Izindawo ezikhethwayo zase-United States zibuswa amaqembu e-Democratic and Republican, kodwa abazonywa abazimele nabathatha isigaba sesithathu baye bafeza indima engaguquki nenethonya kakhulu ekulolongeni ukhetho nenkulumo yezombangazwe. Nakuba laba abavoti beqabukela bewina isikhundla esikhulu, ukuba khona kwabo kuphoqelela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba axazulule izindaba ezinganakwayo, ashintshe amandla okuvota, futhi ahlasele izimpikiswano ngokuguqula uvota. Lesihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando, izinselele eziphikelelayo, kanye nemiphumela esobala yababezodwa nababelwe isigaba sesithathu, abadweba idwebela ezibonelweni eziyinhloko nemininingwane yomlando wezombangazwe yaseMelika.

Umlando Wezigaba Ezizimele Nezesithathu

Izinhlangano zesithathu ziye zaba isici esiphindaphindwayo sezombangazwe zase-U.S. kusukela eRepublic yokuqala. Nakuba lesimiso esinezigaba ezimbili siye sagxila kusukela ngawo-1850, ezinye izigigaba ziye zavela ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze zibekela inselele isimo, ngokuvamile ziveza izinhlangano ezithile zenguquko noma izikhalo ze-populist.

Imikhosi Yasekuqaleni (ngekhulu Lesithathu)

IPhakathi le-Anti-Masonic laliyilungu lokuqala lesithathu, lingenisa ukungathembani kwezinhlangano eziyimfihlo ezigcwele yonke indawo. Lasungula umkhuba wokuphatha imihlangano yesizwe, isiko elathathwa kamuva yizigaba ezinkulu. ISikhululo Solil [1848] [854] [i-8]) imelene nokwanda kobugqila emasimini asentshonalanga, lisekela kokubili i-Democrates neWhigs. Nakuba lingakwazanga ukuphumelela isigaba sayo, i-tept ayisiza ekushintsheni impikiswano yesizwe futhi ekugcineni yathonya ukwakhiwa kweRiphabliki. Esinye isibonelo sasiyi-[Foctive [Foctive] isigaba se-Foctive][5] [5] i-Frective [9] i-91] i-19, iqoqo lezindawo eziphumayo futhi inzuzo enkulu kakhulu, i--osensibili, i-enye enkulu kakhulu, i-genyuke, i-

Imikhosi Yekhulu Lesithathu Lesithathu

[[NTLT: 0] IQembu eliqhubekekayo (12]), eliholwa owayenguMongameli uTheodore Rooseverow Wilson, lihlala lingomunye wemikhankaso yesithathu ephawulekayo. Roosevelt yasusa i- encuntrian Republic William Howard Taft, iwina 27% yamavoti athandwayo namavoti angu-88. Nakuba alahlekelwa yiDemocrate Woodwarow Wilson, i- “Bull Moose" indawo ephakathini, ihlanganise ne-ssuffge, ihora lesishiyagalombili lomsebenzi, kanye nokuvimbela ukuhlelwa kwenkonzo ye-ayisensitisss, izinhlangano ezinkulu zokwamukela izinguquko eziqhubekayo. Ngokukamuva, [FFoctive] i-Foctive, i-cutton ezindaweni ezihlukene ezingu-5], futhi i-1948444] i-1949, i-evolution, i-19, i-19, futhi i-evolution, ngokwezinye i-19, i-19, i-194,

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nazo Izibukeli Nezigaba Zesithathu

Isigaba sesithathu esizimele sibhekene nenqwaba yemingcele yokwakha neyokuqonda eyenza ukuwina ehhovisi kube nzima kakhulu. Lezi zithiyo azizenzakaleli; zisuka emithethweni nasemikhubeni esekela amaqembu amabili ayinhloko.

Imingcele Yokuthola Ibhola

Isifundazwe ngasinye simisa imithetho yaso siqu yokungena, futhi eziningi zibeka izimfuneko ezimbaxambili, izimali zokufaka, nezikhathi ezimisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-202020, umfashini oyingxenye yesithathu womongameli kwadingeka izinsayino ezicishe zibe ngu-30 000 ukuze zivele kuyi-collet kuzo zonke izifunda-50, umsebenzi obiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-dola. Amazwe anjenge-Texas, iGeorgia, kanye ne-Ohiohio anemithetho eqinile, efuna ukuba udwebe lwezinsika olulingana nesilinganiso sevoti yokugcina ye-gernerial. Lemingcele iklaze ihlele ukulinganisela imfuculm kodwa ikhishe ngokuphumelelayo abaswele imithombo emikhulu. Ngokwezinga [FOLD:]

Ukusebenzisa Imali Engafani

Abavoti abakhulu bazuza ezinhlanganweni ezisungulwe kahle zokuqoqa imali, i-PACs enkulu, kanye nezimiso zezimali zomphakathi ezivame ukungangeni hlangothi lwesithathu. I-Federal Evotion Commission ifuna ukuba iqembu lithole okungenani 5% kuvoti ethandwayo kukhetho oludlule ukuze lifanelekele imali yokhetho oluvamile. Kubantu abafuna ukuvota, umnyango uphakeme kakhulu. Ngo-2020, imikhankanti ye-Trump ne-Biden yaphakamisa i-R4,000,1 000 000 000, kuyilapho i-Liberian nommine Jorgensen yaphakamisa cishe amaR3,5.5.20.N.N.

Izindaba Nokubonakala Komphakathi

Izindawo ezinkulu zokukhipha imibiko zivame ukuhlanganisa okhethweni njengomjaho wamahhashi amabili, zinika abazovotelwa abathatha ingxenye yesithathu isikhathi esiphansi noma indawo yokunyathelisa. Ukuhlola kwa 2016 kweBerkman Klein Center eHarvard kwathola ukuthi abathathi-mkhakha wesithathu phakathi nokhetho oluvamile babengekho, ngokuvamile belingana nokuhlola okungaphezu kwengxenye yamahhashi ukuthi bangakwazi yini “ukukhomba. Uma bembozwe, kuvame ukukhishwa ngephimbo elixoxileyo noma eligxekayo. Lokhu kungabikho kokuchachachachacha kwengxenye yesithathu yemibono yokuthi abasanda kuvumayo abakhona.

Ukuziphikisa kanye nempikiswano ethi “Umgoqo Owenziwe”

Mhlawumbe isithiyo esinamandla kakhulu yinkolelo esakazekile yokuthi ukuvota kwengxenye ezimele “kugcwele.” Kuwo wonke amavoti awinayo, abavoti bayamadolonzima ukusekela umvoti obonakala engenakuphumelela, besaba ukuthi uvoti wabo luzosiza ekukhetheni umbambeli omkhulu abangamthandi kakhulu. Lokhu kuvota okusebenzayo kuqiniswa yiqembu elikhulu futhi okunganembile yizibhedlela ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-presidentiyu ka- 2000, uRalph Nader wamukela i-vvota engu-2, futhi uDemocrates u-otats wames wasola u-A Gore ngokuwina eFlorida. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakulungile, ukulandisa kugcizelela umqondo waleyongxenye yesithathu ye-votive.

Ithonya Lokhetho Nenkulumo Yezombangazwe

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, abafuna ukuzimela nabathatha ingxenye yesithathu benza into ethile. Bathonya izimiso, izindlela zokuvota ezishintshanayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi baphoqelela abantu abayinhloko ukuba bavumelane noma babhekane nemiphumela yokukhetha.

Ukushintsha I - agenda Yezombangazwe

Isigaba sesithathu sivame ukuqokomisa izindaba ezibukelwa noma ezinganakwa amaqembu amakhulu. Ukugcizelela kweGreen Party ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2000 kwasiza ekuqhubeleni phambili isimiso sendawo ezungezile e-Democratic amacebo. U-Ross Perot ka-1992 ugxile ekushiyekeni kukahulumeni okuphoqelela kokubili uBill Clinton noGeorge H.W. Bush ukukhipha izinhloso zokukhipha indleko ezigcwele indleko. Inhlangano ye-Libertriantian Party engaguquki ekuguquleni inqubo yezidakamizwa, inguquko yezezomthetho zomthetho wobugebengu, futhi ukuhweba ngesihle kuye kwathonya izikhundla zesithathu zombili zezombangazwe. Lapho iqembu lesithathu lifuna ukukhipha iziqephulo ezinkulu zeqembu lalo eliphambili.

Umphumela Obangelwa Ukushisa

Kunomathiwe okhethweni oluthathelwe phambili, abazothatha isigaba sesithathu bangaguqula umphumela ngokudweba amavoti ku-1000. umphumela we-spoiler [ unamandla kakhulu uma isigaba sesithathu sinxusa esisekelweni esincike kwesinye sesigaba esikhulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uRalph Nader ku 2000 (mhlawumbe kubiza iGore ukhetho), Jill Stein ngo 2016 (izicingo zengxenye ezihlukeneyo ngemiphumela yakhe eyisihluthulelo), kanye noGeorge Wallace ngo-1968 (ukweqa ivoti yeDemocratic com). Nakuba impast ngokuvamile inenani elikhulu, kungukukhathazeka kwangempela okungavimba ezinhlangothini ezintathu nokuholayo ukuba zihole ekuhleleni.

Ukuqeda Injabulo

Abavoti besithathu bangathuthukisa futhi ukuvota ngokuhlanganyela abantu abazizwa behlukanisiwe namaqembu amakhulu. Ngo-1992, umkhankaso kaRoss Perot waqinisa izigidi zabavoti ababehlala ekhaya ngaphambili, benezela kuvoti abakhulu kakhulu emashumini eminyaka (55,9% benani labavoti ngesikhathi). Ngokufanayo, iLibertarian namaGreenter baye baheka abasha abavoti nabashayeli abasha abadumazekile ngesimiso sengxenye ezimbili. Lokhu kuthembisa okukhushuliwe kungaba nemiphumela emide emashumini eminyaka yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ngisho noma iqembu lesithathu lingawi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ezingagudlwé Inkululeko Nezigaba Zesithathu

Ukuhlola imikhankaso ethile kwembula amasu, impumelelo, nokulinganiselwa kwemizamo yokuzibusa neyesithathu.

Ross Perot (1992, 1996)

Ross Perot, usomabhizinisi owenziwe ngenkulungwane yezigidi, wazenza ngokwakhe ngo-1992 futhi kamuva njenge-Reform Party nomee ngo-1969. Umkhankaso wakhe ka 1992 wachitha ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - R56 zemali yakhe, wamvumela ukuba athenge ama-menu athatha ingxenye yehora asebenzisa i-internationals futhi aqhube inhlangano yezwe lonke. Wawina i-18,9% yevoti ethandwayo ephawulwe kahle kakhulu ngoTheodore Rooselt kusukela ngo19121262. Impikiswano ka-Perot yayiyikweleta imali ekhulayo yesizwe, futhi wasebenzisa amashadishi alula ukuchaza imiphumela yayo emide. Umsebenzi wakhe oqinile waphoqelelwa ukuba anikeze icala elikhulu. Ngo-199, wathola i-Perot 8.4% ye-Reformation ngenxa yezingxabano zangaphakathi.

Ralph Nader (2000, 2004, 2008)

Ummeli we-Consumer uRalph Nader walawula njengoba iGreen Party inominee ngo- 2000 nango-2004, futhi njengozimele ngo-2008. Umkhankaso wakhe ka 2000 wagxila ekwakhe amandla enkampani, ukuvikela imvelo, nokunakekela impilo yendawo yonke. Wathola i-2,74% yevoti yesizwe, kodwa eFlorida, uhulumeni wanquma ngovota ngo-37000, uNader wathola amavoti angaphezu kuka-97 000. AmaDemocrates aphikisa ngokuthi uNader “ovrance". Ukuvota kuka-Al Gore. Nader ngokwakhe wafaka izingozi, njengoba inqumo yeSikhundla seNkanto eBanga eliphezulu eBaleki. Halo yaveza isilinganiso esikhulu se-Democractic Coffator evotion ngenxa yokudiant. Nama impikiswano ye-ault - procraccouthsss, i-Nader, esaba i-Nader, esaba i-20074, kodwa i-edemoc, esele ka-edec, i-

UJesse Ventura (1998)

UJesse Ventura, owayengumshayi we-Winnerr noMkhosi wamanzi onguchwepheshe, waphumelela njengoMsekeli weQembu leReformation kambusi wase-Minnesota ngo-1998. Esekela ukukhungatheka kovoti namaqembu amabili amakhulu, wafaka umkhankaso eqophelweni le-statism, i-recutialism, i-socialism, nenguquko kahulumeni. Wawina 37% evotimentiumjara eqenjini le-partray, wanqoba kokubili iRepublican neDemocratic inctants. Ukunqoba kukaVentura kwabonisa ukuthi isigaba sesithathu sesigaba sesifunda sezwe esivukelayo esizweni sokuncintisana kakhulu. Njengombusi, wafaka intela yempahla futhi wagqugquzela umkhankaso wezezimali, nakuba ephawulwe yimpikiswano yakhe eyishumi futhi engazange iphumelele.

Indima Yezigaba Zesithathu Ekuvuselelweni Kwezimiso

Ngalé kwemikhankaso ngayinye, amaqembu esithathu asebenza ngokwesikhathi esidlule njengezindawo zokucwaninga zezimiso ezithola ukwamukelwa kakhulu kamuva. Isidingo seParti yePopulist sentela ekhokhelwayo eqhubekayo nokukhethwa okuqondile kwabasenesigebengu saba iziphendu zomthetho-mthetho ngo1913. Isivumelwano se-Socialist Party sokulungisa imishado yezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili zomsebenzi, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, nesobuso-Social Security kamuva samukelwa yi-New Deactumment. Muva nje, i-Liberian Party’s is issssss proception ngokomthetho, inkululeko yezokwelapha, nophindo lwe-Foderal Reservement Reservement iye yathonya kokubili izigaba zezempi yamandla avuse, i-nethiwe futhi yathola ipheshana ngokwezimethi yezentengiselwanethi yeze-yo. Ngokukathi [FLD:]

Izinguquko Ezibalulekile Nekusasa Lama - ma - genoide

Ukuphikelela kwabazobekiweyo nababezokhetha isigaba sesithathu kuye kwandisa iziphakamiso zokwakha izinguquko esimisweni sokhetho. Ukuvota okunendawo ebanzi (RCV), manje okusetshenziswa eMaine, e-Alaska, kanye nokhetho oluningi lukamasipala, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abazovoti ngokukhetha. Ngaphansi kwe-RCV, uma kungekho mfundi othola iningi, lowo wokugcina othatha indawo uqedwe futhi uwiswe futhi loboshelwe. Lesimiso sinciphisa “inkinga ye-poiler”, njengoba u-Revotion engasekela isithathu sesigaba sokhetho. Ngokuvumelana nenye impoqo yomthetho omkhulu, lapho i-Alahdrov, i-RCV, futhi i-202222, i-C. Imvume engcono kakhulu ye-Roffracensitudensitive, i-Roffat , i-padrustting, engcono engcono eliphansi eliphansi, eliphansi elivamile, njengenye i-Fo

Iziphakamiso ezinjengokwehlisa imigoqo yokungena, ukunikeza umphakathi izimali ezihlalisanayo, kanye nokwamukela izihlalo ezihambelanayo zemithetho kujongene nokuhlobanisa indawo yokudlala. Fairvote iphikisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zingandisa ukukhetha nokuhlanganyela komvoti kuyilapho zinciphisa indawo ebandayo. Nokho, izinguquko ezinkulu zibhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu, okuzuza esimisweni samanje.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Nezingxenye Zesithathu

Ngo-2020, kuye kwavela izinhlangano ezintsha zesithathu. [[FLT: 0] IQembu lobuLungu liye laxoxa njalo cishe ngo-1-3% kukhetho lomongameli, noGary Johnson ewina 3.3% ngo-2016. IQembu laseLuhlaza [[FL:]] liye labhekana nezingxabano zangaphakathi kodwa lihlala limatasa ezingeni lendawo. Ngo-202020, “ababethwali be-kanye , abazama ukuthatha i-bolot, nakuba impela. Okukhulu, ukunyuka kwezembuyiselo yezelelwa kwezenhlala ezindaweni zomphakathi kuvumele abantu abahlala emasangweni, ukukhuphuzisa izimali, nokukha izakhiwo ezilandela isilinganiso esifana ne-Twikbe, i-T22222, ne-Ttoken, [202], u-Foggne] ku-Fodkn. [odkn], futhi kukhulu kakhulu, umpempempempe: , ngokuvelele kakhulu, umpe

Isiphetho

Isigaba esizimele nesisodwa sikude kakhulu nokhetho lwaseMelika. Banomlando ocebile wokuletha izindaba ezintsha phambili, bathonye amapulatifomu amakhulu ahlukene, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile baphumelele. Ukungavumelani kwabo nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo , ukuxhasa izikhala, ukuxhasa, ukunganaki, nokungaqiniseki kwezezombangazwe, kodwa ukunganeliseki okukhulayo ngokuhlaliswa kwezindawo zokuhlalisa izinyawo kanye ne-gridlockleyle kwabangela ukusekelwa kwabalandelayo. Ushintsho oluphambili, ikakhulukazi ukuvota okulinganiselwe, kunganciphisa umphumela wempangomonakalo futhi kwenza abathatha isigaba sesithathu sababelwayo bangabi nanzuzo ngokwengeziwe. Njengoba indawo yezombangazwe ishintsha, ukuzimela futhi inxenye yesithathu yabafuni ukuvota, iqhubeke isebenza njengesisekelo sezingxoxo ezimbili ezisengxenyeni zedupoo, futhi ibambe indima engathi ingasaphathwa kakhulu.