Usizo lwezizwe zonke luye lwaba umzila obucayi ekuxhaseni amanzi, indle, nenhlanzeko (WASH) emazweni aphansi naphakathi. Lemisebenzi − isuka ekumbeni imigodi nakuzimiso zamanzi afakwe amapayipi ukuya ekwakheni indlu yangasese nasekuthuthukiseni inhlanzeko − ngokuqondile ibhekise ezingeni ezimbili zezisekelo eziyisisekelo zempilo yabantu nesithunzi. Nakuba imigomo ephambili icacile, isilinganiso sangempela sokuphumelela siwukuthi lezi zingenelela intuthuko empilweni yomphakathi, ezomnotho, nasemphakathini. Lesi sihloko sihlola ubufakazi, abashayeli abayinhloko bempumelelo eqhubekayo, izinselele eziqhubekayo, nezindlela ezinqumayo ukuthi ithonya impela amanzi nemisebenzi yokuhlanza emhlabeni wonke.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nemisebenzi Yamanzi Neyokuhlanza: I - Human Stakes Neyomnotho

Imbulunga yonke, abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-2,2 abakwazi ukubhekana ngokuphepha namanzi okuphuza, futhi abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5 abakwazi ukukwazi ukulawula indle ngokuphephile, ngokwe-data yeNhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke. Imiphumela ihlaba umxhwele. Amanzi angcolile nesimiso sokukhucululwa kwendle esingemihle yizifo eziyinhloko zesifo sohudo, ezibulala abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,4 ngonyaka (izingane) ezingaphansi kwezinhlanu. Izikhathi eziphindaphindiwe zediaschirrhoea ebuntwaneni zibuye zibe nengxenye ekuvimbeleni, ekuthuthukeni kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela komzimba, futhi zibe buthaka. Ngaphezu kokufa, umthwalo weqoqo lamanzi udla ngokungenakulinganiswa, abesifazane namantombazane, abachitha amahora amaningi behamba behamba emithonjeni yesikole, namathuba angoko ezomnotho.

Usizo lwezizwe zonke lwamanzi nenhlanzeko − luye lwanikezwa ngezinhlangano zamanzi nezokukhucululwa kwendle, amabhange entuthuko, izisekelo, nezinhlangano ezingezizo ezamuva ezihlukene, [1] luye lwakhula kakhulu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule. INhlangano yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano nezentuthuko (OECD) ibika ukuthi usizo olungokomthetho lokuthuthukisa amanzi nenhlanzeko lufinyelele cishe kuR1,0,000 000 000 000 000 (201). Nokho umbuzo usasele: ingabe leyomali isetshenziswe kahle?

Ukuhlola Ukuphumelela: I - Key Creensaturess

Ukuphumelela akuyona nje into eyodwa. Ukukhipha amanzi kanye nemisebenzi yokukhucululwa kwendle kudinga umbono ovamile ocabangela hhayi nje kuphela imikhiqizo esheshayo (umz., inani lamathe ambiwayo) kodwa futhi nemiphumela kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside. Izimiso ezivamile zokuhlola zihlanganisa:

Ukungena nokwembozwa

Isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sokufinyelela komsebenzi − ukuthi bangaki abantu manje abakwazi ukufinyelela amanzi athuthukisiwe noma ukukhucululwa kwendle. I-heatt Monitorting Programme (JMP) ye-Water Apply, Sanitation ne Hygiene, esetshenziswa yiWHOM, imikhondo eqhubekela emhlabeni wonke ngokusebenzisa "isicathulo" (kusuka emanzini ukuya ekuqondiseni ngokuphephile). Imisebenzi ivame ukuhlolwa ukuthi bayahamba yini emiphakathini. Nokho, ukungena kodwa kuphela kungakhohlisa. Imbobo ethatha izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kunikeza ukufinyelela kwe-'isicathulo esingcono kakhulu, futhi indlu yangangeni ewa noma igcwele ngaphandle kwenkonzo engena lutho ayilondolo.

Imiphumela Yempilo

Umgomo oyinhloko yintuthuko engcono kakhulu empilweni − ukudaywa kwesifo sohudo, ukufa kwabantwana abaphansi, ukuncipha kokwanda kwezifo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezinganakwa njenge-trachoma ne-schistosomiasiasis. Ukuhlinza okunamandla, kuhlanganise nokuhlola okungahleliwe, kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuthuthukisa izinga lamanzi (umz., ukuphatha amanzi ekhaya) kunganciphisa i-diarrhooa ngo-30-50%. Ukungenela kwe-Santition, ikakhulukazi ingqikithi yezimiso zokukhucululwa kwendle, kuye kwabonisa ukuncipha okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni komzimba kanye nezifo ezihlobene nayo. Kodwa imisebenzi eminingi ihluleka ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuqinile okungalé kwempilo ngaphandle kokuzilanda, ukuhlasela kwezifo.

Ukulondolozwa

Ukuzinziswa mhlawumbe kuyinto enzima kakhulu, futhi i-Moral Water Pace Network inzima kakhulu. I-projekthi iyakwazi ukugcinwa uma isisekelo nezimiso zenhlanzeko ziqhubeka ziletha izinzuzo okungenani eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Ukuhlola kwe-World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program ne-Literal Water Supply Network kubonisa ukuthi ama-30-40% empompane ezandla e-Saharan Afrika awanakali phakathi neminyaka emibili kuya kwemihlanu. Ukuzimela kuxhomeke ekubeni nomphakathi, amandla obuchwepheshe, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezigciniwe, kanye nemali esebenzayo (umz., intengo yezemali). Imisebenzi evame ukungazinaki lezi zici zezandla eziqala ukuwohloka.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nokusekelana Nomphakathi

Imisebenzi ehilela kakhulu abesifazane ekwenzeni izinqumo nokuklama ivame ukwenza kangcono. Abesifazane basebenzisa kakhulu futhi bangabaphathi bamanzi ekhaya futhi ngokuvamile bathinteka kakhulu ngokungahleleki kahle. Uma behlanganyela ekuhleleni izakhiwo, izakhiwo zivame ukubekwa kahle, zigcinwe njalo, futhi zisetshenziswe njalo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zokukhucululwa kwendle ezidingida ukukhubazeka kwesimilo esingokwesiko − njengokudingeka kwezenhlanzeko eziko ezikoleni.

Lokho Okusebenzayo: Imikhuba Esekelwe Ebufakazini Yemisebenzi Ephumelelayo Yama - Wash

Izincwadi ezikhuluma ngokuphumelela kwe - WASH zikhomba eqenjini lezimiso zokuklanywa nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezivumelana njalo nemiphumela emihle.

Isidingo esifunwayo sifinyelela ngaphezu kwezimo ezigodlekayo

Ngokomlando, imisebenzi eminingi yosizo yalandela uhlelo "lokwakha nelokushiya": izinhlangano zangaphandle ezakha amaphuzu amanzi noma izindlu zangasese ezinomfakela omncane. Lemisebenzi yahluleka kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, imfuno efunwayo ifinyelela nga--(/_alapho imiphakathi iveza ezayo eziza kuqala, inikela imithombo (izisebenzi, noma izinto zomsebenzi), futhi ithathe umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha ```ubonisa izinga eliphakeme lokusebenza nokusetshenziswa. Ubufakazi be-WHOBM [ ngokuqhubekayo iqokomisa ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi kuyi-projective yeprojekthi ephumelelayo.

Ukucwiliswa Kwamanzi, Ukwehla, Nempisi

Ezinye zezinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu ezihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamanzi ngokukhuliswa kwendle nokuziphatha okuhlanzekile. Ukunikezwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kuphela kungaba nomphumela olinganiselwe wempilo uma abantu besakhumula futhi bengagezi izandla ngensipho. Isimiso esibizwa ngokuthi "F-diagram" (amagalelo, uketshezi, iminwe, izimpukane, izimpukane) sichaza indlela izifo ezisakazeka ngayo, kanye nokungenela okuvimbela ukudluliswa kwezindlela eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa kufinyelele ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kwediarrhooe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo olubanzi lwe-YH eMali olunciphisa ukusakazeka kwe-diarrhooe ngo- 31%, uma kuqhathaniswa nezingu-14% kuphela kwamanzi.

Ukwakha Amandla Okunakekela Aqhubeka

Ngisho nezakhiwo ezingcono kakhulu ziyohluleka ngaphandle kokugcinwa. Imisebenzi ephumelelayo itshala imali ekuqeqesheni ochwepheshe bendawo, imisa amaketanga okunikeza izingxenye ezisele, futhi idala izakhiwo ezisekela umphakathi (isibonelo, amakomiti okuqondisa amanzi). Ezinye izinhlobo ezintsha, njengendlela yokusetshenziswa kwenhlanzeko (lapho udoti womuntu ushintshwa khona ube yi-fectorer noma i-biogas), idala imifudlana engenisa imali eqhubekayo, ethuthukisa ukugcinwa komsebenzi nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside.

Intuthuko Eqhubekayo Kunokuba Ingabi Yizinsalela Ezikodwa

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubumpofu nezinciphiso zezesisekelo kuyinkimbinkimbi, imisebenzi eminingi ephumelelayo ithatha indlela "ephambukile". Ngokwesibonelo, emadolobheni asemadolobheni lapho amanzi ampompi engekho khona ngokushesha, amakhambi (umz., ama-interim noma ama-atmask azimele noma amanzi) anikezwa lapho kukhuthazwa ukuxhumana okusemthethweni. Lokhu kuvimbela ugibe lokulinda ngokungenamkhawulo.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Eziphikelelayo Zokuphumelela

Naphezu kobufakazi obandayo, izakhiwo eziningi ze - WASH ezixhaswa amazwe ngamazwe azikafinyeleli.

Ukukhokha Igebe Nokudukiswa

Nakuba ingqikithi ye-ODA yamanzi nenhlanzeko isinyukile, imane imelela ingxenye encane yosizo lwentuthuko oluphelele . cishe 5-6% ye-biladal ODA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimali zivame ukufakwa phambili ngaphandle okuncane okubekelwe ukusebenza isikhathi eside, ukulungisa, noma ukugada. Lokhu "ukukhetha okungalawuleki" kusho ukuthi lapho kudala isakhiwo, ohulumeni nemiphakathi ayinayo imithombo yokusigcina siqhubeka. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kudinga izindleko ezinzima: izenzakalo ezinkulu zokulimaza izakhiwo zezulu nokuphazamisa imithombo yamanzi, kudinga ukulungisa okubizayo.

Ukubusa Okubuthakathaka Nokonakala

Kwamanye amazwe, izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, ukungenela kwezombangazwe, nenkohlakalo kululaza umsebenzi. Izimali zingaphambukiswa, zinikezwe izakhiwo ezingaqeqeshiwe, futhi ziqedwe ukuhlolwa kahle. Umbiko ka-Transparency International wabika ukuthi ukungaqondi kahle kwezindawo ezisemkhakheni wamanzi kubiza izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi zezomnotho ezisathuthuka minyaka yonke. Ngaphandle kwezindlela eziqinile zokuziphendulela, ngisho nemisebenzi yosizo ehloselwe ukuphumelela kahle ingaveza imiphumela emibi.

Izithiyo Zokuziphatha Nezobumdabu

Ukunikeza indlu yangasese akuqinisekisi ukuthi izosetshenziswa. Izimiso zempucuko eziseduze nokususa ukudla, nokugcinwa kwamanzi zihluka kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwecala kungagxila kakhulu emiphakathini yasemaphandleni, futhi ukugeza izandla ngensipho kungaba yivelakancane naphezu kwemikhankaso yokuqaphela. Ushintsho lwenhlanzeko oluphumelelayo ludinga ukuqonda izinkolelo zendawo, usebenzisa izindlela zokuthuthukisa umphakathi, futhi usebenza ngamalungu omphakathi athenjwayo. Imijikelezo yesakhiwo esifushane ngokuvamile ayinaso isikhathi nokuzivumelanisa okudingekayo kulokhu kuthembisana okujulile.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Kuwusongo Oluningi

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunciphisa ukuntuleka kwamanzi ezindaweni eziningi, kwandisa isomiso nezikhukhula ezilimaza amanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle. Ezindaweni zogu, ukungena kwamanzi anosawoti kungcolisa imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Imisebenzi eklanyelwe isimo sezulu esizinzile ingaphela ngokushesha. Ukwakha izakhiwo zibe yimisebenzi e-WASH . "Ngokuvuzwa kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi, ngokuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi, nangokukhiqizwa kwezindlu zangasese ezivikelekile" manje kuyisidingo esibalulekile, hhayi esinesidingo esinenzuzo.

Imibono Yezifunda: Amavesi Ahlukene, Ukuphumelela Okuhlukahlukene

Ukusebenza kwamanzi nesimiso sokukhucululwa kwendle kuyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yezindawo, kuthonywa ukuma kwezindawo, izinga lezinhlangano nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho.

I - “Sub-Saharan ” e - Afrika

Izindawo ezinikeza amanzi emaphandleni ase-Afrika inselele enkulu. Amazinga okuzimela aphansi kunakwamanye amazwe, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokusakazeka kwabantu, ukuntuleka kwezingxenye ezinamaketanga ezinikeza amaketanga, nokungalawuleki kwendawo. Abaphathi bomphakathi, nakuba bekhushulelwa kakhulu, ngokuvamile bayahluleka ngoba bathwesa izisebenzi zokuzithandela umthwalo ongenakufinyeleleka. Izimonyo ezishantsha zenzakalelayo njengeziphathiswa umsebenzi wobuphathi abazimele .

i-Ningizimu Asia

I-South Asia iye yenza intuthuko ephawulekayo ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa kwezindawo zokulala okuvulekile, ikakhulukazi eNdiya nge-Swachh Bharat Mission (Imisebenzi Ehlanzekile yaseNdiya). Nokho, ukugxila ekwakheni indlu yangasese ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwadlula ukulondolozwa, kodwa okunye ukuhlola kwabika ukuthi izinga elikhulu lezindlu zangasese ezakhiwe ngaphansi kohlelo alisebenzi noma alikho buthaka. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi endleni engalahliwe kuseyinkinga enkulu, ikakhulukazi eBangladesh nasezindaweni ezithile zaseNdiya, lapho ngokwemvelo eyenzeka khona i-arsenic ekwakhelweni emanzini angaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi kuthuthukisa inkinga.

ILatin America NeCaribbean

Ukuthutha eLatin America kuye kwadala izinselele ezinkulu zezinkonzo zokukhucululwa kwamanzi nezinkonzo zenhlanzeko ngokwethukela. Imisebenzi eminingi igxile ekunwebeni imishini esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikhokhwa kakhulu, kodwa ukutholakala nokunemali kanye nezinga lamanzi yizinkinga eziqhubekayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ezintsha, njengokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ze-parchication (iminyango ye-irsumential) e-Brazil, iye yathola ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu nokusetshenziswa ngezindleko eziphansi, ibonisa ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe obusebenza ngokulandelana.

Imikhuba Exubile Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Amanzi nesimiso sokukhuculula indle kushintshashintsha, kuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe obusha, izimiso zokuxhasa ngokwezimali, nokuqaphela okwandayo kwesidingo soshintsho lwesimiso kunokuba kwenziwe imisebenzi engayodwa.

Imiphumela esekelwe ekubhalisweni kwenkokhelo kanye nokubhalisa okugunyaziwe

Abanikazi bazama ngokuqhubekayo ukuzama ukusekela imiphumela esekelwe ngokwezimali (RBF), lapho izimali ziboshelwa khona emiphumeleni eqinisekile, njengenani labantu abathola amanzi noma ukuncishiswa kwamanzi. I-World Bank’s Global Prevenatery ye-Intecoved Approates (GPRBA) iye yasekela imisebenzi emazweni amaningana eye yabonisa ukuphumelela okukhulu nokuzisulu ezingcono kunemivuzo engokwesiko. RBF ihlela izisusa eziseduze kakhulu nemiphumela emide.

Ukusetshenziswa Kokuhlolwa Kwamanani Nokukude

Imishini yezinzwa ezisezingeni eliphansi, izingcingo zocingo, kanye namasiteshi okwaziswa asekelwe kuwebhu manje kuvumela abanikeli nabaphathi bemisebenzi ukuba balandele isilinganiso samanzi asebenza cishe esikhathini sangempela. ETanzania, iprojekthi ye-water isebenzisa ukuhlola okusekelwe kuma-makhalekhukhwini ukuze kubonwe amampompa aphukile nokulungisa ijubane. Ngokufanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwenhlanzeko ye-SMS kanye nokulandelela i-operate kusetshenziswa eKenya naseGhana. La mathuluzi athuthukisa ukulandisa futhi avumela ukulungisa ngokushesha.

Ukungqubuzana Nesimo Sezulu Nezinhlangothi Zempilo

Imigwaqo ephakathi kwe-wash kanye nokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu iqashelwa kakhulu. Imisebenzi evikela ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ekhuthaza ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula, futhi esebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo ekumpompeni ingasiza kokubili ukulondeka kwamanzi kanye nemigomo yesimo sezulu. Ngokufanayo, ingxenye yezempilo iyavuma ukuthi ukuhlanganisa impilo yonke idinga izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ze-SYH kuzo zonke izikhundla zempilo. Kusukela ngo-2019, i-JMP iye yahlola i-WASH ezindaweni zokunakekela impilo, kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zokusiza manje ezinqwabelene i-wash nezindlela zempilo zabantwana.

Isiphetho: Ukuthuthukisa Ukubuya Kwemali Yosizo

Usizo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwamanzi nenhlanzeko lusindise izigidi zabantu futhi kwathuthuka kakhulu. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi lapho imisebenzi ihlelwa kahle − ngokuhlela kwangempela komphakathi, ngokuhlela isikhathi eside, nangokuhlongoza ukukhuliswa kwenhlanzeko okuhlangene . Zinganikeza impilo eqinile nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Nokho, ingxenye isalwa ngamazinga aphakeme okuhluleka kwezezisekelo zezemfundo, ingonele imali yokusekela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nemiphumela ephazamisayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngalendlela iqhubekela phambili isuka ezisusweni zokwakha isikhathi eside ukuya ekuthwalweni isikhathi eside senkonzo, ihlanganisa ukulandisa kokwaziswa okunenzuzo engokwenzuzo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi abesifazane abasengozini kakhulu kanye namantombazane abasengozini kakhulu. Ngalemijikelezo yonke lemisebenzi, izinhlangano zomhlaba zingaqhubeka zikhona ukuze zifinyelele amanzi alondekile alondoloze afinyelele nakuwo wonke.