Inkinga yamanzi embulungeni yonke ebangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwanda kwenani labantu, kanye nokuguga kwezakhiwo − iveza izimiso ezintsha zokuhlela. Emashumini eminyaka, isimiso samanzi sincike emibiko engaguquki, izibalo ezingokomlando, nezinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo. Namuhla, ukuhlangana kokwaziswa nobuchwepheshe kulungisa indlela ohulumeni, abasebenzi bezinto ezisemzimbeni, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke eziklanywe ngayo, zisebenzisa, futhi zilinganise ngayo izimiso zamanzi. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela ukuyeka ukulawula amanzi njengesekwehlela izinkinga zendawo ehlangene, inqubo yokwaziswa ehambisana nesayensi yezemvelo, ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho, nokusebenza kwezenhlalo.

Ngokusebenzisa izinzwa zangempela zesikhathi, umfanekiso wesatellite, imishini ebikezela ukuhlaziywa kwemisebe, kanye nezikhungo ezisebenzisanayo, abakhi bezimiso bangabheka isomiso, ukuncipha kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi, ukuzwa izenzakalo zokungcola ngamahora kunamasonto, futhi banike amalungelo amanzi ngokunembe ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Umphumela awukho ukuthuthukisa okusheshayo kodwa ukuvuselelwa kwenqubo yamanzi engafinyelela ku-(ukube amathuluzi angaphansi asetshenziswa ngokucatshatshangwa, ngokulinganayo, nangokungalinganisi.)

Isisekelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukwaziswa Kubaluleke Ekubuseni Ngamanzi

Isimiso samanzi besilokhu sidinga ukwaziswa. Kodwa isikali, isinqumo, nokubaluleka kokwaziswa okukhona namuhla akunasiqalo. Imininingwane enembile, eqinile inikeza itshe eliyiqiniso lanoma iliphi isigaba lomjikelezo wenqubo: ukuhlukanisa izinkinga, ukuhlaziya, ukuhlaziya, ukwenza izinqumo, ukuhlelwa, nokulawula.

Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, abakhi bezimiso bafaka engozini ukwenza imithetho esekelwe ekuhlolweni okungaphelele, ekusetshenzisweni kwenani elidala, noma ekuhlolweni kwesimo sezulu esinamaphutha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukwaziswa kuqoqwa, kuhlanganyelwa, futhi kuhlolwa, kwembula izindlela ezingabonakali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola izinga eliphakeme lamanzi okuncishiswa kwamanzi kungaveza imithombo elimazayo ebangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, okwenza ukuba izindlela zokuphatha ezingcono kakhulu zikwazi ukuvala isijeziso esilinganayo kubo bonke abalimi.

Isihluthulelo Sokwaziswa Kwamanzi

Isimiso samanzi sanamuhla sivela ezindaweni eziningana ezihlukene zokwaziswa, ngasinye sinikeza ukuqonda okuhlukile ngomjikelezo wamanzi nokusebenzelana komuntu nawo:

  • Imininingwane yeHydrology - - ukugeleza komfudla, amazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imvula, iqhwa elikhithikayo, kanye nokuphefumula. Lena izilinganiso eziyinhloko zokuhlela nokubikezela isomiso.
  • izinga le-water izilinganiso[ – izilinganiso zamakhemikhali, ezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezingokomzimba (pH, i-trate, i-natrate, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-athogen) anquma ukufaneleka kokuphuza, ukuzilibazisa, noma impilo yemvelo.
  • Ukusebenzisa nokufuna ukwaziswa – ukusetshenziswa okungalinganiswa ngengxenye (indlela yokulima, imboni, indawo yokuhlala, amandla), imvume yokukhipha, nokubuya. Le mininingwane ihlanganisa izinhlelo zokulondoloza imvelo.
  • Isakhiwo sokwaziswa okusebenzayo – isimo samadamu, imibhobho, izitshalo zokwelapha, imisele, nezimiso zokunisela; ukusebenza kwesiteshi sokupompa; isimo sesivalo; ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezimisweni zamanzi.
  • Imininingwane yezezomnotho nenani labantu - izilinganiso zokwanda kwenani labantu, ushintsho lwezwe, umsebenzi wezomnotho, kanye nokuchayeka komphakathi ekubekeni imingcele esiza ekuhleleni izidingo zamanzi kanye nemiphumela elinganayo.

Ukuthutha lezi zindawo ezihlukene kudinga iziteshi zokuqondisa ukwaziswa eziqinile, izindinganiso ezivamile, kanye nezinqubo eziqinisekisa izinga lokwaziswa, ukuqinisekiswa, nokutholakala. Izindawo eziningi zakha izikhungo zokuxhumana ngamanzi noma izikhungo ezikhuphukile lapho izinhlangano, izinto ezisebenzayo, nabacwaningi bangahlanganyela futhi bafinyelele ukwaziswa okungaguquguquki.

Ubuchwepheshe Obushintshayo Bushintsha Umthetho Wamanzi

Ubuchwepheshe busebenza njengenjini eguqula ukwaziswa okungalungiswa kube ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo. Amakilasi amaningana obuchwepheshe ahambisanayo anethonya elikhulu.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa ezikude kanye nesiphuphutheki esisekelwe

Ama-satellite anjenge-GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Appliation) ne-Sentinel evela e-European Space Agency inikeza ukuhlola kwesilinganiso sembulunga yonke sezinguquko ezikhona endaweni yokugcina amanzi emhlabeni, umswakama wenhlabathi, kanye nobungako bamanzi obungaphezulu. Abenzi bemithetho bangahlola izilinganiso ezicashile ze-aquifer ezikhungethwe ngemisebe ngaphandle kokuthembela ezilinganisweni ezisekelwe emhlabeni emazweni amaningi . Ngokusibonelo, ulwazi lwe-GRACRACE luye lwambula amazinga ashaqizayo e - Indus Basin nasenkabeni ye-Central Valley, izingxoxo zezimiso ezilawula ukulawulwa kwamanzi asemhlabeni kanye nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.

IoT kanye nenethiwekhi yesigqina se-Situ

I-inthanethi yezinto (IoT) iye yenza ukuba kube neminxanxathela eqinile, ephansi yemizwa ebekwe emifuleni, ezindaweni zokudayisa, emapayipini, nasemasimini. Lezi zinzwa zidlulisa ukwaziswa okungokoqobo okusezingeni lamanzi, amazinga okuhamba, umfutho, nokubaluleka kwezinga eliphambili nge-tellitellate. Amamitha amanzi asesilinganisweni sasekhaya angathola ukuvuza, anikeze abathengi, futhi enze ukuba izimpawu ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo ezingeni lokulondoloza imvelo. Kwezolimo zemvelo, izinzwa zomswanonyo kanye neziteshi zezulu zivumela ukuhlelwa okunenzuzo kokuniselwa kwamanzi nge-20/40%, kuyilapho kusetshenziswa amanzi ezindaweni ezigcina isivuno sezitshalo ziveza ukuvuleka, futhi zinikeza imishini ephawulekayo yezindawo zokuthutha amanzi.

Izimiso Zokwaziswa Zendawo Yonke (GIS) Nokuhlola Okuqhubekayo

Izindawo zophatho ze-GIS ezihlanganisa izingqimba zokwaziswa − izwe elihlotshisiwe, ukuphakama, ukuphakama kwe-hydrology, ukuphakama kwenani labantu, isizinda, amabalazwe ahlanganisa izakhi ezibonisa ubuhlobo obumathelelane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvala kakhulu isilinganiso somonakalo wamanzi angaphansi kwezindawo nezindawo eziswele zingaqokomisa imibandela yobulungisa bendawo, ziqondise ukutshala izimali kwezinye izinto noma izinhlelo zezimali. Amamenenja acwebileyo asebenzisa i-GIS ukulingisa imiphumela ekhuphukayo yokusebenzisa ushintsho lwamazwe nokuklama izinhlelo zokuhweba lapho abangcolisi bengcolisa imfucumfuno bakhokhela abalimi abalimi emikhubeni yokulondoloza imvelo.

Ukufunda Imishini Nokulingisa Ifashoni

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa (AI) nomshini wokufunda (ML) kuyinqubo yamanzi ehambayo esuka ekusebenziseni ukubikezela. Imithetho-mithetho eqeqeshiwe ngemininingwane engokomlando ingabikezela ukugeleza kwamasonto ngaphambili, ukudlula kwamanzi, futhi ilinganisele kahle imithombo ekhishwe ukuze ilawule isikhukhula, imvula, kanye nokuhamba kwendawo ezungezile. Izindlela zokulinganisa ukuqina kokufunda zisetshenziselwa ukusakaza amanzi emijahwebeni ehambayo, ukunciphisa imfucumfucu. Abenzi bemithetho baqala ukusebenzisa amathuluzi engokonyakazayo afana nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwanda kwenani labantu nendawo ezungezile, nokungenela kwezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Imishini yokusebenza kwezimiso eziphambili zisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisebenzayo ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki.

Izinqubo Zokuhlanganisa Imininingwane Nezokuxubanisa Imininingwane

Mhlawumbe ubuchwepheshe obubaluleke kakhulu besimiso buyindawo yesikhulumi exhumanisa abakhiqizi bemininingwane kanye nabasebenzisi. Izindlela zokwaziswa ezivulekile njenge-USGS Water Data for the Nation ne-Global Water Watch (ukubambisana kwe-World Resources Institute ne-Google) kwenza ukuba i-hydrologing ne-ater yezinga lamanzi itholakale ngokukhululekile. Ukushintshana kwemininingwane yamanzi ne-otherme yezwe kuvumela ukuba kuhlangane ngokulondekile, kuvumelanisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwezindawo phakathi nesomiso. La mapulatifomu futhi akhuthaza ukubonakala komphakathi /cizenight chaical, amazinga amanzi angempela, amazinga ezinto zamadanga, nezimende zesomiso, ukuthemba nokwenza utshani otshani.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukwaziswa Nobuchwepheshe Kuyasebenza

Ukuze ubone indlela lamathuluzi ashintshela ngayo ekushintsheni kwangempela kwezimiso, cabangela izibonelo eziningana eziphawulekayo ezivela emhlabeni wonke.

I-Act ka-California yokulawula i-Preater Water meter elondolozwayo (SGMA)

I-SGMA igunyazwe ngo-2014 ifuna ukuba amanxusa asendaweni asekela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba (GSSE) athuthukise izinhlelo zokufinyelela ukulingana okuthatha isikhathi eside phakathi kokukhipha nokuvuselela. Ukufinyeza kuxhomeke emniningo: iGS kumelwe iqaphele amazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukuncipha, nobungako bamanzi; izikhundla zawo; futhi ibike intuthuko yayo njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. I-California Department of Water Resources inikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ne-internate lapho kukhishwa khona amacebo nemininingwane. I-technoloji (8) ihlanganisa ukucwenga kude kokudamba kwamanzi, izinzwa ezihamba kahle, nokugeleza kwamanzi asendaweni ephansi; izikelelwa; ukulungisa kwawo; ukulungisa kwawo; futhi ukuthuthukisa inqubo nokuphatha nokugcinwa kwale mininingwane. Ngaphandle kwalezi zimiso ze-data, i-SGMA ingahlala i-mfonsone.

IGridi Yamanzi Ahlakaniphile YaseSingapore

I-Singapore, idolobha elingenawo amanzi ahlanzekile angokwemvelo, liye lakha esinye sezimiso zamanzi athuthukile kakhulu emhlabeni. Isimiso salo samanzi sabekwa phakathi kwe-"Four National Taps" (izindawo, ukuthatha amanzi angenisiwe, amanzi ashintshwayo, amanzi ashintshwayo abizwa ngokuthi i-NEVAter, kanye nokususa amanzi angokwemvelo). "ingalawulwa nge-Grid Ebaziyo eqoqa ukwaziswa okusuka kuma-200,000+ izinzwa ezinqamule amapayipi, ama-damu, nezitshalo zokwelapha. Imishini ibikezela ukuthi amanzi ayadingeka, ayaziwaqaphela ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi asebenzisa amandla anele. Uhlelo ludinga isilinganiso sokulondolo lwamanzi esiphoqekelelwayo (umz., izilinganiso zamanzi ezifakwa emanzini) kanye nezingalo ezisezingeni elingaphandle.

I-European Framed esebenzayo ne-Plat Ehlakaniphileyo

I-EU’s Water Framed Directionive (2000) inikeza imvume yokuba amalungu ezwe afinyelele "ukuma okuhle" kuzo zonke izindikimba zamanzi kukuphathwa kwemifula exubene. Ukusekela lenkambiso, i-EU yasungula i-Water Information System yeYurophu (WISIRE).I-a izakhiwo zemininingwane ezihlanganyela i-aggrees zokuhlolwa kwemininingwane evela kuzo zonke izizwe ezingamalungu. Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa amabalazwe ahambisanayo esimo samanzi, izingcindezelo, nezilinganiso, okwenza ukuhambelana kwemigqalaniso ye-mende ye-mese-yolwazi ehlangeneyo (umz. INSPPIRE) nokuncintina kwemininingwane ye-data e-octiveraccodential trans trans trans trans transport ishopy i-ography Implient ye-European ye-Compmpmplication.

Izinselele Zokuthuthela Ukwaziswa Nobuchwepheshe Enqubweni Yamanzi

Naphezu kwesithembiso, umgwaqo kusukela engcupheni yemininingwane kuya kweyomthetho ugcwele izithiyo. Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuhleleni kahle.

Ukubusa Kwemininingwane, Ukuzihlukanisa Nokulondeka

Njengoba izimiso zamanzi zixhumene kakhulu, futhi zisengozini kakhulu. Izimiso zokulawula ezihanjiwe zingakhulula amasango amadamu noma amanzi okuphuza angcolise. Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuphucwa kwenkasa emapulazini ngamanye kungaba okusheshayo ukuzwela ngokwezentengiselwano. Abaphathi-mapali-mthetho kumelwe bamise imithetho ecacile yokuba nemininingwane, imishini yokungena, nezindinganiso ze-inthaneti. Ukucindezeleka phakathi kokwaziswa okuvulekile okuzuzisa umphakathi namalungelo emfilweni eyimfihlo yabasebenzisi bamanzi (ikakhulu kwezolimo) kudinga umklamo wezomthetho ocophelelayo.

Ukubambisana Nezindinganiso

Ukwaziswa kwamanzi kuqoqwa izinhlangano eziningi ezisebenzisa amafomethi, izilinganiso, kanye nezingalo zesikhashana. Ngokuvamile umfula ofanayo ulinganiswa nge-'cubicmeters' ngomzuzwana, i-sethi kahulumeni ehamba ngezinyawo zehektare ngenyanga, futhi inzuzo elingana namalitha ngomzuzu. Ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwezindinganiso (umz., i-data, i-AterML, noma i-ISO 19156 indinga-data ehlala isebenza futhi ibiza kakhulu). Izindlela zomthetho kumelwe zinikeze izincazelo ezivamile futhi zikhokhele ukuguqula amafafa emfuno.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Nezikhala Zomuzi

Ukufakwa kwemifelandawonye yezinzwa, ukwakha amaqonga okwaziswa, nokuqeqesha izisebenzi kudinga ukuvezwa kwemali. Amazwe athuthukayo kanye nomasipala amancane ngokuvamile antula kokubili inhloko - dolobha nobuchwepheshe. Uma ubuchwepheshe besimiso samanzi asetshenziswayo siba inqubo evamile, izingozi zokwandisa igebe phakathi kwezindawo ezikhuliswe kahle nezingaphansi kwemithombo. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa kwezezimali nokwakha amandla, zinjengeBhanki Lamanzi neData, kodwa azikanelisi.

Abaenzi besinqumo bathembela ku-Analytics

Ngisho noma kunemininingwane ephelele, izinqumo zezimiso zihilela ukuthengwa kwezombangazwe, izindonga ezikhokhiwe, nemingcele engokomthetho. Izibonelo zokufunda ngemishini zivame ukuba "amabhokisi amnyama"; uma abenzi bezimiso bengaqondi ukuthi isibikezelo senziwe kanjani, bangamelana nokuthatha isinyathelo kuso. Ukwakha ukuthembana okungokwenhlangano kudinga ukuchazwa kwe-IA, ukuthuthukisa ukuveza i-paceparication comporation projecter, iprojectivessss ezibonisa ukwethenjelwa phambi kokuhlelwa kwe-screaseat.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Lapho Ukwaziswa Nobuchwepheshe Kusetshenziswa Khona Umthetho Wamanzi

Uma sibheka phambili, izinqubo eziningana ziyojulisa ukuhlanganiswa kokwaziswa nobuchwepheshe ekubeni inqubo yamanzi.

Amawele Asebenza Ngemishini Esetshenziswa Ezimisweni Zamanzi

Iwele le-minuber liyisibuko esinamandla, sangempela sesimiso samanzi angokoqobo (isithako somfula, i-octrate yamanzi, noma i-at system ye-opactive) elingisa ukuziphatha kwayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene. Abaphathi bemisebe bangahlola imiphumela yesimiso esisha sokusebenza kwamadamu, isomiso esinzima, noma ukukhula kwabantu ngaphambi kokuveza izinguquko emhlabeni wangempela. Amadolobheni anjenge-Helsinki ne-Singapore kakade akha amawele ezimiso zawo zamanzi. Njengefu elithwebulayo ne-IoT, isilinganiso se-awidget, amawele esilinganiso somshini wokulinganisa asebenza ayokwenza ukuba "i-impela" inqubo yokuhlola ukwethembeka okungakaze.

Isayensi Yezakhamuzi Nemininingwane Yomphakathi

Intuthuko ezinzweni eziphansi kanye nezinhlelo zocingo zinika izakhamuzi amandla okuqoqa ukwaziswa kwamanzi okusesilinganisweni, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola i-E. coli noma izinga lokushisa lomfula. Izinhlelo ezinjenge- i-EPA's Citizen Science[[ nokuthatha isinyathelo kanye neSikhungo se-Mosalday Institute [ ihilela imiphakathi ekuhloleni imisele yayo yendawo. Leminyosi yotshani ingahlanganisa ukuhlola izakhiwo zezenzipho, igcwalise izikhala ze-mathilifault, futhi igcine izinhlangano ziphendule i-data yemithetho yezemikhambi, kodwa idinga nemithetho elawulayomphakathi nokuthembana.

Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi anamandla ayisi-A

I-WRM sekuyisikhathi eside ifuna ukuxhumanisa i-ithroff ne-ocean transpational. I-Al ingasebenzisa lo mqondo ngokuhlola ukwaziswa okuvela kwezolimo, amandla, emboni, kanye nendawo yokuhlala ukuze ituse ukuhlelwa kwezindlela ezingcono ezingenza kube nezinjongo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ipulatifomu ingalinganisela isizukulwane samanzi ahamba ngamandla, ukuthutha izinhlanzi, nokunisela ngenkasa imfudlana, ukukhuthaza ukushintsha kwezikhathi ezithile. Ukulinganisela okunjalo kuyoba itshe eliyikhomba lenqubo yamanzi ephakathi kwekhulu lama-21, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezincutshisanayo lapho i-Proponet eyinkimbinkimbi khona.

Vula Imininingwane Nokubona Ngaphakathi Njengamathuluzi Ezimiso

Esikhathini esizayo, izimiso zamanzi zingadinga ukukhishwa kokwaziswa okubophelele njengesimo sokwamukela izimali zomphakathi. Umthetho njengo-California ukusebenzisa amanzi ukubika izimfuneko [ kakade] uphoqelela abasebenzisi bamanzi abakhulu abalimi ukuba babike ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi minyaka yonke kuhulumeni. Ukunwebela lemithetho kuwo wonke amalungelo amanzi kanye nokuwahlanganisa ngezikhathi zangempela amabhodi kungadala ukulandisa komphakathi okuphelelisa ukugcinwa komthetho. [ Isimiso sokwaziswa kwamanzi somhlaba isekela ukubonakala okunjalo njengentuthuko.

Isiphetho: Kusukela edata-Drive kuya ekusungulweni kwenqubo

Imininingwane nobuchwepheshe akuzona izinhlamvu zesiliva zezinkinga zamanzi emhlabeni. Azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yomsebenzi onzima wengxoxo yezombangazwe, ingxoxo enika inzuzo, nokuhweba ngenani okusekelwe ekujuleni kwesimiso samanzi. Kodwa zingathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ubufakazi obusekelwe, ukusabela okusheshayo, futhi zenze izimiso ezivumelanayo nezingaguquguquki. Inselele yabenzi bemithetho namuhla ukutshala ngokuhlakanipha ezimisweni zokwaziswa, ukwakha ikhono lomuntu nelenhlangano lokuzisebenzisa, nokuklama okuqinisekisa izinzuzo ezihlanganyelwayo ngokuphangaleleyo. Ngokuthintana nobuchwepheshe obune kakhulu. Umthetho wanamuhla ungahamba ngaphandle kokulawula ukusweka nokulungisa inhlekelele, ukuhlanganisa amanzi, ukuthuthukisa amandla okulawula, ukuhlanganisa amandla okulawula, nokuklama kwesikhathi esizayo.