Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokukholelwa nokukhulekela ngokonembeza womuntu imelela elinye lamalungelo abantu aziswa kakhulu nayisisekelo. Emhlabeni wonke, kuye kwamiswa izimiso ezingokomthetho zokuvikela abantu ekushushisweni, ekucwaseni, nasekuphazanyisweni kwemikhuba yabo engokwenkolo. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola indlela imithetho evikelayo engokwenkolo, ukuvela komlando kwalezisivikelo, izinselele eziphikelelayo ekubekeni umthetho, nokuthi kungani lezisivikelo zisemqoka ezingokomthetho zibalulekile esithunzini sabantu nasemphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo Njengelungelo Elingokomthetho

Inkululeko engokwenkolo iqashelwa kabanzi ngokuthi "umkhulu" wawo wonke amalungelo abantu, eqashelwa okokuqala ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke ezisukela emuva ekuthuleni kwase-Augsburg ngo-1555, ezaveza ukuthi inkolo yendawo izakunqunywa umbusi kunamandla angaphandle. Lesimiso kancane kancane saholela ekuvikelweni kweqembu elincane elingokwenkolo futhi ekugcineni ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye engokwenkolo. Uhambo olusuka enkolweni elawulwa umbuso ukuya enkundleni yenkolo yomuntu ngamunye lumelela olunye lwenguquko ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezezenkolo nezombangazwe.

Umqondo wokubekezelelana okungokwenkolo waqala kancane kancane phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka empi noshushiso. Izinqubo zokuqala ngokuyinhloko zagxila ekuvimbeleni izimpi zenkolo phakathi kwemibuso kunokuba zivikele amakholwa ngamanye. Nokho, njengoba umcabango wefilosofi wawuthuthukiswa phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa, ongqondongqondo baqala ukuveza isithunzi esizuzwe njengefa sikanembeza womuntu ngamunye nelungelo lokufuna iqiniso ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa.

Ngokomongo waseMelika, inkululeko engokwenkolo yaba isisekelo sophawu lwesizwe esisha. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, abaningi babo ababebone noma beshushiswa ngokwenkolo, beboshwe inkululeko engokwenkolo ehlangene neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: "IKhonaret ngeke yenze mthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqatshelwa kokusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokusakaza; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba uvuselele izikhalo." Lesivikelo sikahulumeni esihlukene singesikhona ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo ngenkathi ivikela inkululeko yayo; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko ekhethekile ethonya ukuthuthuka komthetho womhlaba wonke.

Ukuvuma inkululeko engokwenkolo njengelungelo lokuqala elivikelwe kuyi-Bill of Rights kuveza ukuqonda kwabasunguli baseMelika ngokubaluleka kwenkolo kubantu, emphakathini, nakwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuqamba phambili akubonisanga okuhlangenwe nakho komlando kuphela kodwa futhi nokuzinikela kwefilosofi ekuzibopheleleni konembeza ezindabeni zabantu.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo Yomhlaba Wonke

Isimiso sezizwe zonke senkululeko engokwenkolo savela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, lapho umphakathi wembulunga yonke uzama ukumisa izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ezaziyovimbela izenzo zonya zesikhathi esizayo. Inkululeko yenkolo noma inkolelo iqinisekiswa isihloko 18 seSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, isihloko 18 seSivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Kuwo Wonke Kuwo Wonke Kuwo Wonke Amalungelo Omphakathi Namalungelo Ezombangazwe neSimemezelo Sokukhishwa Kwawo Wonke Amafomu Ombango Nesobandlululo Esisekelwe Enkolweni Noma Enkolo.

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu simemezela ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, kanembeza nenkolo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokushintsha inkolo yakhe noma inkolelo, nenkululeko, kungaba eyedwa noma emphakathini nabanye noma ngasese, ukuze abonise inkolo yakhe noma inkolelo ekufundiseni, ekukhulekeni, ekukhulekeni, nasekugubheni. Lolu hlelo lwasungulo lweZizwe Ezihlangene olugunyaziwe lwenkululeko engokwenkolo njengolusebenza kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuphi noma uhulumeni wabo.

Ulimi lwesimemezelo lubanzi ngamabomu futhi luhlanganisa. aluvikeli ilungelo lokubambelela ezinkolelweni kuphela kodwa futhi nelungelo lokuguqula lezo zinkolelo − ilungiselelo elibaluleke kakhulu emongweni lapho ukuhlubuka noma ukuguqulwa kulinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, luqaphela izici zomthetho wenkolo yangasese nomphakathi, ukuvuma ukuthi ukholo aluyona nje into engaphakathi kodwa ludinga ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Isivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe

I - International Parvention of Civil and Political Rights ka - 1966 ihumusha amalungelo abantu njengesibopho esibophayo esingokomthetho futhi ibeka inkululeko engokwenkolo esiphakanyisweni sayo siqu 18. Ngokungafani neSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke, esisebenza njengenkulumo yezimiso, i - ICCPR yakha izibopho ezibopha ngokomthetho zezindawo ezithi ayenze iqine. Lesivumelwano saguqula inkululeko engokwenkolo ewujuqu ewumvumweni wokufisa yaba indinga - mthetho yezizwe zonke egcinwayo.

Ngokwe-UN Human Rights Committee, iSiphakamiso 18 se-ICCPR sivikela izinkolelo eziphikisayo, ezingezona ezenkolo nezokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, kanye nelungelo lokungasho noma iyiphi inkolo noma inkolelo. Amagama "inkolo" kumelwe athathwe kabanzi. ISiphakamiso 18 asilinganiselwe ekusebenzeni kwaso ezinkolweni ezingokwesiko noma ezinkolweni nasezinkolelweni ezinezici zezinhlangano noma amasiko. Le ncazelo enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sifinyelela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zikanembeza nezinkolelo, hhayi nje kuphela amasiko enkolo.

Isimemezelo Sika - 1981 Esiphathelene Nokucwasa Okungokwenkolo Nokucwasa

Inkululeko yenkolo enkulu kakhulu esemthethweni wezizwe zonke yavela eSimemezelweni sokususwa Kwazo Zonke Izimo Zokungabekezeli Nokucwasa, esamenyezelwa yi-U.N.General Assembly ngo 1981, esho izilinganiso ezibanzi zenkululeko engokwenkolo yanoma yiziphi izincwadi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Lesi simemezelo sinikeza isiqondiso esiningi kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokuthi yisiphi inkululeko engokwenkolo ehilelekile ekusebenziseni, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokukhulekela, ukugcina imikhuba engokwenkolo, ukumisa izinhlangano zenkolo, ukufundisa inkolo, nokuveza izinto ezingokwenkolo.

Ngezinjongo zesimemezelo, inkulumo ethi "ukuvumela nokucwaswa okusekelwe enkolweni noma enkolelweni" isho noma yimuphi umehluko, ukukhishwa, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukukhethwa okusekelwe enkolweni noma enkolelweni futhi okuwumphumela wayo noma ukuncishwa noma ukulahlekelwa ukuqashelwa, injabulo, noma ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu nenkululeko eyisisekelo ngesisekelo esilinganayo. Lencazelo iveza ukuthi ukucwaswa kungaba khona ngezimiso nangemikhuba esuselwa esulwini, ngisho noma ingahlosiwe ngokuqondile.

Ukuvikelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Emhlabeni Wonke

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivela kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe elizimele cishe ngamaphesenti angu-90, isimo esingokomthetho esivumelanayo esivumelana nesimiso sendawo yonke, nakuba ezimweni eziningi singahambelani nomthetho ongokoqobo. Lokhu kuqashelwa komthetho-sisekelo ogcwele emhlabeni wonke kubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu ngokubaluleka kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, njengoba nje ukumiswa kwemiyalo kuhluka kakhulu ezimo zomthetho namasiko.

Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sihlanganisa amalungiselelo avimbela ukumiswa kwenkolo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisa inkululeko yemikhuba engokwenkolo, ukwenqaba ukucwaswa kwenkolo, nokuvikela amahlelo akhethekile nokulinganisela okukhona phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezinye izithakazelo kuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwezizwe, kuveza okuhlangenwe nakho komlando okuhlukahlukene, izindinganiso zamasiko, namasiko angokomthetho.

Izinga Nezilinganiso Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukuqonda lezi zici ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko engokwenkolo empeleni sihilelani nokuthi kungani kubalulekile.

Inkululeko Yokukholelwa Nonembeza

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikela izinkolelo nonembeza. Inkululeko yenkolo iyinkululeko yokukholelwa nokusebenzisa noma yokuthatha isinyathelo esingokwenkolo ngaphandle kokugxambukela ngokungadingekile kuhulumeni. Lokhu kubheka okungaphakathi njengokuphelele − ohulumeni abanakukwazi ukulawula ngokusemthethweni lokho abantu abakukholelwayo ezinhliziyweni zabo nasezingqondweni zabo. Lesivikelo sidlulela enkulule enkulule enkululendweni yokwamukela, ukushintsha, noma ukulahla izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuphoqelela noma isijeziso sikahulumeni.

Isivikelo sikanembeza siyaqaphela ukuthi izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo nezefilosofi zakha isisekelo sobuntu nokuziphatha. Kubantu abaningi, izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zinikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo eyisisekelo yokuphila ephathelene nenjongo, injongo, ukuziphatha, kanye neqiniso eliphelele. Ngakho izimiso ezingokomthetho ezihlonipha isithunzi somuntu kumelwe zivikele inkululeko yokwakha nokubambelela ezinkolelweni ezinjalo.

Inkululeko Yokuzijwayeza Nokwenza Imikhosi

Inkululeko yenkolo ihlanganisa, okungenani, inkululeko yenkolelo (ilungelo lokukholelwa noma yini umuntu, iqembu, noma inkolo ayifisayo, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izinhlobo zokungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, ubuzwe, noma ezinye izinhlobo zokungabi nalukholo), kodwa abanye abanomuzwa wokuthi inkululeko yenkolo kumelwe ihlanganise inkululeko yokuqhuba (ilungelo lokuqhuba inkolo noma inkolelo obala nangaphandle ngendlela yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokungaqhubeki nanoma iyiphi inkolo).

Inkululeko yokubonakalisa inkolo ngokuqhuba, ngokukhulekela, nangokugubha imelela ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwenkululeko engokwenkolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ezinkonzweni ezingokwenkolo, ukwenza amasiko angokwenkolo, ukugcina amaholide angokwenkolo, ukugqoka izingubo ezingokwenkolo, ukulandela imingcele yokudla, nokuhlanganyela kweminye imikhuba eveza ukuzibophezela okungokwenkolo. Isivikelo esingokomthetho kumelwe sidlulele ngalé kokukholelwa kwangaphakathi kulokhu kubonakaliswa kwangaphandle, njengoba amasiko amaningi angokwenkolo edinga uhlobo oluthile lomkhuba wangaphandle nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Izincwadi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziyaqaphela ukuthi umkhuba wenkolo ungase uhlanganise izenzo zemikhosi, imithetho yokudla, izingubo ezihlukile, ukuhlanganyela emikhubeni yamabhayisekili nokusebenzisa izilimi ezithile.

Inkululeko Yokufundisa Nokuchitha Izinkolelo Ezingokwenkolo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa nelungelo lokufundisa izinkolelo zenkolo, ukuzihlanganyela nabanye, nokukhulisa izingane ngokwezinkolelo zakho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokumisa izinhlangano zezemfundo, ukuveza nokusakaza izincwadi zenkolo, ukuhileleka enkulumweni yenkolo, nokudlulisela amasiko enkolo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ilungelo lokufundiswa nezokudluliselwa kwezenkolo libonakala libaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini efuna ukulondoloza amasiko ayo nokuzichaza. Abazali ngokuvamile banelungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zabo zithola imfundo engokwenkolo evumelana nezinkolelo zazo, kungaba ngezikole zenkolo, isikole, noma imfundo yenkolo engaphezulu. Lelilungelo lomzali libonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwakheka kwenkolo ngokuvamile kuqala ebuntwaneni nokuthi imikhaya isebenza njengabadluliseli abayinhloko bamasiko enkolo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Engokweziqu

Inkululeko yenkolo ihlanganisa inkululeko yemiphakathi yenkolo nezinhlangano ezizihlelayo, ezikhetha abaholi, zichaze izimfundiso zabo futhi zifeze izigigaba zabo. Njengendaba yomthetho - sisekelo, izinqumo zezinhlangano zenkolo zivikelwe ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kuze kube sezingeni ezihlobene nalo ezindabeni zesonto noma zezobubusi.

Lenhlangano iqaphela ukuthi inkolo ingokwemvelo ingokwendawo futhi imiphakathi engokwenkolo idinga ukuzibusa ukuze isebenze ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo namasiko ayo. Izinhlangano zenkolo kumelwe zikhululeke ukuze zimise ezazo izimfuneko zokuba amalungu, ukuhola, nomsebenzi; ukuchaza nokuphoqelela izindinganiso zazo zezimfundiso; nokuhlela izindaba zazo zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokungenela okungafanele kukahulumeni.

Izinhlangano zenkolo, izinkampani, izinhlangano zemfundo, kanye nemiphakathi, okusho ukuthi, izinhlangano ezihlelelwe izinjongo zenkolo futhi ezihlanganyela emsebenzini ovumelanayo, futhi ziqhubekisela phambili, izinjongo ezinjalo, zinezinqumo ezibonisa ukukhulula kweSihloko seSihloko sobandlululo lwenkolo u VII emsebenzini. Ngaphansi kwaleso sikhathi, izinhlangano zenkolo zingakhetha ukuqasha abantu abanezinkolelo nokuziphatha okuvumelana nezimiso zenkolo. Izigebengu ezinjalo ziyaqaphela ukuthi izinhlangano zenkolo kumelwe zikwazi ukugcina isimo sabo esingokwenkolo nomsebenzi wazo.

Ukukhululeka Enkolweni

Isici esiyinhloko senkululeko yenkolo inkululeko yokungaqhubeki enkolweni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi inkululeko enkolweni. Inkululeko yangempela engokwenkolo idinga ukuba abantu bakhululeke ukulahla izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ngokuphelele futhi baphile ngokwemibono yezwe yezwe noma engeyona engokwenkolo. Njengoba inkululeko engokwenkolo ihilela inkululeko yokuqhuba inkolo, futhi isho inkululeko yokungaqhubeki enkolweni.

Lenkululeko engokwenkolo ephambene ivikela abantu ekuphoqelelweni ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini engokwenkolo, bathi banezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo abangazibambi, noma bazisekele izinhlangano zenkolo eziphikisana nentando yabo. Ivimbela futhi uhulumeni ukuba athande izakhamuzi ezingokwenkolo kunezakhamuzi ezingezona ezenkolo noma ekusunguleni uvivinyo olungokwenkolo ukuze bathathe izikhundla zomphakathi noma ulwe umphakathi. Ukukhululeka enkolweni kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ikhonza wonke amalungu omphakathi, hhayi nje labo abamukela izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Ekucwaseni Okungokwenkolo

Ngaphandle kokuvikela inkululeko yokukholelwa nokuqhuba inkolo, izimiso ezingokomthetho ziyakwenqabela futhi ubandlululo olusekelwe enkolweni ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila komphakathi.

Ukucwaswa Ngenxa Yomsebenzi

Imithetho enqabela ukubandlululana kwezenkolo emsebenzini ivikela izisebenzi ekuncishweni imisebenzi, ukukhushulwa esikhundleni semisebenzi noma amanye amathuba emisebenzi ngenxa yezinkolelo zazo ezingokwenkolo noma ngenxa yemikhuba yazo.

Indawo engokwenkolo emsebenzini ingase ihlanganise ukuvumela izisebenzi ukuba zigubhe amaholide enkolo, zigqoke, zilungise imikhuba engokwenkolo noma zithandaze ngesikhathi somsebenzi. Abaqashi kumelwe bahlanganyele emizamweni emihle yokholo ukuze bakwazi ukusingatha lezi zidingo ezingokwenkolo kuyilapho zilinganisela izimfuneko ezisebenzayo namalungelo abanye abasebenzi.

Imithetho emelene nokuhlukumeza izisebenzi esekelwe enkolweni futhi yenqabela ukubangela izimo zemisebenzi ezingezona ezothando lapho izisebenzi zenkolo zigconwa, zikhishwa inyumbazane, noma zicindezelwa ukuba zishiye imikhuba yazo engokwenkolo.

Ukufinyelela Ezemfundo Nendawo Yokuhlala

Isivikelo esingokomthetho sidlulela ezimisweni zemfundo, siqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bangathola amathuba emfundo ngaphandle kokubhekana nobandlululo olusekelwe enkolweni. Izikole ngokuvamile zivumela imikhuba yabafundi engokwenkolo, njengokuvumela izingubo ezingokwenkolo, ukunikeza ezinye izinto ezingqubuzana nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, nokuvumela ukungangeni emikhosini yenkolo.

Lezi sivikelo zilinganisela ukuthunywa kwemfundo yezikole ngokuhlonipha izinkolelo zabafundi ezingokwenkolo. Nakuba izikole zingalondoloza izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ezisebenza kubo bonke abafundi, azinakukhetha abafundi benkolo ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi noma zidala indawo lapho abafundi benkolo bebhekene nokucindezela kokulahla izinkolelo zabo noma imikhuba yabo.

Ilungelo lemfundo yenkolo lihlanganisa futhi inkululeko yokumisa izikole zenkolo nokukhethela izingane zakho imfundo engokwenkolo. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zinikeza uhlobo oluthile lokusekela noma ukuqashelwa kwezinhlangano zemfundo yezenkolo, ukuqaphela amalungelo abazali okuqondisa imfundo yezingane zabo ngokwezindinganiso zazo ezingokwenkolo.

Ukufinyelela Ezinkonzweni Zomphakathi Nasemagumbini

Imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa kwemithetho yenkolo inqabela ukuba abantu bathole izinkonzo zomphakathi, izinzuzo zikahulumeni, izindlu nezindawo zomphakathi.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zinikeze izinkonzo ezisekelweni ezingezona ezobugebengu, zingathandi noma zingabathandi abantu abasekelwe enkolweni. Izindawo zomphakathi − njengamahhotela, amathilomu, izinkonzo zokuthutha, nezindawo zokuzijabulisa − ngokuvamile zikhonza wonke abathengi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakanye nenkolo, okungabekelwe imingcele elinganiselwe yezinhlangano zenkolo ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nomsebenzi wazo ongokwenkolo.

Lezi sivikelo zikhuthaza ukulingana nokubambisana komphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bangahlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuhlukaniswa noma ukuma kwesigaba sesibili okusekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo ezingokwenkolo. Zibonisa isimiso sokuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ayihlanganisi nje ilungelo lokwenza inkolo yomuntu kuphela kodwa futhi nelungelo lokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini kuyilapho ulondoloza izinkolelo zakhe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo: Ukulinganisa Amalungelo Nezithakazelo

Nakuba inkululeko engokwenkolo inesivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, ayiphelele. Njenganoma iyiphi inkululeko, inkululeko engokwenkolo ayinamingcele. Njengoba isisho sakudala sithi, "ilungelo lami lokungibamba liphelela lapho ikhala lakho liqala khona." Ezinye izinkolo zihlanganisa izinkolelo noma imikhuba ephikisana neminye imithetho yemfundo ephoqelelwe, imithetho yezilwane nemithetho emelene nezidakamizwa. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zilinganisele inkululeko engokwenkolo kwezinye izithakazelo namalungelo.

Ukulinganiselwa Okusobala Ngaphansi Komthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Inkululeko yokubonakalisa inkolo noma izinkolelo zomuntu iyoba ngaphansi kwemingcele enjengaleyo enikezwa umthetho futhi idingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi ngenxa yokuphepha komphakathi, ukuze kuvikelwe ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo noma ukuziphatha, noma ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo nenkululeko yabanye. Lesici, esitholakala ezicini ezinkulu zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, simisa lokho kulinganiselwa komkhuba ongokwenkolo kumelwe kuhlangabezane nezilinganiso eziningana: kumelwe kunikezwe umthetho, kufeze injongo engokomthetho, futhi kudingeke kufezeke futhi kufinyelele leyonjongo.

Okubalulekile ukuthi lokhu kulinganiselwa kusebenza kuphela ekubonakalisweni kwenkolo — umkhuba wangaphandle — hhayi enkululekweni yangaphakathi yenkolelo nonembeza, okuhlala kuphelele. Ohulumeni abanakukuvimbela ngokomthetho lokho abantu abakukholelwayo, kodwa bangase balawule imikhuba ethile engokwenkolo uma kudingeka ukuze bavikele izithakazelo zomphakathi eziphoqelelayo.

Ukuphepha Nokuhleleka Komphakathi

Ohulumeni bangase babeke imingcele enengqondo emikhubeni engokwenkolo ukuze bavikele ukulondeka komphakathi futhi bagcine ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphathimandla zingalawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokuhlangana okungokwenkolo ukuze zivimbele ukuphazamiseka komphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimoto, noma ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi. Imithetho enjalo kumelwe ingathathi hlangothi, isebenziseke ngokufanayo emisebenzini engokwenkolo nakwezenkolo, futhi akumelwe isetshenziswe njengezaba zokuvimbela amaqembu enkolo angamukeleki.

Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, ohulumeni bangase bavimbele okwesikhashana imibuthano engokwenkolo kanye neminye imihlangano yasobala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusakazeka kwezifo. Nokho, imingcele enjalo kumelwe idingeke, ilinganise isikhathi, futhi isetshenziswe ngokufanayo emisebenzini yezwe efana nayo. Iziphathimandla azinakuyibekela eceleni imibuthano engokwenkolo ukuze zithole ukwelashwa okunokhahlo kunemibuthano yezwe efana naleyo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Nenkululeko Yabanye

Okubalulekile ekucabangeleni inkululeko engokwenkolo umbuzo wokuthi imikhuba engokwenkolo nezenzo ezishukunyiswa ngokwenkolo okungangenjalo okungaphula umthetho wezwe kufanele kuvunyelwe ngenxa yenkululeko evikelayo yenkolo.

Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba abazali benamalungelo okuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwezingane zabo ngokwenkolo, lamalungelo kumelwe alinganiswe ngokukhula kwenkululeko yabantwana namalungelo abo emfundweni, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasekuvikeleni ekulimaleni. Ngokufanayo, nakuba abaqashi benkolo bengase babe nenkululeko yokwenza izinqumo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe ezinqubeni ezingokwenkolo, lenkululeko kumelwe ilinganiswe kumalungelo ezisebenzi ukuze zingacwaswa.

Izinkantolo nezimiso zomthetho zisebenzisa uvivinyo nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuxazululwe lezingxabano, ngokuvamile ezifuna ukuba imingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo iqhubekisele phambili izithakazelo zikahulumeni futhi isebenzise izindlela ezingabekezelelwe kangako ezitholakalayo ukuze kufinyelelwe lezozithakazelo.

Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu Nemikhuba Elimazayo

I-Free Exenice Claus iyayenqabela uhulumeni ekuqondiseni izinkolelo, kodwa ivumela uhulumeni ukuba ajezise umsebenzi obhekwa njengowesigebengu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisekelo somsebenzi esisekelwe enkolelweni engokwenkolo. Intshiseko engokwenkolo ayinikezi isivikelo esigcwele emithethweni yobugebengu esetshenziswayo. Imikhuba ebangela ukulimala okukhulu kwabanye (njengokuba ubudlova, ukuxhashazwa, noma ukukhwabanisa) ihlala ingaphansi kokwenqatshelwa okungokomthetho ngisho nalapho ishukunyiswa ngokwenkolo.

Nokho, ukusebenzisa imithetho yobugebengu emikhubeni engokwenkolo kudinga ukuhlolisisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukushushisa akuzona izaba zokushushisa okungokwenkolo nokuthi imithetho ayiklanyelwe ukuhlasela amaqembu athile enkolo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini Nokuphindela Ngokomthetho

Isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko engokwenkolo sinenjongo uma kunezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuziphoqelela futhi zinikeze amakhambi lapho kuphambaniswa.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nezimiso Zenkantolo

Izinkantolo zinendima eyinhloko ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ngokubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni, ukuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo nomthetho - sisekelo, nokunikeza amakhambi okuphula umthetho. Izikhulu zenkantolo ezizimele zingavikela izinkolo ezincane ezingcindezini ezinkulu futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uhlonipha imingcele engokomthetho egunyeni lakhe ezindabeni zenkolo.

E-United States, amacala amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme ahilela oFakazi BakaJehova manje ayizinqumo eziphawulekayo zomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izimpi zomthetho zoFakazi BakaJehova ziye zaveza ezinye zezinqumo zokwahlulela ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yenkolo, ukunyathelisa nenkulumo. Ngokugxeka, abantu benkolo namaqembu angabekela imithetho nezimiso eziphazamisa inkululeko yabo engokwenkolo, zimise izibonelelo ezivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo ebanzi.

Isivikelo sokwahlulela esiphumelelayo asidingi nje kuphela izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingekho emthethweni kodwa futhi nezimiso ezivumela abantu ukuba balethe lokho okufunwayo, banikeze ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, futhi bathole amakhambi awusizo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zizimele, zingakhethi, futhi zizimisele ukuphoqelela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo ngisho nasezithakazelweni ezithandwayo noma ezithakazelweni zikahulumeni ezinamandla.

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Nezimemezelo Zokuthunywa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Amazwe amaningi amisa izinhlangano ezikhethekile zokuqondisa noma izimemezelo zokuhlola ukukhononda ngobandlululo olungokwenkolo, izingxabano zemithombo yezindaba, nokuphoqelela imithetho emelene nobandlululo. Lemikhakha inganikeza izindlela ezifinyelelekayo nezingahleliwe zokusingatha ukuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kunokubekwa kwenkantolo.

Izisebenzi eziqondisayo ngokuvamile zihilela ukuphenya izikhalo, ukuzama ukuzwana phakathi kwamaqembu, nokukhipha izijeziso noma amakhambi lapho kutholakala ukwephulwa kwemithetho.

Ukuhlolwa Nokulandisa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngo - 1986, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamisa lokho okwabizwa ngokuthi uMthombo Okhethekile Wenkululeko Yenkolo Noma Inkolo, omsebenzi wakhe uwukuveza izithiyo zenkululeko yenkolo noma inkolelo nokuveza izindlela zokuyinqoba.

Iqaphela inkululeko engokwenkolo "njengelungelo lomuntu lomhlaba wonke," i-International Religious Freedom Act yakha izinqubo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene ezihloselwe ukumisa i-IRF njengenkambiso yenkambiso yezezwe langaphandle ye-United States. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umthetho wakha iHhovisi lenkululeko Yomphakathi ephakathi koMnyango woMbuso eholwa i-Aposterrant in the IRF; ifuna ukuba unobhala weSizwe anikeze umbiko waminyaka yonke ngenkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke; igunyaze ukuba uMongameli aphawule "amanani ezinto ezikhethekile ezikhathazayo" futhi agunyaze iU.S. uhulumeni uhulumeni uqobo ubheke i-Ampetho enkulu yenkululeko engokwenkolo.

IRFA imisa ukuba uMongameli akhethe "amazwe akhathazekile ngokukhethekile" lawomazwe ohulumeni abaye bahlanganyela kuwo noma bawabekezelela "ngokubodwa" ukuphulwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo. Umthetho uchaza ikakhulukazi ukwephulwa okukhulu kwenkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuthi "isimiso, eqhubekayo, nenonya", kuhlanganise nokuphamba okunjengokuhlukumeza; unya, noma ukuphathwa ngonya noma isijeziso; ukuvalelwa ijele okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokumangalelwa; ukunyamalala; noma okunye ukulahlwa okungenasizotha kwelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko, noma ukulondeka kwabantu. Lesi sazi singabangela ukucindezela kokuxhumana kwezindaba nemithetho yezentengiselwano kanye nemithetho engokomnotho, kunikeza izinqubo zokulandisa ngenxa yokujeziswa okungathi sína.

Umphakathi Wasebuthweni Namaqembu Ezembutho

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuphulwa kwezincwadi, ukunikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezisulwini, nokukhuthaza isivikelo esiqinile. Lezizinhlangano zingaletha ukunakekela ekuphukeni okungase kungaqashelwa, zinikeze ubuchwepheshe ezinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso, futhi zihlongoze umphakathi ukuba usekele inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Inkululeko engokwenkolo isebenza ezinhlanganweni zendawo, zesizwe, nezezizwe zonke, ezimelela imibono ehlukahlukene engokwenkolo nefilosofi. Umsebenzi wabo uhlanganisa ukunikeza iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, ukuqapha, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nokunikeza usizo oluqondile kubantu ngabanye nemiphakathi ebhekene noshushiso noma ubandlululo olungokwenkolo. Ngokuthuthukisa amazwi alabo abankululeko yabo engokwenkolo isongelwayo, lezinhlangano zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho siguqulele ekubeni ngokoqobo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze kuqinise isivikelo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi zonke abantu baphila ngokuvumelana nesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho.

Imingcele Yembulunga Yonke Ngenkululeko Engokwenkolo

IPew Research Center iye yenza ukuhlola ngenkululeko yenkolo yomhlaba wonke phakathi kuka-2009 no-2022, ihlanganisa ukwaziswa kwembulunga yonke okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezingu-16 zohulumeni nezingezona ezohulumeni. Ngo-2009, cishe amaphesenti angu-70 abantu emhlabeni ayehlala emazweni ahlotshaniswa njengenemithetho enzima enqabela inkululeko yenkolo. Lokhu kukhathalela ukuvinjelwa kwenkolo okusuka ekuvinjelweni uhulumeni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma namazwi angokwenkolo kanye nempi eyenzeka kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni nasemaqenjini ezenhlalo.

Nakuba amazwe amaningi anikeza isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo ewumthetho - sisekelo wawo noma imithetho, ingxenye eyodwa kwezine kuphela yalawomazwe eyatholakala iwahlonipha ngokugcwele la malungelo angokomthetho asebenza. Leligebe phakathi kwesivikelo esingokomthetho nomkhuba ongokoqobo liyinselele ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nenkululeko engokwenkolo esemhlabeni wonke. Iziqinisekiso zomthetho zenza kungabi nalutho uma ohulumeni behluleka ukuwaphoqelela noma bewaphula ngokuqhubekayo kuyilapho begcina ukubonakala kuyisivikelo esingokomthetho.

Ngokwe - Pew Research Center, imingcele kahulumeni enkolweni emhlabeni wonke ibilokhu inyuka kusukela uPew aqala ukuthola lezi zimo ngo - 2007.

Ukushushiswa Kwamancane Angokwenkolo

Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu enkolo abusayo asebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukuze anciphise, acindezele, noma ashushise imiphakathi yenkolo encane. Lokhu kushushiswa kungaba ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela emithethweni engokomthetho enqabela imikhuba engokwenkolo embalwa kuya embangeni yobutha, ubudlova, nokuguquka ngempoqo.

Ngo - 2013, uPew wahlukanisa amaphesenti angu - 30 amazwe njenganemingcele evame ukuhlasela izinkolo ezincane, futhi amazwe angu - 61% anobutha obuvamile obuhlasela izinkolo ezincane. Kubikwa ukuthi amazwe aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ayenemingcele ephansi kakhulu kahulumeni nezenhlalo enkolweni, kanti iMpuma Ephakathi neNyakatho Afrika kwakuyizifunda ezinamazinga aphakeme kakhulu. ISaudi Arabia ne-Iran kwakungamazwe aphakeme kakhulu kunohlu lwamazwe anomthetho owenkolo.

Ukuvikela izinkolo ezincane akudingi nje ukulingana okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi kudinga izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela ubandlululo nobudlova.Ohulumeni kumelwe bamise imithetho enqabela ushushiso olungokwenkolo, bamangalele labo abenza ubudlova ngokumelene neqembu elincane lenkolo, futhi babangele izimo zezenhlalo lapho imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yenkolo ingahlala khona ngokuthula.

Izingxabano Phakathi Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo Nezinye Amalungelo

Izimpikiswano zangesikhathi zivame ukuveza inkululeko engokwenkolo njengengqubuzana namanye amalungelo nezindinganiso ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane, amalungelo okuzala.

Ukuxazulula lezinkinga kudinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo ayisisekelo. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zigweme kokubili ukuphoqelelwa okungokwenkolo, lapho izikhundla zenkolo ziphoqelela khona imibono yazo kwabanye, kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezwe, lapho ohulumeni bephoqa khona abantu benkolo nezinhlangano ukuba baphule izinkolelo zabo ezigxilile. Ukuthola lokhu kulinganisela ngokuvamile kudinga izindlela ezicacile ezinikeza abamelene nenkolo indawo yokuhlala kuyilapho kuvikela amalungelo abanye.

Ukuncishiswa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Njengoba umthetho uqhubeka ukhula, kuhlanganise nokubukeza komthetho-sisekelo, inkululeko engokwenkolo ayimukeleki ngokusemthethweni futhi ayivikeleki njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo. Kunalokho, incishiselwa emqondweni olinganiselwe "wesayensi" futhi inikezwe isivikelo esincane. Lomkhuba wokuncishiswa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo usongela ukululaza isimiso esibanzi esiye savela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo kufanele igcine enkolweni nasekukhulekeleni komuntu siqu, ikhiphe imibono engokwenkolo enkulumweni yeningi futhi inqabe izinhlangano zenkolo ukuba zizinqumele ngokwazo.

Izithiyo Eziphoqelelwayo Nokulandisa Okubuthakathaka

Inkululeko engokwenkolo isalokhu ilokhu ibizwa iqembu elithile lobuqaba ngokuthi “ilungelo elisemthethweni," elijabulela izimiso ezimbalwa kakhulu ezingokomthetho zokuyithuthukisa nokuyivikela kunamalungelo abantu alinganayo. Naphezu kokuvikelwa okuqinile okungokomthetho ephepheni, ngokuvamile izimiso zokuphoqelela zibonakala zinganele ukubhekana nokuphulwa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho okungenalusizo kungabangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene: ukuntuleka kwentando yezombangazwe, ukuntuleka kwemithombo enele yokuhlola nokuhlola, ukonakala, ukuncika ekwahlulelweni kweziphathimandla zezombangazwe, noma inzondo yezenhlalo ezinkolweni ezincane ezenza ukugcinwa kwemithetho kungabi nzima.

Okwenza Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Ibaluleke: Ukubaluleka Okubanzi

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani inkululeko engokwenkolo ifanelwe isivikelo esingokomthetho esiqinile kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukubaluleka kokulondoloza nokuqinisa lezi sivikelo naphezu kwezinselele zanamuhla.

Ukuvikela Isithunzi Somuntu

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ibalulekile ekuvikeleni isithunzi sabantu. Kubantu abayizigidi abanezizinda ezingokwenkolo ezihlukene, inkolo ayiwona umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa, noma isikhathi sokuzilibazisa, noma isikhungo somphakathi. Kunalokho, isisekelo sokuphila kwethu kanye nesisekelo sobukhoma bethu. Ukukholelwa kwethu okungokwenkolo kuhlanganisa ukuthi singobani nokuthi siqonda kanjani injongo yokuphila, injongo yokufa, nethemba lethu ngalokho okungalé kwalokhu kuhlala okufa.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukholo luhlobene kakhulu nokuzichaza komuntu, inkululeko engokwenkolo kumelwe ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yimuphi umbuso othi uhlonipha isithunzi somuntu. Ukuhlonipha isithunzi sidinga ukuhlonipha izinkolelo ezijulile zabantu ngemibuzo ephakeme futhi sibavumele ukuba baphile ngokuvumelana nalezo zinkolelo. Izimiso ezingokomthetho ezihlulekayo ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo ziphika abantu ikhono lokuphila ngokuvumelana nokuqonda kwabo iqiniso nenjongo.

Isisekelo Sezinye Izimfanelo Zesintu

Inkululeko engokwenkolo iyinkululeko endala kakhulu negxile kakhulu emthethweni wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke futhi ibalulekile kuwo wonke amalungelo abantu. Inkululeko engokwenkolo iye yabizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi inkululeko yethu yokuqala. Yazala futhi ihambisana namanye amalungelo abantu amaningi abalulekile. Akumelwe nanini sikhohlwe ukuthi umbuso onamandla okuphika inkululeko yethu yokuqala uyoba namandla okuvimbela ezinye inkululeko eziningi.

Ukuthuthuka kwamalungelo abantu okungokomlando kubonisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo yayiyisisekelo semiqondo ebanzi yenkululeko yomuntu siqu, inkululeko kanembeza, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nenkululeko yokuzihlanganisa. Ohulumeni abahlonipha inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuvamile bayayihlonipha nenye inkululeko eyisisekelo, kuyilapho ohulumeni abacindezela inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuvamile bewacindezela amanye amalungelo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukushisekela Inkolo Nokubambisana Kwezenhlalo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo iyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umthetho - sisekelo onikeza umuntu ngamunye ukubaluleka, ngaleyondlela ukhuthaza ubuningi obunikeza wonke umuntu indawo yokuba abe yilungu nokulondeka emiphakathini yethu ehlukahlukene. Emiphakathini eya ihlukahluka kakhulu, inkululeko engokwenkolo inikeza uhlelo lokuhlalisana ngokuthula phakathi kwabantu abanezinkolelo nemibono ehlukahlukene yomhlaba.

Kunokuba ifune ukuba izinkolelo zifana, inkululeko engokwenkolo ivumela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene engokwenkolo nefilosofi ukuba ihlale ndawonye kuyilapho ilondoloza izimpawu nemikhuba yayo ehlukile.

Ukulinganisela Amandla Kahulumeni

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikeleka kangcono uma izinhlangano zesonto nombuso zihlala zihlukene futhi zingazami ukwenza noma ukuphazamisa umsebenzi obalulekile womunye. Inkululeko engokwenkolo isebenza njengesehlolo embusweni kahulumeni ngokumisa isizinda sonembeza kanye nemikhuba engokwenkolo (hho lapho igunya likahulumeni lilinganiselwe.)

Ukulwela inkululeko engokwenkolo kuwumzamo wokuvimbela uhulumeni ekwenzeni lokho ngisho noNkulunkulu angeke akwenze: ukuphoqelela ukholo. Lesi simiso siyaqaphela ukuthi ezinye izinto zingaphezu kwegunya elingokomthetho likahulumeni nokuthi abantu kumelwe bahlale bekhululekile ukuba bazikhethele ngokwabo ngemibuzo ephelele. Ngokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni phezu kwenkolo, isivikelo senkolo siyasiza ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela nokuzibusa komuntu siqu.

Ukunikela Ekuchumeni Kwabantu

Izinhlangano zenkolo zenza igalelo elikhulu enhlalakahleni yabantu ngomsebenzi wokusiza abantu, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Inkululeko yenkolo ivumela le miphakathi ukuba ifeze izinkonzo zayo futhi ikhonze umphakathi ngokwezindinganiso namasiko ayo. Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu, izikole, amayunivesithi, izinhlangano ezisiza abasweleyo, zasungulwa yimiphakathi engokwenkolo futhi ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngokwezimiso zenkolo.

Ngaphandle kweminikelo engokomthetho, inkululeko engokwenkolo isekela umuntu ngamunye ochumayo ngokuvumela abantu ukuba bafune iqiniso, bathole injongo, futhi baphile ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zabo ezijulile.

Ukuqinisa Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Senkululeko Engokwenkolo

Uma kucatshangelwa ukubaluleka kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezinselele ebhekene nazo, ukuqinisa isivikelo esingokomthetho kuseyinto eza kuqala.

Umthetho - sisekelo Nomthetho Owushintshayo

Amazwe kufanele aqiniseke ukuthi imithetho yawo nemithetho inikeza isivikelo esibanzi senkululeko engokwenkolo, kuhlanganise kokubili inkululeko yokukholelwa nenkululeko yokuqhuba. Izinqubo zomthetho kufanele zenqabe ubandlululo olungokwenkolo, zinikeze izinqubo zokuzibusa kwezinhlangano zenkolo, futhi zivikele nezimiso zokuzibusa. Lapho isivikelo esingokomthetho sibuthakathaka noma sididayo, ukushintshwa kwemithetho kungaqinisa futhi kucacise ukufaneleka kwazo.

Amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho nezimiso kufanele abonise izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuyilapho ezivumelanisa nezindawo zakhona namasiko angokomthetho. Ukuxoxa nezinhlangano zenkolo ezihlukahlukene, ochwepheshe bamalungelo abantu, nezinhlangano zomphakathi kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko ezingokomthetho zivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo yabo bonke.

Ukuzibusa Nokwakha Izakhiwo Ezinamandla

Ukuvikela kokwahlulela okuphumelelayo kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kudinga izinkantolo ezizimele ezinekhono lokuchaza nokuphoqelela izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo nezomthetho.

Izinkantolo kufanele zihlakulele ukugwema okucacile nokungaguquguquki ezindabeni zenkululeko engokwenkolo, zinikeze isiqondiso ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, abaqashi, othisha, nabanye ngezibopho zazo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela kufanele zilinganisele inkululeko engokwenkolo nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile kuyilapho zilondoloza izinhloso eziqinile ezisekela inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ukubambisana Necala Lomhlaba Wonke

Ukuhlola kwezizwe zonke, ukubika, nokulandisa kungasiza ekuboneni ukwephulwa kwemithetho, ukucindezela kohulumeni ukuba bathuthukise imikhuba yabo, nokusekela izisulu zoshushiso olungokwenkolo.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke namazwe ngamanye angasebenzisa ukucindezela komphakathi, izisusa zezomnotho, nezijeziso ukuze akhuthaze inhlonipho ngenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Imfundo Nenguquko Yesiko

Isivikelo esingokomthetho sisodwa asinakuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ikhona uma isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo siqhubeka simelene nokuhlukahluka kwenkolo.Imfundo ngenkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuxubana kwezinkolo nemizamo yokukhuthaza ukubekezelelana nenhlonipho kungadala izimo zezenhlalo ezisekela ubuningi obungokwenkolo.

Imfundo yomphakathi kufanele ihlanganise ukufundisa ngamasiko enkolo ahlukahlukene, ukubaluleka kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, neminikelo yemiphakathi ehlukahlukene engokwenkolo emphakathini.

Ukusekela Umphakathi Wangaphakathi Nemiphakathi Engokwenkolo

Ukusekela lezinhlangano ezisekela inkululeko engokwenkolo yokubusa, amaqembu alwela amalungelo abantu nemiphakathi yenkolo kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ukubambisana kwenkolo kubonisa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo iyisithakazelo esifanayo esidlula izinkolelo ezithile futhi sidala imifelandawonye esekela inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ikusasa Lenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ikusasa lenkululeko engokwenkolo lixhomeke ekuqhubekeni liqaphile, ekubuseni, nasekuzibophezeleni ezimisweni eziye zavela emakhulwini eminyaka empi.

Ukuhlanganisa izinselele − kuhlanganise nokushisekela inkolo ngokweqile, ukuzonda inkolo, izingxabano phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo, kanye nokululaza izigwebo ezingokwesiko — nokusabela okunengqondo okulondoloza isivikelo esinamandla lapho uvumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Umgomo kufanele kube ukulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko engokwenkolo kuyilapho uthola izindlela zokusingatha izinkathazo ezingokomthetho nokuxazulula izingxabano.

Nokho, ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwenkululeko engokwenkolo esihloniphekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, ukuthula kwezenhlalo kunikeza izizathu eziqinile zokulondoloza nokuqinisa isivikelo esingokomthetho. Ngokuqonda indima yomthetho ekuvikeleni inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuqonda izinselele eziphikelelayo, nokulwela ukuqinisa isivikelo, izinhlangano zingaqinisekisa ukuthi lelilungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo lihlala lilondekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokuvikela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

  • Isivikelo seConstigal:[ Amalungelo enkululeko engokwenkolo ayisisekelo kufanele afakwe emithethweni, anikeze izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo esingokomthetho futhi alinganise amandla kahulumeni ukuze alinganise inkululeko engokwenkolo.
  • [ Izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke:[ imithetho yesizwe kufanele ivumelane namathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu ezwe lonke, kuhlanganise neSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke mayelana namalungelo omphakathi nawomhlaba wonke, kanye neSimemezelo sokususwa Kwawo wonke Amalungelo Ombango nobandlululo olusekelwe enkolweni noma eMthethweni.
  • Ikhomudentimenti: izivikelo ezingokomthetho kufanele zihlanganise zonke imingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukholelwa, inkululeko yokusebenza, inkululeko yokufundisa nokusakaza izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, inkululeko yenkolo, nenkululeko enkolweni.
  • Izivikelo zomthetho womphakathi: kufanele inqabe ukucwaswa kwenkolo emsebenzini, emfundweni, ekutholeni indlu, ezinkonzweni zomphakathi nakwezinye izici zokuphila komphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukwelashwa okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowayiphi inkolo.
  • Ukulinganiselwa okungalungiseki:[ Kunoma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kumele kunikezwe umthetho, kufeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho ezinjengokuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi noma amalungelo abanye, futhi kudingekile futhi kuyalingana ukuze kufinyelelwe lezo zinjongo.
  • Isivikelo esingokomthetho sidinga izinqubo eziqinile zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo ezizimele, izinhlangano zokuphatha, ukuqapha kwezizwe zonke, nokusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi ezivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo.
  • Ukuvikelwa KwamaSonto Amancane Enkolo: Kumelwe kunakwe ngokukhethekile ukuvikela izinkolo ezincane ekushushisweni, ekucwaseni, nakubudlova, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke imiphakathi yenkolo ingalusebenzisa ngokuphephile ukholo lwazo.
  • Izinhlangano zenkolo kufanele zibe nenkululeko yokuzibusa, yokukhetha abaholi bazo, yokuchaza izimfundiso zazo, nokusebenza ngokwezimiso zazo ezingokwenkolo ngaphandle kokungenela okungafanele kukahulumeni.
  • Imvume yamalungelo:[ lapho inkululeko engokwenkolo ingqubuzana namanye amalungelo noma izithakazelo, izimiso zomthetho kufanele zifune amakhambi alinganiselayo ahlonipha kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile, ukugwema kokubili ukuphoqelelwa okungokwenkolo kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezwe.
  • [ Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke: Amazwe kufanele abambisane emhlabeni wonke ukuqondisa izimo zenkululeko engokwenkolo, ukubeka abaphuzi icala, nokusekela izisulu zoshushiso olungokwenkolo.

Isiphetho

Indima yomthetho ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukholelwa nokukhulekela ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezimiso zomthetho emiphakathini yentando yeningi.

Lezi zisivikelo ezingokomthetho zibonisa ukulwa namakhulu eminyaka nokushushiswa okungokwenkolo nokuqashelwa ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo iyisisekelo sesithunzi somuntu, ukubusa kwentando yeningi, nokubusa ngokuthula.

Izinselele ezinkulu zisalokhu zikhona. Abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke baphila ngaphansi kohulumeni abavimbela inkululeko engokwenkolo, ngisho nasemazweni anezikhungo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, amagebe okuvimbela ukugcinwa kwenkululeko nokungezwani kwezenhlalo kusongela inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Kudingeka ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kohulumeni, izinkantolo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, imiphakathi engokwenkolo nabantu ukuze bavikele inkululeko engokwenkolo, bazimisele ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo yabo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkolelo zabo ziyini, futhi baqaphele ukuthi ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kufeza okuhle okufanayo ngokuthuthukisa isithunzi sabantu, ukubeka imingcele yemibuso kahulumeni, nokukhuthaza imiphakathi ehlanganisa abantu abaningi lapho bonke bengaba khona.

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ilwisana nokuhlukahluka kwenkolo, izindinganiso ezishintshayo zezenhlalo, kanye nokuncintisana kwamalungelo, ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwenkululeko engokwenkolo akumelwe kukhohlwe. Inkululeko yokukholelwa nokukhulekela ngokonembeza womuntu ayisho nje ilungelo elilodwa phakathi kwabaningi kodwa inkululeko eyisisekelo eyenza abantu bakhule futhi ivikele indawo lapho abantu bebhekana khona nemibuzo ephelele yenjongo, injongo, neqiniso. Izimiso zomthetho ezivikela lenkululeko zidumisa isithunzi somuntu futhi zakhe izimo zenkululeko nobulungisa bangaba khona ngempela.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezindinganiso zenkululeko yenkolo yomhlaba wonke, vakashela iHhovisi le-[FLT:] LomKhomishane Ophakeme Wamalungelo Abantu. Ukufunda ngenkululeko engokwenkolo eUnited States, hlola imithombo yezomthetho [ yeSikhungo samaHlelo . Inkambiso yenkululeko yembulunga yonke yenkolo, ithinta i [[[FLT:]] U.S. Umnyango wezentengozo zenkolo yeNhlangano wezwe lonke Inkululeko [[FLT][FLT][FLT] [FFF]] [FLT] [FFF:6].UM]