Ukuphatha kwesifungo sobumongameli sobuPhosana uBusingameli Obuyinhloko kufana nesinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho we-demokrasi nezomthetho wezwe. Lesi senzo esisodwa, esenziwa ekuqaleni kwegama elisha, siveza ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla, ukuphakama komthetho, nokulingana okungaqondakali phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Nakuba umcimbi ngokwawo uncikelwe esikweni, ubunzima bawo obungokomthetho nobesibonakaliso bukhulu. Emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi eUnited States, iJaji eliyinhloko leNkantolo limiswe umthetho noma isiko lokufunga ekhanda lombuso. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande zomlando, ukwakheka komthetho, ukubekwa kwalendima ewuphawulo oluyisisekelo, ukumiswa kwenkonzo yesikhulu neyo.

Isizinda Somlando Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhileleka koMahluleli oMkhulu esifungoni sobumongameli sehhovisi akuyona ingozi yesivumelwano kodwa umklamo wamabomu wokumisa ukuqondisa kwekomiti yokwahlulela ekuqaleni kwegama lobumongameli. Abakhi be-flamers be-stance ye-U.S., ekuhlukaniseni kwabo amagunya ngokucophelela, bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo ngeke lisebenze ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo onikezwa amajaji. Ngokufuna ukuba iJaji eliyinhloko likhiphe isifungo, badala isikhashana lapho isikhulu sokwahlulela esiphezulu sifakazabe obala isithembiso sikamongameli omusha so "londa, sivikele futhi sivikele uMthetho-sisekelo.""""

Abahlosile

Phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, izihambeli zaphikisana kakhulu ngendlela yokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Imfuneko yesifungo, etholakala ku- Article II, Ingxenye 1, u-Clause 8 woMthetho-sisekelo, kwakuyinqubo eqondile yokubopha umongameli ukuba alawule umthetho-sisekelo. Abafuli bakhetha ukushiya umphathi oqondile wesifungo ongashiwongomagama, kodwa isiko lokuthi uMahluleli oyinhloko wayezokwenza lo msebenzi savela ngokushesha. UGeorge Washington wafungenwa nguChancellar Roberts Living of New York, kodwa kwakunguJohn Adams owafunga okokuqala ngoMahluleli omkhulu — Olivellsworwor — ngo1797.

Ukuziphendukela Kwenkolo

Lomkhosi uye wasuka kumkhosi olula, ngokuvamile oyimfihlo uye kumbukwane omkhulu womphakathi. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zerepublic, kwanikezelwa ezindaweni eziningi: iNew York, iPhiladelphia, neWashington, D.C. Ukumiswa kokuqala okwenziwa e-U.S. Capitol kwakungokaThomas Jefferson ngo-1801. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, indima yeJaji Elikhulu yaba yenziwa ngokomthetho. UJohn Adam [FLT:] uphakanyiso lwesandla sokunene, nokuphindwa kwesifungo konke kuye kwaqiniswa ngesiko, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungagunyazi lutho lwalezi ziciko. Ngokucacile, akukathi bonke umongameli baye basebenzisa iBhayibheli. [FLDH:] u-Equins [FLT] umphant, futhi wasebenzisa incwadi ebanzi ye-octive [Fose], futhi u-Rose-Fose-Fose] umlawuli wencwadi u-Grest.[3] ULust Klet] Umphany uyavuma uyavuma uphec.[F] Umphany

Isifungo Sehhovisi: Umbhalo Nencazelo

Incazelo eqondile yesifungo sikamongameli igunyazwe uMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo, uwenze ube ngenye yezinkulumo ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho umongameli okumelwe azisho ngokusho. Umbhalo oqondile ovela eSigabeni II uthi:

" ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States."

Ukufakwa "noma ukuqinisekisa" kuyilungiselelo elibucayi ngalabo abamelene nenkolo ekufungeni isifungo. UMahluleli omkhulu uvame ukusho amazwi futhi aphinde umongameli. UMahluleli omkhulu unezela amagama "nganisiza uNkulunkulu" ekupheleni, nakuba lokhu kungafunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala okubhaliwe "ngakho uNkulunkulu" kwakungumongameli uChester A. Arthur ngo-1881, futhi sekuye kwaba ukwenezelwa okuphelele emikhosini yanamuhla, nakuba umthetho - sisekelo wakhe ungadingeniswanga.

Ukwehlukahluka Nokushiswa

Emakhulwini eminyaka, uMahluleli omkhulu nomphathi-mongameli baye bakhubeka ngezikhathi ezithile ngalamazwi. Elinye lamaphutha adumile kakhulu lenzeka lapho uMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Roberts wafungisa uMongameli uBarack Obama [ ngo-2009. URoberts walibeka ecaleni igama elithi "ethembekile," elenza ukuba u-Obama ame aphinde aphinde asho. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoberts waphinda wamisa isifungo emkhosini wangasese e-White House ukuze agweme noma ikuphi ukungabaza okungokomthetho. Lesi senzakalo sigcizelela ukubaluleka kokulungisa isifungo nasendisweni kwendima yeJajini ekwahlulelweni.

Isifungo asisona nje isibopho esingokomthetho; siyisifungo esibophayo. Noma ikuphi ukuphambuka embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, ngokwenkolelo-lwazi, kungaphakamisa imibuzo ngokubaluleka kokumiswa kwesikhundla sikamongameli. Ngakho - ke, uMahluleli oyinhloko wenza imisebenzi nomongameli okhethwe ngaphambi komkhosi womphakathi ukuze agweme amashwa.

Izici Ezisobala Zesifungo Sokuthunga

Imithetho Yemithetho Yosuku Lokuqala

E-United States, umkhosi wokufunga inhlamba uyisici esiyinhloko soSuku lokuTshambanisa, esiba ngo-January 20 ngemva kokhetho lukaNovember (njengoba i-20th Refection). Lomkhosi uvame ukuqhutshelwa eNtshonalanga Front of the U.S. Capitol, nakuba ezinye izindawo zikhona. UMahluleli omkhulu uhlala endaweni yokumisa eduze nomongameli ophumayo, umongameli owengamalungu ogunyaziwe weSishaya-Hulumeni, nezikhulu. Isimiso sihlelwe ngokucophelela:

  • I-procession: Umongameli nomphathi mongameli ufika eCapitol futhi uphelezelwa ukuya endaweni yesikhulumi.
  • Umongameli oyisekela: UMongameli ongumsizi ufungela ilungu leSishaya-mthetho noma iNkantolo ePhakeme, hhayi uMahluleli oMkhulu.
  • UMongameli Oath: UMahluleli omkhulu uqhubekela phambili, futhi umongameli okhethayo ubeka isandla phezu kweBhayibheli (noma omunye umbhalo othandwayo) eliphethwe uMahluleli omkhulu noma umngane womongameli. UMahluleli oyinhloko ucela umongameli ukuba aphinde isifungo. Ngemva kwesifungo, uMahluleli omkhulu uthi: "Izifungo, uMnu. uMnu.
  • Ikheli Eliwubala: Umongameli omusha ube esenikeza ikheli lokuvula, lilandelwe ukuhamba kukamongameli wangaphambili.

Indima YeBhayibheli Nezinto Ezingokomlando

Nakuba kungadingeki, ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli kungokomfanekiso kakhulu. Omongameli abaningi bakhetha amaBhayibheli anokubaluleka komuntu siqu noma okungokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Joe Biden wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elalikhona emkhayeni wakhe kusukela ngo-1893, kuyilapho [[FLT:] u-Donalm [[FL:] [FLT]] u-Durg Trump asebenzisa kokubili iBhayibheli lakhe siqu neBhayibheli likaLincoln. [[FLT] UJajisi Omkhulu] uJohns [[FLT] [FLT:] u-FLT] womabili amaBhayibheli afunwe ngo-Trump ngo-2017]. Umelukst kumelwe aphathe lezizinto ngokunakekela, njengoba zithandwa kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, uJajist Bible lisetshenziswe ngeJajini [Ft:] [Ft]

Ama - Ceremon Angaphakathi Esimweni Sezulu Esingathandeki

Uma isimo sezulu noma ukulondeka kudinga, lomkhosi uhamba endlini. Ukunikezelwa kwamuva okudumile endlini kwakungo 1985 lapho uReald Reagan efungela igama lakhe lesibili ngaphakathi kweCapitol Rotunda ngenxa yomkhuhlane omkhulu. IJaji eliyinhloko [FLT] [FLT] yafaka isifungo kulesosimo esiseduze. Ngemva kokuvunguza kuka-Capitol, ukwenziwa kwendlu lwecala kwamashumi amabili nanye kwagcinwa kakhulu kodwa kwathatha indawo ngaphandle, ngoMahlulele oMphathi omkhulu futhi wafeza indima yakhe engokomthetho.

Imibono Yembulunga Yonke: AmaJaji Ayinhloko Nomongameli Omhlaba Wonke

Umkhuba wokuba nenkomba yejaji ephethe izikhulu awuyona i-United States kuphela. idemocracy nerepublic eziningi zihlanganisa indlela efanayo yokugcizelela ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokwethembeka komthetho-sisekelo.

i-Latin America

Emazweni anjengo-Brazil, Arzentina, , uMongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme (noma ukwahlulela okulinganayo) unikeza isifungo kumongameli osanda kukhethwa. Inkonzo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli futhi ingase ifune umongameli ukuba abeke isandla kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. [[FLT:]Brazil[FLT:], isifungo sinikezwa ngumongameli weNkantolo ephakeme, abese ememezela umongameli.

IYurophu

u-German, uMongameli we-Federal ufungela phambi kwe-Federal Convention, kodwa isifungo asiqondiswa ngumphathi omkhulu womthetho; kunalokho, uMongameli weBundestag uqondisa. Nokho, uFrance, uMongameli woMkhandlu woMthetho-mthetho unikeza umongameli weRepublic, indima emelelwe kubulungisa obukhulu. Umkhosi waseFrance ubanjwa e-Eglysée Palace futhi uhlanganisa ukuvunyelwa okudedendelwe umthetho wemiphumela yokuvota.

IAsia neAfrika

Ku Indiya, uMongameli waseNdiya unikeza isifungo kuNdunankulu nakweminye izikhonzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMahluleli Omkhulu waseNdiya unikeza isifungo kuMongameli waseNdiya. Lelilungiselelo elifanayo libonisa u-U.S. isimo kodwa ngokwengxenye indima eguquliwe. Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, uMahluleli oMkhulu ufunga kumongameli, kodwa ukuntengantengantenga ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwaholela ekuxabaniseni ngokomthetho wesifungo sombangi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lweKenya, iJaji eliyinhloko lenza indima ebalulekile ekufezeni isifungo phakathi nenkinga yezombangazwe.

Lezi zibonelo zomhlaba wonke zigcizelela ukuthi ukuhileleka kwesikhulu sokwahlulela esifungweni somongameli kubhekwa kabanzi njengomthombo womthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubaluleka Nophawu Lwendima Yomahluleli Oyinhloko

Ukufanekisela Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukuba khona kukaMahluleli oMkhulu ekunikezelweni kuwuphawu olunamandla olubonisa ukuthi umongameli akawudluli umthetho. Isifungo siyisivumelwano phakathi kukamongameli noMthetho-sisekelo, umahluleli omkhulu esebenza njengofakazi omelela igatsha elimsebenzi walo oyinhloko uwukuchaza lowoMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi senzo siqinisa isimiso sokuthi igatsha eliphethe lingaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho. Kuyisikhathi lapho ihhovisi lezombangazwe likamongameli lizithoba khona endinganisweni engokomthetho nengokomthetho.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nokungahlangani

UMahluleli Omkhulu, ngokuthatha ingxenye emkhosini, uveza futhi ukwahlukana kwejaji nezombangazwe ezilwayo. IJaji Elikhulu livame ukubonwa kuthelevishini lixhawulana nomongameli kunoma yiliphi iqembu, ngaphandle kwaleso senzo esibonisa ukuvunywa kwezombangazwe. Lokhu ukungathathi hlangothi kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, amaJaji ayinhloko kumongameli [[FLT] Burger [umiswe uNixon] [uJohan Roberts [[FLT:]] [umthetho] [omisiwe uGeorge W. Bush]) uye wanikeza izifungo kumongameli kumaqembu womabili, futhi phakathi nalezi zenzakalo zawo zihlolwa nganoma yisiphi esinye isilinganiso sokukhetha.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Emazweni lapho ukudluliswa kwamandla kuye kwaphikiswana ngokomlando noma kwanobudlova, indima yoMahluleli Omkhulu ingaba amandla aqinisayo. Ngokusebenzisa isifungo, uMahluleli Omkhulu uqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli omusha uthathe isikhundla ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kuyingxenye yombhalo ongokomthetho futhi kungasetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izimpikiswano. Ukhetho lwa 2020 e-U.S. nokuhlasela kwangoJanuwari 6, 2021 akuzange kuvimbele uMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts ekusebenziseni isifungo kuMongameli uBiden ngoJanuwari 20, 2021. Ukuqhubeka kwesivumelwano, naphezu kwesiphithiphithi sezombangazwe, kwakuyisivumelwano sokuzinziswa kwenqubo yomthetho.

Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Nezikhathi Ezingokomlando

Ithuna Lokuqala LaseGeorge Washington

NgoApril 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wafunga ihhovisi kuvulandi weHholo leFederal eNew York City. Isifungo sanikezwa uRobert Livingston, iNkampala yaseNew York, hhayi ukwahlulela okukhulu, ngoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yayingakamiswa. Washington yanezela ukuchuma kwakhe siqu: "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu," inkulumo eqhubeke ikhona.

Ukubulawa kukaMcKinley noRoosevelt

Lapho uMongameli uWilliam McKinley ebulawa ngo1901, uMongameli oyiKhosi uRoosevelt wayeseBuffalo, eNew York. Waphuthunyiswa ekhaya lomngane wakhe u-Ansley Wilcox, lapho afunga khona isifungo sesikhundla. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho komiti yenkantolo ephakeme ekhona, lesifungo sanikezwa umahluleli wezwe wendawo, uJohn R. Hazel. Lokhu kwakungokwesinye sezenzakalo ezingavamile lapho uBushiqela engakhiphanga sifungo kumongameli omusha. Kamuva, Rovelt waphinde wafunga khona phambi kwe-Washington [FLT] [FFF]

UJohn Kennedy noMbhoshongo WamaKatolika

Ngo-1961, uJohn F. Kennedy waba ngumongameli wokuqala wamaKatolika. UMahluleli omkhulu u-Earl Warren [ wanikeza isifungo. Kennedy wasebenzisa iFitzgerald Bible, eyayidluliselwe phansi. Isenzakalo sasiphawuleka ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo nokuba khona kukayise kaKennedy, uJoseph. Indima yoMahluleli omkhulu yawenziwa ngaphandle kwempikiswano, iqokomisa ukungakhethi kwehhovisi ngaphandle kwemigqa engokwenkolo.

I - Barack Obama Ne - oath Ekhulunywa Ngephutha

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukunikezelwa kwango-2009 kwaqokomisa ukuthatheka okuphawulekayo. UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts waqala isifungo: "Mina, Barack Hussein Obama, ngifunga ukuthi ngizolisebenzisa kahle iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States..." — ukubeka "ethembekile" ngemva "kusebenza" esikhundleni "kungemva kwe-"ofisi." u-Obama wathatha ikhefu ngemva "kubusa kwe-United States," wabuye wabheka phambili ngemva kwengxoxo ebanzi ngesimo esibophekileyo se-ogcone. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni i-scheme, futhi uRoberts waphinda futhi waphinda futhi waphinda izwi eliwumthetho owesisholo olungokomthetho. U-Oba waphinda futhi wayeka ukuqomisa izifungo ezinswini zeNdluyanga, kodwa waphinde washo ngisho nangokuvumelana nesinqumo esiqinile. Ilunga lesifungo esiyinhloko seSifungo.

Izinselele Nezindawo Ezifuze I - Oyath

Izenzo Ezibi Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezimpikiswano Ezikhona

Kwamanye amazwe, indima yoMahluleli Omkhulu ekufezeni isifungo iye yacindezelwa amabutho ezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nempi yokhetho kamongameli wase- 2000 e-U.S., isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme . Bhush v. Gore [[FLT]] [[FLT]] wanquma ngokuphumelelayo ukukhethwa. [uMahluleli omkhulu [[FLT:]] uWiciumnst [umthetho] u-Happy] u-Rehnst [[FLT] [ult:] wahamba ukuya ukunikeza isifungo kuGeorge. W Bush amasonto ambalwa kamuva. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwabangela ukubonakala kobuswa kwe-ropritiom, njengoba iJajisi Omkhulu elalinqume kahle manje liyinqoba i-kahn, kodwa i-Retknvitum, kodwa i-enqulust, isenzeka, isenze isenzakalo esiphambili,

Ukwenqaba Ukuthatha Isifungo Ezikhulwini Ezithile

Kuye kwaba nezenzakalo lapho amongameli abakhethayo bengathathanga khona isifungo kuMahluleli Omkhulu ngenxa yokugula, ukubulala, noma iziyaluyalu zezombangazwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, omunye umahluleli noma isikhulu angathatha isinyathelo. 25th Isichibiyeli [ ne [[FLT:] u-BRYN] Preferitial Impumelelo [[[FLT:]] uMthetho [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] unikeza iziqondiso, kodwa isiko lobubulungisa obuyinhloko linamandla. [FLTH: FY], umongameli okuwukuphela umongameli ofunwe yisikhulu sowesifazane [[FLT] [FLT], uMethorialth One, uMedur, Le jing.[Johnson] uMessadentine.[Flsed , uMest:[F:5] ku-Genelve] ka-Emperector: 1963]

Izakhi Zenkolo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe "Quelela uNkulunkulu" futhi iBhayibheli liye labhekana nezinselele zomthetho nempikiswano yomphakathi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kuhlanganise nezinkolo ezisesifungweni kuphula i- iSiphakamiso sika-Claus [ seSigqizo Sokuqala]. Izinkantolo eziningi ziye zabekwa eqenjini lezemicikilisho futhi azikho uhulumeni omisa inkolo. IJaji Elikhulu, kodwa livame ukuhlanganisa "ukungisiza uNkulunkulu" njengendaba yesiko, futhi kulindeleke ukuba zibuze umongameli-lonke uma zifisa ukunezela leyonkulumo. Abanye ababusi, njengaye [FLT:] [FLD] [FOct: [Foselt]

Ikusasa Lendima Yomahluleli Oyinhloko

Njengoba i-United States kanye nezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kushintsha, indima yoMahluleli oMkhulu ekusebenziseni lesifungo cishe ihlala iyisisekelo sokudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya. Nokho, ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, ukusakazwa kwezenhlalo, futhi izinselele zokuhlola imiphumela yokukhetha zingafaka ukucindezela okwengeziwe kuMahluleli oMkhulu. Umphakathi ulindele ukuba uMahluleli oPhakeme athathe isinyathelo ngokungakhethi okuphelele futhi aqinisekise ukuthi isifungo sinikezwa ngokufanelekile, ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kwe-palism.

Esikhathini esizayo, singabona ukugcizelela okukhulu komphakathi kokunemba okungokomthetho kwesifungo, kuhlanganise nokulawula okuphilayo kanye nokuhlola iqiniso lokukhipha ibhuloho. UMahluleli Omkhulu kungadingeka futhi acabangele imithetho yokulondeka yeBhayibheli noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa phakathi nomkhosi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba inani labantu lesizwe lishintsha, uMahluleli oMkhulu anganikeza izifungo kumongameli abavela ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nalabo abakhetha ukusekela kunokufunga, noma abasebenzisa imibhalo engeyona eyeBbiliki. Ukuvumelana kwale mikhosi, okusekelwe embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo ongaguquki, kuvumela lezi zinguquko kuyilapho zilondoloza isisekelo sesiko.

Ekugcineni, indima kaMahluleli oMkhulu ekufezeni isifungo sobumongameli ayikona nje ukuthatha isinyathelo; kuyisikhathi somthetho - sisekelo esijulile esilungisa kabusha ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni nokuzibophezela komphathi ekubuseni umthetho. Uma nje uMthetho - sisekelo usaqhubeka, lelisiko liyoqhubeka lifanekisela ukuthula, ukuhleleka, nokudluliselwa kwamandla okuwuphawu lwezwe elisebenzayo.