Ukwakhela imfundo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo kunesimiso esiyisisekelo sesimiso sikahulumeni saphawula ushintsho olushintshayo ekuthuthukeni kwe-Indiya. Kusukela ekuzilawuleni kwesizwe, umbuso waseNdiya uye wazibeka njengomphathi oyinhloko wemfundo. Lendima yayingakona nje ukuqondisa kodwa isisekelo esijulile semfundo, esisekelwe embonweni womthetho wokwakha i-commonism commonism, impumelelo engokomnotho, nelungele ukuziphatha okuhle. Ukusukela ekulawuleni izinhlangano zezemfundo yesikole sezwe ezinamakoloni ezinkulu kakhulu zokwelusa nokusekela imfundo eyisisekelo, uhambo lombuso lubonisa kokubili ukulangazelela nokuphikisana okungapheli. Ukuqonda lendima eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zezentengiselwano, izinhlelo zezentengiselwano, izinhlelo zemfundo eziphambili, izinhlelo zemfundo ezihlala njalo, izinhlelo zemfundo ezikhona emhlabeni.

Umlando: Isisekelo sikaHulumeni esichaza iMandaday

Ifa Langaphambi Kokuthengwa

Indima yemfundo yanamuhla yezwe laseNdiya ayizange iqhutshwe endaweni engenalutho. Isimiso sokuphatha amakoloni, ngaphansi kukaLord Macaulay's we-3535 Minute edumile, sadala ngamabomu isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuveza isigaba sabatoliki phakathi kombusi nombuso. Lesi simiso sasisedolobheni, i-elithilist, futhi sahlukaniswa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu. Nokho, umzabalazo wobuzwe, nokho, waveza umbono ohlukile. Abaphathi abanjengoMahtma Gandhi bahlobela i-Wardha Screenation yemfundo eyisisekelo (1937), isekela ukufunda ngemfundo eyisisekelo somsebenzi, ukufundiswa kolimi lwangasese, nentuthuko yokuziphatha. Lokhu kushukuma kweqembu, i-baurecracratic mode ne-mow, umbono oqhubekayo wamisa isigaba esizimele ngaphansi kwezimiso ezizimele. Isimo se-Propolandccobance nesilinganiso esine kakhulu semfundo eqinile nesezingeni elingu-18%, kanye nesobulili, isigaba, nesobulilidiag

Umqulu Ophathelene Nomthetho - sisekelo: Izimiso Eziqondisayo Nesithembiso Sesizwe

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-India bamisa imfundo njengesisekelo sokuguqula umphakathi. ISiphakamiso 45 seMithetho Elawulayo yeSimiso sikaHulumeni sayala isifundazwe ukuba sizame ukunikeza, phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala koMthetho-sisekelo, imfundo yamahhala nephoqelela kuzo zonke izingane kuze kube yilapho ziqeda iminyaka eyishumi nane. Nakuba lesi Siphakamiso singesona esisemthethweni, samisa isibopho esibophayo sokuziphatha nesezombangazwe. Saqaphela ukuthi idemokramente yezombangazwe yayingenanjongo ngaphandle kwentando yeningi yomphakathi, eyayidinga futhi ukufundiswa kwabantu abaningi. Umthetho-Conciples List Concinal, wabeka icala elihlangene phakathi kwe-Union nohulumeni, sakha isiciso esiye sakha isimo sokusebenza, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukulwa kwemithetho, nokuphikisana kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Amalungelo Asekelwe Emfucumfucu

ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Se - 86 (2002)

Inkathi echithwayo yendima yezwe laseNdiya yenzeka ngeSichibiyelo sama-86, esashintsha kakhulu isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokubusa. Safaka iSiphakamiso 21A, senza ilungelo lokufundisa ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izingane ezineminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyishumi nane. Lesi senzo esisodwa saguqula indima kahulumeni kusukela kumphathi wesigebengu onikeza inzuzo ebekelwe isibopho somphathi womthetho-sisekelo. Saphoqelela umbuso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akuqiniseki nje ukufinyelela kodwa futhi izinga, i-equity, nenverdimicration. Le ngxenye yaba isiphelo samashumi eminyaka esazi semfundo nezomthetho eqaphela inzuzo yemfundo ehloniphekile ekuphileni komthetho ngaphansi kweSiphaka-21.

Ilungelo Lokwenza Imfundo (2009)

Ihloselwe ukusebenzisa iSiphakamiso 21A, iQelelo lezingane lokuthola Imfundo ekhululekile ne-CRTICARTE (RTE) limelela uhlelo olubanzi kakhulu olungokomthetho lwemfundo yokuqala eNdiya. Lisho imisebenzi kazwelonke, iziphathimandla zendawo, abazali, nezikole zangasese. Ilungiselelo elibalulekile elichaza indima ethuthukisiwe kahulumeni lihlanganisa:

  • Izikole zobunhloko:[ Umbuso kumele usungule izikole phakathi nebanga elimisiwe ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela zonke izingane.
  • Isivumelwano sokukhipha i-Capitation Fees kanye no-Screenting: Umbuso wagunyaza izinqubo zokungeniswa ngaphandle komthetho.
  • 25% Reservation:[ Izikole ezingazifuneli mathupha kumele zigcinele izingane eziswele izihlalo eziyi 25% zezihlalo ezingeni eliphansi, ezikhokhelwa uhulumeni. Lelungiselelo lifaka umbuso ngokuqondile emakethe yemfundo yangasese ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi kugcinwe izibalo.
  • [[UMTH:0] Imilinganiso nezindinganiso:[ Umthetho usho izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zesisekelo sesisekelo, izilinganiso zothisha, kanye nezimfanelo zothisha.
  • eqhubekekayo ne Comprehensive Vieology (CCE): Isimo sagunyaza ukushintshwa kwemfundo ephindiwe kanye nokuthatha izivivinyo ezilula ezingeni eliqalayo (ilungiselelo kamuva eliphucukile ngenxa yokufeza izinselele).

I - RTE Act ngokuyisisekelo yabuchaza kabusha ubuhlobo phakathi kwesakhamuzi, uhulumeni, nesikhungo semfundo ngokwenza imfundo ibe ilungelo elifanele.

Ukuklanywa Kwesimiso Nokufuywa Kwefulege

IKothari Commission and National Policies on Education (NPE 1968, 1986)

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho, umbuso wakha izakhiwo eziqinile zezimiso kanye nezinhlelo ezixhaswe phakathi. IKothari Commission (1964-66) yaveza ukubukezwa okubanzi kwemfundo yamaNdiya, ngokudume ngokuthi "isiphetho saseNdiya manje senziwa emakilasini akhe." Ukutusa kwayo kwaholela ekufikeni kwe-NPE 1968, eyayibiza ukuba kube nemfundo efanayo (10+2 system), futhi yandisa ukutshala (6% ye-GDP), futhi yagcizelela kakhulu isayensi nemfundo yesizwe. I-NPE 1986 nohlelo lwayo lwe-Action (U.CM.C.C.C.) lwandisa futhi uhlelo lwayo lokufinyelela kwezwe ku-NPE ku-Blackboardboard / aply) ukuze kunikezwe izakhiwo ezincane nabafundisi abayinhloko ezweni lonke, ihlasela ngokuqondile inkinga yokungena kwezwe emaphandleni asemaphandleni.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001)

Iqaliswe njengohlelo oluhamba phambili lokuhlanganisa imfundo yokuqala, iSarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SA) yayiwuhlelo lwemfundo enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwayo. Yasebenza isibopho sikahulumeni ngokuhlela ngokuhloniphekile ku-Village Education Committee (VECs), igxilise ukutshala izakhiwo zamantombazane namaqembu aphansi, futhi yakha izigidi zezakhiwo zesikole nezindlu zangasese. SS yasiza ekuthuthukiseni isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sokulinganisela (GER) futhi yanciphisa inani labantwana abaphuma ngaphandle kwemfundo emithathubeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 ngo-2001 kuya kumazinga angu-35 eMbalini wonyaka ka-2010. Yamelela ukugqugquzela okukhulu kukahulumeni ukuze kugcwalise isithembiso sokungena emhlabeni wonke.

Ukudla Phakathi Nosuku

Ngo-1995 futhi yaqalwa yonke indawo ngaphansi komyalo weNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2001, iMid-Day Meary Scheme iyisibonelo esishukumisayo sombuso usebenzisa ukungenela kwemfundo ukusingatha ukuncishwa okuningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokunikeza ukudla okunomsoco kubantwana bonke kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni owenziwe ngesandla sikahulumeni, isifundazwe sakhuluma: indlala yasekilasini, ephazamisa ngokuqondile ukufunda; ukuqasha nokuncipha, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamantombazane nabampofu; nangokuphikelela ekudleni okukhululekile kwesigaba somphakathi. Saguqula isikole ngesihle singene esingokwenhlala ngokukhululekile esingokwenhlalo eqekene, ngokuvamile sibe yindawo ethembekile yokuphepha kakhulu emikhayeni ehlala ehlala abantu abampofu.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2018)

Inqoba ukuhlukana kwezinhlelo zangaphambili, isifundazwe samisa iSamagra Shiksha Abhiyan, icebo elihlangene lokuhlanganisa imfundo yesikole kusukela ngaphambi kwesikole kuya ku-padmin. Lokhu kwaphawula ukushintshela ekungeneni kwe-holics, siqaphela ukuthi ukungenela kumelwe kuqhubeke. Yagcizelela futhi izinga, imfundo yomsebenzi, kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe njenge-DIKSHHA plat. Yabonisa ukuqaphela kukahulumeni ukuthi ukufinyelela komsebenzi wobukhomba-gazi kuphela akunele futhi kudinga ukugxiliswa komthetho oqondile.

Isimiso Semfundo Sesizwe (NEP) 2020

I-NEP 2020 iyincwadi yenguquko ebaluleke kakhulu yekhulu lama-21. Iguqula indima kahulumeni kusukela kumsizi oqondile nomlawuli kuya kumsizi we-facitalitator, umlawuli, nomgangatho we-profesper. Ukuhamba kwayo okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa: ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-Pressplanector (53+3+4), ukugxila ekuhleleni ulwazi lwesisekelo kanye nolwenombolo njengendawo ephezulu, ukunciphisa i-sllabhusture ibe imiqondo eyisisekelo, ukukhuthaza imfundo ephakeme, nokusungula i-regilaye yemfundo ephakeme, nokuhlelwa kwe-registering yemfundo ephakeme (HCI). I-NEP 2020 ibonisa ukushintshwa okungokomthetho kwefilosofi yombuso kuya "esikoleniagzing" kusuka ekungeneni, ekungeneni nje, ekulawuleni okuqinile, ekulawuleni kwesimiso sokulawula nokulawula inqubo ephakeme yemfundo. I-EPUBBS, ikakhulukazi.

Ukufunda, Amandla Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ukuthunywa Kwesizwe Kokufunda Nokulala

Indima kahulumeni ayizange igcinwe esikoleni esisemthethweni kuphela. Iqaphela ukuphuthuma kobudoda bokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, isifundazwe samisa iNational Literacy Mission (NLM) ngo-1988. IMikhankaso yokufunda Ngemfundo ka-1990, yasetshenziswa ngendlela enkulu yokuzithandela, yaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo ekunyuseni amanani okufunda, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezingokwendawo ezingokwabantu abadala. ISaakshar Barat (2009) yaqhubeka nalokhu igxile, ngokugcizelela okukhethekile kwabesifazane. Nakuba ikhono likahulumeni lokusekela impumelelo yokufunda nokufunda nokubhala nokuvimbela "ukuyekelela ukuya olwazini" liye laxoxwa, lezinhlelo zikahulumeni zabonisa ikhono lokubuthana kwabantu abaningi ngaphandle kohlelo lwesikole oluhleliwe.

UBeti Bachao, uBeti Padhao noMahila Samakya

Ukukhuluma ngezindlela ezijulile zobulili nezokuthuthukisa izenhlalo emfundweni kuye kwaba yindawo eyinhloko yesifundazwe. Icebo leBeti Bachao, iBeti Padhao (BBP) laqalwa ngo- 2015, libhekana ngokuqondile nesilinganiso esijulile sobulili bezingane nemfundo yabesifazane. Isiza ukufinyelela inqubo yemfundo ebanzi ehilela imfundo, impilo, nabesifazane nezokuthuthukisa izingane. Uhlelo lwakuqala lwaseMahila Samakhyya lwanika abesifazane basemaphandleni amandla ngezinhlangano nangemfundo engekho ngokwezemfundo. Lezi zinyathelo zibonakalisa ukuqonda kombuso ukuthi ukuzuza imfundo yamaqembu ahlukene angenakukwazi ukufinyelela ekuzihlukaniseni; kumelwe kuhambisane nokungenela komphakathi nangokwezomnotho okukhulu kokungenela kwezehlukanisa izigele nakwezi.

Umphumela: Ukushintsha Okungabangela Ushintsho

Umphumela okhushulelwayo wezimiso zikahulumeni waseNdiya uye waba ukuguqulwa okungokobuningi. Ngokwemininingwane yezibalo, izinga lokufunda nokwazi ukufunda lanyuka lisuka ku-18,3% ngo-1951 kuya kwangaphezu kuka-74% ngo-1920, linezilinganiso ezingokwelungiselelo zeNational Rap Survey ezibonisa intuthuko eyengeziwe ku-77-80% eminyakeni yamuva. Igebe lwni lokufundela ubulili lokufunda nokubhala linciphile kakhulu, nakuba lilokhu linendaba. I-Gross Gregly E qualigitation Ratioty (GER) ezingeni eliyisisekelo, eliye ladlula ikhulu elingu-100%, isilinganiso esiphumelelayo cishe isilinganiso sokwanda esingu-onke isilinganiso semfundo (ukuphuza amanzi, izindlu izindlu zangasese, ugesi, ugesi) liye landa ngokuphawulekayo. INdiya manje igcwele isilinganiso sezezwe eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni, isilinganiso seze isilinganiso sezezezenyukelele ekwakhiqile amashumini amashumi ayisikhombisa ezindaweni amashumini eminyaka.

I - Agenda Engancishisiwe: Ubukhazikhazi, Ukulinganisela, Nenkinga Yokufunda

Naphezu kwempumelelo engenakuphikwa ekutholeni impumelelo eyandayo, indima kazwelonke engathi sína ibhekene novivinyo lwalo olukhulu kakhulu embusweni wezinga eliphezulu kanye nemiphumela yokufunda. I-Oral Status of Education Report (ASTER), enyatheliswa nguPratham, iye yadalula ngokungaguquki "ukwazi ukufunda isimo esibucayi solwazi". Imininingwane evela kwimibiko ye-ASER ibonisa ukuthi inani elikhulu lezingane ezibhaliswe ku-Grade 5 azikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo eyisisekelo noma ukufunda umbhalo wezinga lesibili ngokusheshishi.

Inkinga Yokufunda Nenkokhelo Yombuso

Igebe phakathi kokubhalisela nokufunda liyindida enkulu yenqubo yemfundo yamaNdiya. Izwe lakha izikole ngokuphumelelayo nothisha abamisiwe, kodwa liye lazama ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa kothisha, ukuphumelela kothisha, nokusebenza kwezifundo. Uthisha ophakeme ongekho, ukufundisa okushintshwa kakhulu ezikoleni zothisha abangabodwa, nokugxila ekuqedeni i-sllabusi ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kungubuthakathaka besimiso. Ikhono lombuso lokuhlola izinga, ukuqeqesha uthisha ofundisayo, nokuguqula ekutholeni ukufundisa okunenzuzo ekhonweni kulokhu kusekho kusekho kusekutholeni ibhodleni elingcono.

Ukungalungi Okuqhubekayo

Isifiso sikahulumeni sokulunga kwezenhlalo ngemfundo siyaqhubeka sisebenza. Izinga elijulile liyaqhubeka likhona ukugobeka (Izinga lokufunda elihleliwe] [amazinga okufunda ehlanekezelwe engxenyeni yezizwe]), [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT:] [3] [i-Bolat] [i-Borate v.Keralam], inzuzo[ (ukukhula okuqhumayo kwemfundo yomuntu siqu] kudala isilinganiso sezimiso ezimbili zemfundo). IRT [25%] ishiye imingcele evimbela ukukhiqiniswa. I-RUM-RR ihlala igcwele, nezikole zesayensi ephansi, noma izihloko zezesayensi, i-Fodwordsting, i-GP] i-20 ye-GP20, amashumi eminyaka engamashumi amashumi eminyaka ehlukeneyodwayo-20.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemfundo Ephakeme

Emfundoni ephakeme, umbuso uye wagxekwa kaningi ngokuhlelwa "kunye namaphepha-mvume" ngemizimba enjenge-UGC ne-AICTE. Lokhu kuye kwanqanda ukuvela kwamayunivesithi okucwaninga omhlaba kanye nokusungulwa okuncishisiwe. Ukwanda kwamakholeji anezinga eliphansi kuwumphumela oqondile wokubekwa kabusha okugxile ekufakeni kunokufakwa emiphumeleni. Isicelo sika-NEP 2020 sokususa lezi zisilos nokusungula i-regator, ezimele, imelela ukuqondisa okukhulu kwenkambiso yezwe, ukuvuma ukuhluleka kwalo ngokomlando.

Isiphetho: Ingxenye Elandelayo Yombuso Yokungenela

Izwe laseNdiya liye laba umdlali obaluleke kakhulu ekushintsheni kwemfundo yesizwe. Kusukela kumklami wemibono engokomthetho-sisekelo kuya kumshini wezinhlelo zemfundo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, indima yalo iye yasekelwa. Ifeza isiqinisekiso sekhulu lama-20: ukufinyelela imfundo esemhlabeni wonke. Inselele yamanje, ihlelwe yi-National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 kanye nemininingwane ye-ASER, iqondene ngokomthetho wekhulu lama-21: ukwenza yonke indawo ifunde na [FLT:] na ikhono eliwubuciko [FLT] [FLT] [impe enzima] [FLT], kodwa elinamandla kakhulu]. Uma kungenziwa i-Activestion, idinga ukuguqula indima yayo futhi i-frest processsssssss, kodwa futhi ingatholakali, noma i-seziningi kakhulu, ifunda i-ekhodiactive, noma i-sssssssssss