Inqubo yokuguqula umqondo wesimiso ube umthetho ophoqelelwe iyisici esichazayo sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wentando yeningi. Lolu uhambo olunemisebenzi eminingi oluklanyelwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlolisisa, nokuveza umthetho osiza umphakathi. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lolu hambo lokuthatha uhambo lokudlulisa akusona nje isisekelo semfundo yemfundo yesizwe efundile. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sesigaba ngasinye esibucayi, kusukela embangwini yokuqala yomqondo kuya ekukhiqizweni komthetho, ekukhankanyisweni kokugcina, ekukhanyeni, ekuqondiseni, ezindleleni, nasekuvikeleni okulawula imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwethu.

Umsebenzi Womthetho: Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Izishaya-mthetho zanamuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni noma sombuso, zisebenza ngaphakathi komthetho-sisekelo ohlukanisa ngamabomu amandla. E-United States, iSiphakamiso I segunya lemithetho yomthetho eSishayamthetho eKhongosweni, indikimba yama-bimeral eyakhiwe yiNdlu yabameleli neSishaya-Mnyango. Lesi sakhiwo se-kameral siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho qembu elilodwa elingabusayo ekubekeni umthetho. I-Bills kumelwe adlule womagumbi afanayo ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele kumongameli. Ngokufanayo, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zibonisa lo mklamo, ngokuvamile ngendlu ephansi (i-Assomsmestry noma iNdmistrys) nendlu ephezulu (iSenate). Inqubo futhi ihilela igatsha eliphethe igatsha (umkhazi noma umbusi) futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, igatsha lidlula ngokubukezwa umthetho. Ukuqonda lomthetho ka-Genesemthe.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuzalwa Kwencwadi – Ingqondo Engenile

Lo mbono ungavela emithonjeni eminingi:

  • [ Izikhokhi – Ilungu loMkhandlu noma ummisi-mthetho wezwe angaveza inkinga noma igebe emthethweni okhona osekelwe ezinkathazweni zohlelo, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukucwaninga kwezimiso.
  • Igatsha Eliphethe - Omongameli, ababusi, nabaphathi babo ngokuvamile bamisa umthetho wokuqhubekisela phambili izinqubo zabo. Lezi ziphakamiso zibuthwa yizisebenzi ze-White House noma zenhlangano futhi zenziwe ngesikhulumi esinobungane.
  • Izinhlangano ezingenisa inzuzo kanye nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano – ama-ream short , izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezinye izinhlangano ngokuvamile zikhokhela izikweletu zezekhokhisi kanye nezimemezelo zemithetho ezifuna ukusekela.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izakhamuzi neMasimu - Ngezicelo, iziphetho zomphakathi, noma ukubophana ngokuqondile nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, abantu ngabanye nezinkampani bangasikisela imithetho emisha.
  • [[[QULT:0] Imithetho yezimiso[ – izindikimba ezilawulayo zingatusa izinguquko zomthetho ezisekelwe ekufezekeni kwezinselele noma izimo ezintsha.

Uma nje umqondo usuqala ukuklanywa, kumelwe ubekwe ohlabeni lwezishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokweluleko lwemithetho − professional abameli abasebenza ngokuguqula imiqondo yezimiso ibe umbhalo ongokomthetho ongokomthetho. Ibhukwana eliwumphumela libizwa ngokuthi bill[[. Yabelwa inani elikhethekile (umzk., H.R. 12349 eNdwini, S.567 eSihlalweni segele) futhi yamukela isihloko nesithimbathiso. Ngezinga likahulumeni, izikwele zingangeniswa egumbini ngalinye (kusukela ezikwehhhlawulwayo, okumelwe kusungulwe ngomthetho e Homeynstry). Ngosuku lwesethulo, izimemezelo zifundwa ngokusemthethweni futhi ikomiti (izikhulu) ebhekiselwe ekomitini).

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubukeza KweKomiti – Ihhashi Lomsebenzi Lomhlangano

Isenzo sekomiti silapho ukuhlola okukhulu kwemithetho kwenzeka khona. AmaKomiti ayizikhundla ezikhethekile ezisingatha izindawo ezithile zenqubo, `Izindawo ze-Agricury', Izimali, izinkonzo zezezikhali, njalonjalo. Asebenza njengezisefo, avumela kuphela izikweleti ezithembisa kakhulu ukuba ziqhutshekwe kahle endlini. Inqubo yekomiti ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezihlukene:

Ukuphindisela Nokulahlwa

Ngemva kwesethulo, ikomiti eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yabelwe ikomiti eyodwa noma ngaphezulu esekelwe ezindabeni. Kwezinye izimo, ikhokha izivumelwano ezingabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi uma ihlanganisa izihloko ezilalanayo (i-apetratery). Ikomiti ngayinye inegunya phezu kwezinhlelo ezithile, izinhlangano, nezindawo ezizimele. Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi ye-indectasecurity ingabhekiswa kubo bobabili i-Homeland Security Committee ne-Judiciary Committee.

Izindlebe

AmaKomiti athatha ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa nobufakazi. OFakazi bangahlanganisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe, abameleli bezimboni, abameleli, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile. Amakhambi anikeza iqophelo lokuhlola amandla emali, ubuthakathaka, izindleko, nemiphumela engalindelekile. Bavumela futhi umphakathi ukuba ubone abamisi-mthetho emsebenzini futhi uhlole izinkulumo ezidluliswayo.

Ukuphawula

Ngemva kokuzwana, ikomiti imisa isiqephu sokuphawula ukuze idingide futhi ilungise ingcaca ngomugqa. Amalungu ahlongoza ukubuyiselwa, ukuxoxa ngezinye izindlela, nokuxoxa ngokunye. Amakomiti ngokuvamile aqala ukuphatha ukuvota ngaphambi kokuba ikomiti egcwele ithathe. Inqubo yokubhaka ilapho ime kahle khona. Ngemva kokuba zonke iziphendu zihlolwe, amavota ekomiti ukuthi ayavota yini ukuthi iya ku yini umbiko wemvume owe-'igumbi eligcwele. I-voti enkulu iyadingeka. Uma ikomiti ivota ayifuni, umbiko ulelekile ngezinye izikhathi ungavuselelwa, futhi ungabuye uphinde uvuse phakathi kwesicelo, i-procted esetshenziswayo esetshenziswayo.

Umbiko Wekomiti

Uma kubikwa izindleko, ikomiti ikhipha umbiko obhaliwe echaza injongo yemali, izinguquko ezenziwe, kanye nesizathu esingemva kwazo. Lombiko uba incwadi ebalulekile yengxoxo ye hhree nencazelo yamuva yokwahlulela. Ungahlanganisa nokuphikisana nemibono yamalungu amakomiti ayemelene nale mithetho.

Isinyathelo 3: Impikiswano Eyimibalabala – I - Arena Yethonya

Uma isikweleti sesiqediwe, sibekwa phezu kwekomiti yegumbi eligcwele. Endlini yabameleli, i-Rules Committee inquma ukuthi impikiswano izoxoxwa kanjani futhi nini. Ihlela ubude bengxoxo, inani lezinguquko elivunyelwe, nohlelo lwezinqumo. ESigqeni, impikiswano ivame ukuvuleka, futhi imithetho ivumela ingxoxo ebanzi, i-Patricbusters, nokusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zesivumelwano sobunye.

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu aphikisana noma aphikisana nemali, ahlongoza ukulungisa, futhi azame ukunxenxa osebenza nabo abangahloniphi. Leli qophelo libalulekile ekwakheni ukuqapha umphakathi nokulungisa umthetho. Iziphetho kungaba germane[ [i-i] (ingavumelani nendaba) noma, kwezinye izimo, abagibeli abangangeni-mthetho okumelwe bawubekelwe umthetho. ENdlungwini, iziphenduku kumelwe zivele zibe yibholo; eSihlalweni seSishayamthetho, ngokuvamile isiko senkulumo engapheli sivumela izimende ukuba zifake amalungiselelo aphikisanayo.

Izinga lempikiswano liyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izimpikiswano ziwukuphikisana okuncane, ezinezingxoxo eziningiliziwe zemiphumela yezimiso nemiphumela eyingozi. Ezinye zinabantu abafuna ukuphendula noma ukuthatha indiva. Noma kunjalo, impikiswano yasesitezi ifeza umsebenzi wentando yeningi wokuveza imibono ehlukene futhi yenza umphakathi ube nomlando wenhloso yokushaya umthetho.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukuveza Izindaba Kusukela Esinqumweni

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, leli gumbi liyaqhubeka livota.

  • [[FLT: 0] ivoti i-Voice - Isikhulu esiphethe sicela labo abavumayo ukuthi "yebo" kanye nalabo abamelene nokuthi "Cha". isikhulu sihlulele ukuthi luluphi uhlangothi olukhulu kakhulu. Lendlela isetshenziselwa izikweletu ezingakhokhwa.
  • ivoti yeviyo - Amalungu akhona amele abalwe. Isetshenziswa uma izwi livota lingacacile.
  • ivoti ebhaliwe [ - ivoti yelungu ngalinye liqoshwa ngalinye ngokuvota nge-electronic (endlu) noma ngokubiza amagama (eSigeqeni). Lendlela isetshenziselwa umthetho obalulekile noma ophikiswayo. Endlini, amalungu anemizuzu engu-15 yokuvota; eSigeqeni, izingcingo zomqulu zingathatha isikhathi eside.

[[NTL:0] u- omningi walabo abakhona novota kuyadingeka ukuze kudlule. Nokho, ezinye izinyathelo zidinga ukudlula okukhulu kakhulu .Ngokwesibonelo, ama-35 ukudlula i-veto, amathathu ukucela amahlule bese uqeda i-nlybuster eSigeqeni, noma ama-tria amabili ukuqeda ukuqedwa komthetho-mfantu. Uma umlomo udlula, uyathatheka (ufaka isiqinisekiso) bese uthunyelwa kwelinye igumbi.

Isinyathelo 5: Esinye Isigungu – Inqubo Efana Nayo

Esimisweni se-bidamaral, ikhabethe manje kumelwe liphinde yonke lenqubo egumbini lesibili , njengoba kungenzeka icala linjalo. Lokhu kusho ukubhekisa, ukuzwa, ukuvota, impikiswano yasesitezi, nevoti. Igumbi lesibili lingadlula kahle njengoba lamukelwe, liyithathe ngokulungisa, noma lilenqabe. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula inguquko ehlukile, amagumbi amabili kumelwe alungise ukungefani kwawo.

Le nqubo yamagumbi amabili e-"%rack ihlola ngamabomu. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokwezimo eziningi nokuthi akukho gumbi elilodwa elingaphoqelela ukuba lifune ukukwenza. Umehluko phakathi kwamagumbi ."njengemithetho eqinile yendlu kanye negama elifushanisiwe eliphikisana ne-Gaza elicacile." Ngokuvamile uveza izinguquko ezidinga ukuxoxisana.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili engavumelani kwemali, kuhlanganiswa ikomiti evumelanayo [. Lena indawo yesikhashana eyakhiwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili (avame ukuba amalungu amadala amakomiti ahlobene). Abaya e-Inquisiwe baxoxa ngenguquko evumelanayo esingatha ukungefani. Umphumela umbiko uphindiselwa kuwo womagumbi womabili amagumbi evoti ngaphandle kokuphinde aphinde avote. Uma bobabili bevuma, isimemezelo sibhekiselwe kumphathi.

Ezingeni likahulumeni, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zisebenzisa namakomiti engqungquthela noma inqubo efanayo yokubuyisana.

Isinyathelo 6: Isinyathelo Esiphethe – Umongameli Noma Umbusi Unquma

Uma la maqembu esedlulisele umthetho ofanayo, lesi sikweletu siyabhaliswa futhi sinikezwe umphathi wegatsha eliphethe i-$(*) uMongameli we-United States noma umbusi kahulumeni. Umqondisi unezindlela eziningana:

  • [ Uphawu lomthetho [ - Iba umthetho ngokushesha noma osukwini olucacisiwe oluphumelelayo.
  • Ugunyaza umthetho - Isikhulu sibuyisela umthetho kundlu yombuso ngezinsonso. A serto kungaba [ egcwele (ukukhipha wonke umthetho) noma, kwezinye izifunda nasezingeni likahulumeni elinezimo ezithile, line-line protem verto[ (ufaka izinto ezisetshenziswayo). (Not: Umongameli akanawo umugqa [1] i-fonsone; iNkantolo Ephakeme yawukhipha ngo-19986.)
  • vumela izivumelwano ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kophawu oluthiwe - E-U.S., uma umongameli engathathi nyathelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule) kuyilapho uKhongolo luseqedisweni, umthetho uzenzakalela. Uma izishaya-mthetho zikhona phakathi naleyonkathi, isibambiso asibi umthetho

I-veto ingangathonywa amavoti amabili 933 kuwo womabili amakamu oMkhandlu (noma emazindlini ezindlu zombuso lapho kusebenza khona imithetho efana neyokwehluleka okukhulu). Uma ukuphumelela kwemvume, imvume iba umthetho ngaphandle kwemvume yezikhulu. Imizamo yokudlala ngokungenamdlandla ayivamile futhi iphumelela ngisho nangokwethukela, inikezwa imfuneko enkulu kakhulu.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho Kuze Kuguqulwe Ube Isenzo

Ukudlula kwemali akuyilethi ngokushesha izinguquko ezihlosiwe. Ukufezwa kuyisigaba esibalulekile esihilela abadlali nezinyathelo eziningi:

  • Ukumisa ukudwetshwa [ - Izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ezinomthwalo wokumisa umthetho zibhale imithetho nezimiso ezichaza izinhloso zomthetho futhi zinikeze isiqondiso sokusebenza. Le nqubo yokushaya umthetho ihlanganisa izimpawu zomphakathi nezimpendulo.
  • Imithombo iqoqa[-Fungo kumele ifaneleke (uma umthetho udala ukusetshenziswa) futhi izisebenzi kumelwe zabelwe. Uhlelo lwamahhovisi nezinhlangano lusebenza ukuhlela imithombo ngemiyalo emisha.
  • Ukuqeqesha nokuqeqesha[ – Izincwadi ze-APPP, izinto zokuqeqesha, kanye neziqondiso zezimiso ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi nomphakathi baqonda izimfuneko ezintsha.
  • [ ukuphoqelela nokwengamela – abahloli bakaHulumeni, abahloli, nabameli benkantolo baqinisekisa ukuthobela. Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho futhi aphethe amacala okuhlola ukumiswa nokusingatha imiphumela engahlolwanga.

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, ukuthembisana isithembiso, nokuqhubeka uhlolwa. umthetho ongasetshenziswa kahle ungase uhluleke ukufinyelela imigomo yawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi waklanywa kahle kangakanani phakathi nenqubo yokushaya umthetho.

Indima Yabathandi Bokufunda Inkolo, Amaqembu Anesithakazelo, Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Kulo lonke uhambo lomthetho, abadlali bangaphandle banethonya. Izisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo ezisekela izithakazelo ezithile, zenza kube nobuchwepheshe, ulimi oluzosetshenziswa, futhi zakhe izinxulumani. Amaqembu athakazelayo asukela kwi-American Medical Association kuya kwi-Sierra Club Courdad imikhankaso yokulwa notshani, izimpande ezibuthwayo, kanye neminikelo yomkhankaso yokulungisa imiphumela.

Kubafundi nakothisha, lokhu kukhululeka kokuthonya kokubili kuwukuthonya nokuchayeka. Kwesinye isandla, kuvumela ukuba kuzwelwe amazwi ahlukahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngamandla emali kwezombangazwe kanye nengozi yokuthi izithakazelo eziphambili zingabusa phezu komphakathi jikelele. Imithetho ebonisayo, njengeLobbing Displasure Act, idinga ukubhaliswa nokubikwa kwemisebenzi ekhuthazayo. Izakhamuzi zingalandelela lo msebenzi ngezakhonkolo enjenge inxanxanxanxathela yeSigele sendlu somphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Okunenjongo Kokwenza Umthetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho inzima ngamabomu. Iklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela, esingacabangeli kahle, futhi yakha ukuvumelana phakathi kwezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene. Isigaba ngasinye .(i-introduduction, ukubukeza kwamakomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, ukuxoxisana kwe-bimatral, ukuhlola ukuqondisa nokusebenzisa i-"operations". Ukuqonda loluhambo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele, kusukela ekuxhumaneni nabameleli bazo ukuze bafakaze emacaleni noma ekuvoteleni. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, beqonda indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo inyathelo lokuqala lokuba abahlanganyeli abaphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuze uthole olunye ukuhlolwa, cabangela ukuvakashela Ikhonkwe.gov ukuze uthole umsebenzi wangempela we-'isikhathi'isishaya-mthetho', noma USUSA.gov's iziqondiso zokuthi imithetho yenziwe kanjani[ ukuze iqwale ngokufingqa. Izinqubo zikahulumeni zingahlolwa ngewebhusayithi yakho esemthethweni kahulumeni noma Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legiblislatures[, enikeza imithombo yezimiso zemithetho enqamula zonke izitetho ezingu-50.