; uMongameli Donald Trump wamuva nje, u-10. I-veto isebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuhlela: umongameli angasongela ukuphoqa ushintsho emthetho, noma ukusebenzisa iphakethe ye-toto (ukungaqhubi nyaka ka-10 ngesikhathi i-Hulumeni i-yal i-osadentianser) ukubulala isikhwama esingekho emthethweni omthetho.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Isiyalo esiphethe sivumela umongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume engokomthetho. Nakuba bengenakukwazi ukuqondisa izimali ezifanele noma ukushintsha umthetho, bangamisa izinqubo eziza kuqala ezilawula indlela imithetho ekhona elawulwa ngayo. Izibonelo zezikhulu zihlanganisa u-Expatiption Order 906 (Inhlangano yamaJapane phakathi ne-WWII), i-Order 13769 (ukuvinjelwa kwezehdrule”, kanye nemithetho eminingi esebenzisa iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile. Ingqungquthela ingadlulisela umthetho wokususa uhlelo lwezeluleko lwezeko lwezempathi yezikhulu, kodwa umongameli angafaka lowo mthetho kulowo mthetho, aphoqe umlawuli wezwe ukuba acuphe i-okhestra. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziqondiso ze-Orsergatential 13769 zibekwa ekwahluleleni igatshani lika-20171717, kanye ne-19017)

Isifundazwe Se - Union Nenhlangano Kahulumeni

Ikheli likamongameli laminyaka yonke leSizwe se-Union ligunyazwe ngokomthetho (Artle II, Ingxenye 3) kodwa liye laguqukela ekubeni iqophelo eliphambili lokumisa uhlelo lwemithetho. Ngokuqokomisa okuza kuqala kwezezinqumo, inqubo yokuthutha, izakhiwo ezisetshenziswayo, umongameli ufuna ukuhlobisa umbono womphakathi nokucindezela amalungu eKhongolo. I House ephezulu isebenza neHhovisi eliqinile leMicikilisho esemthethweni: ukumisa ulimi lwezivoti, ukubala, nokunikela ngokuhlehla kwemithetho. Lokhu kubekelwe izivumelwano eziqhubekayo kuvumela ukumiswa kwesikhulu sezehlakalo sakuqala senqubo yomthetho.

Ukusayina Izinkulumo

Abaholi baye basebenzisa kakhulu izinkulumo zokusayina ."aylods) ezikhishwa lapho kusayina isimemezelo sokuchaza izwi lomthetho noma bememezela ukuthi izingxenye zingaba yizigebengu. Nakuba kuphikisana, lamazwi asebenza njengobungameli begatsha eliphethe i-comional coration. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wakhipha izimemezelo zokusayina eziphikisa amalungiselelo angaphezu kuka-750 anjengokugxazulula amagunya omongameli, njengemigoqo enqabela ukubekezelela impi. Ingqungquthela ingaphendula ngokulungisa umthetho wesikhathi esizayo, kodwa inkulumo yokusayina isebenza njengesekisi, izimpawu zokuthi isikhulu sizimisele ukusebenzisa (noma singawusebenzisi) umthetho.

Ukuqondisa Kwegatsha Lokwahlulela Kokubili Amacala Nezikhundla Eziphethe

Ijaji, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, lisebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqondisa kwalo kuthatha isinyathelo esiningi, kodwa lisebenza kuphela lapho icala noma impikiswano ilethwa phambi kwalo kodwa imithetho yalo ibopha futhi igcina. Leligunya liqinisekisa ukuthi i-Congress noma umongameli ngeke idlule imingcele ebekwe nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela .Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yagadla imithetho engu - 170 yezomthetho nemithetho yesifundazwe engenakubalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez (1955), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iGun-Free Schools Act idlulise amandla entengiselwano kahulumeni kaHulumeni, iphinde ibeke imingcele yemithetho kahulumeni engenakubalwa. [[FLT:]] Kuwomanyuks. [FLD] ku-[FLT]

Ukuchazwa Kwemithetho

Izinkantolo zichaza incazelo yemithetho njengemiswe yiKhongolo. Uma ikhona ngokungaqondakali, ukuchazwa kokwahlulela kungawushintsha kakhulu umphumela womthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council[[FLL:1] [19984], iNkantolo yamisa uhlelo lokuzibamba ngokuchaphazeleka kwemithetho ecacile echaza imithetho engaqondakaliyo, futhi isinqumo ngokwaso saba yi-chezukisi ekhonweni le-Congress congress yokulawula izinhlangano. Muva nje, iNkanto Engameli inciphisayo ilula leyonto elulayo, iqondisa umthetho wokwenza umthetho wezikhulu. Le komiti yokuchaza umsebenzi igcina kokubili amagatsha ethembekile ngokuphathelene nenhloso yomthetho.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

ISikhathi se-Bill of Rights kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuqinisekisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nesenzo sikahulumeni. Ikomiti yejaji iphoqelela lemingcele ngokumelene kokubili namagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yabusa Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]] [ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi] (1964]) ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni kwakungekhonamthetho, ngokuphumelelayo ukuvimbela ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-Congress Congress kuqala nomthetho wokubealwa kwemithetho ye-mthetho. Roe v. [[FLT] v] [12]), ishaya umbuso nemingcele yokukhishwa kwezisu, idala i-mthetho womthetho owenziwe yi-orgosempi ne-buthweni yomphakathi womphakathi. Ngishokk)

Ukuhlola Inqubo Yobumbano

INkantolo ihlola futhi ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho ngokwaso siye saphula izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, S v. Chachaha (19983), iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho wemithetho ye-Province +a commission esetshenziswayo ukuqeda izinqumo zenhlangano yezikhulu. [[FVT:2] Clinton] v. City of New York[3][3][1998], iNkaaa iNkanto ephoqeqesekelayo izimfuneko zeSiphakamiso Imithetho I. Le mithetho ephoqeqeqeseke ukuba incise umthetho wokuqeda imithetho yezikhulu, kanjalo iqinise ukuvumelana kwemithetho yemithetho yezehlakalo. [FLT.FLT] Klatin.[5] Izikhulu zeNkalelo zeNkalelo zezehloko yemithetho zale.[Flct:3][3], iNkadedededededenti ye-Linento, eyanika igunya lokuchitha izinto ezi

Inqubo yokunqumelana usuku nokuqinisekisa

Amajaji angokomongameli futhi aqiniswa yiSigele, kodwa lapho sebehlezi, bakhonza ukuphila, baqinisekisa ukuzimela. Lenqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengenqubo yokwengamela: amongameli bangabumba ijaji amashumi eminyaka, kuyilapho iSigele singavimbela abakhonya abanofilosofi abangokomthetho abeqisa kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa kwamanje eNkantolo (8) namajaji ayisithupha alandela isimilo esiqinile amiswe amongameli baseRepublican kanye namajaji amathathu akhululekile amiswe nguDemocrates − ukuveza le dramagedry esikhathi eside. Ukuphila kweshumi kuvumela abahluleli ukuba badele kokubili umbono othandwayo namagatsha ezombangazwe, kuqinise indima yabo njengenhlolo.

Izingxabano Nezibonelo Zanamuhla

Isimiso sobubonisi asikho esikhona; siqala ngezingxabano ezihlola imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba nezingxabano eziphawulekayo:

  • Impikiswano yafinyelela izinkantolo. Ilungelo eliphetheyo: Phakathi kokuqondisa kweTrump, iNdlu yakhipha amapenasi ukuze inikeze ubufakazi nezincwadi, kodwa uMongameli wayala izikhulu ukuba zingabambisani, ziphawule ilungelo lesikhulu. Impikiswano yafinyelela ezinkantolo, ngesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme e [FLT:] Trump v. Mazars[[FLT:]20] [20] ukuthi amandla oMkhandlu ongaphansi kaKhongolo ayizange izwane futhi kumelwe ihlolwe ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikamongameli. Lendaba yacaciswa kodwa ayixazululanga ukungezwanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isinyathelo esiqhubekayo ekuthuthweni kwabantu: uMongameli Oma’s Defected Action for Childhood Applicals (DACA) wabekelwa inselele njengokucupha. INkantolo Ephakeme ephethe i Homeland Security v. Regets of University of California[FLT][FLT] [2002]] [20]) yanquma ukuthi ukuphatha kwakungalandelanga inqubo efanele ekuqedeni i-DACA /Kodwa] kodwa kwashiya umnyango uvulekelelwe ukwenza isenzo sesikhathi esizayo. Umongameli u-Trump wabhekana nokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi ekugcineni kwasekelwa [[FLD:] trum. v [FT]
  • Ukunikeza imvume nokukhulula: uMongameli uTrump wokuqala (ukungagunyazi amandla nokuvimbela kwe-Congress) kanye nokungagunyazi kwesibili (ukuvuselelwa kokuvukela) kwaqokomisa imingcele yamandla angenamthetho uma iSigele singawahluleli. Ukulahlwa kwagcizelelwa ukuthi ukungagunyazi kuyinqubo engobezombangazwe njengenqubo engokomthetho, nokuthi ukuhlola kwemithetho kungahluleka uma izigaba ze-Roce zingafix.
  • I-Government ivala: Ukuvalwa kwemali efakwa emngceleni kwabonisa imiphumela yangempela yamandla ohlelo: izisebenzi ezinguhulumeni ezimadolonzima noma ezisebenza ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, ukuphazamiseka kwezinkonzo ezidingekile, futhi ekugcineni ziyekethise. Kwabonisa ukuthi amagatsha womabili angabangela ubuhlungu komunye nomunye, kanye nomphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuphatha Ibandla Lentando Yeningi

Ukuphatha phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu akuyona into ecatshangelwayo kodwa isidingo esiwusizo. Ukubaluleka kwawo kungahlanganiswa ezindaweni eziningana eziyinhloko:

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Isikhulu ngasinye, kusukela kumongameli kuya kumphathi wenhlangano elawulayo, kumelwe siphendule kwelinye igatsha. Ukuqulwa kwamacala esizwe, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, ngisho nabenzi besinqumo samandla abanamandla ukuze bathethelele izenzo zabo obala nangokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa, izikhulu zingasebenza ngasese futhi zingajeziswa.

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Abahleli babesaba noma yiliphi ithonya. Okhetho olushaqisayo, ukuphila okunethuba elingcono kumajaji, nendlu yomthetho ye-bamaral kwaklanyelwa ukuthatha isinyathelo sobuthakathi. Ukulawula inqubo kusebenza njengemiqheba enqamukayo, ukuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha noma ngokunganakekeli kwegatsha elilodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli akanakumemezela impi ngaphandle kweKhongolo; uMkhandlu awunakumlahla umuntu ngecala ngaphandle kwecala lokwahlulela; iNkanto engathi iqale ngenkambiso. Lokhu kuvimbelana kuyikhono lesimiso.

Isivikelo Sokukhululeka Emphakathini

Amalungelo omuntu ngamunye asengozini kakhulu uma uhulumeni esebenza njengegunya elinamandla afanayo. Imishini nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma elinye igatsha lingenela inkululeko, ngokumisa umthetho ovimbela inkulumo, /aal, amagatsha angangenela. Ijaji, ikakhulukazi, liqapha ngokubulala imithetho ephula umthetho we-Bill of Rights, ngisho nalapho leyo mithetho ithandwa.

Ukufundiswa Nokubona Izakhamuzi Ngokugqamile

Imisebenzi yokuqulwa kwamacala okudluliswa kwemithetho ngezansi .Imisebenzi yokuqulwa kwecala, imibiko yezikhulu, imibono yasenkantolo − . Uma inqubo yomphakathi ivulwa kakhulu, izakhamuzi zingenza abameleli bazo babe nesibopho sokulandisa. UHulumeni kuMthetho weSunshi noMvumelwano woButho wokwaziswa uphelelisa lezi zihlolo ngokunikeza umphakathi ukutholakala kwezincwadi zegatsha eziphethe. I-votortetetete elwazini yikona kokugcina emagatsheni onke.

Ukushintsha Indlela Yokusebenzisa Intando Yeningi

Ukuvelela futhi kuthonya impucuko yezombangazwe. Ithemba lokuthi amagatsha ayobukana likhuthaza ukuhloniphana ngezinqubo zomthetho futhi linqanda ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho owengeziwe. Ngisho noma ukuphatha kuhluleka ukusebenza − kanti lapho iqembu elithile lilawula kokubili iWhite House ne-Congress [“ukukhona kwalo kulondoloza izinga lokuziphatha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimiso ezifana ne “mthetho” zifakwa esimisweni sezombangazwe, zinciphisa ingozi yokuthathela phambili i-athority.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zobuqondisi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifakwe eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. zingaphezu komlando; zikhona, izinqubo ezishukumisayo ezichaza ukusebenza kombuso wezinsuku zosuku zonke. Igatsha lomthetho liphethe amandla esikhwameni somthetho nosongo lokungagunyazi; umphathi usebenzisa i-veto nesigaba sezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu; ummeli uchaza umthetho futhi abukeze izenzo zawo womabili. Lokhu kuhlola kwakha isimiso esiqinile esilinganiselayo, esivikela amalungelo, futhi afune ukulandisa. Njengoba abaphathi bezombangazwe bezama imingcele yegunya labo, ukuphenyanisa, noma inkantolo yenkantolo, inselele ukuthi inqubo yokuhlola ezinye izinto ayibalulekile kanjani. Ukuqonda ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lihlola ezinye imfundo yezemfundo kodwa futhi lifuna ukulawulwa kwezempilo yaseMelika.

ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [ i-Cunitution Accontition, Ihhovisi lokuqulwa [i-Government [, kanye nendima yeNkantolo Ephakeme [[[FLT:]]