Ukuqonda Ingozi Kabili Njengesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sokufa ngokuphindwe kabili yisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho wobugebengu ezisekelwe emthetho ovamile, esisebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi kuhulumeni ophaphamele. Siqinisekisa ukuthi uma umuntu esekhululiwe noma ebekwe icala elithile, umbuso awunakummangalela futhi lowo muntu ngecala elifanayo. Lomthetho ubekwe eSiphendu sesihlanu ku-U.S., othi: "Awukho umuntu obekelwe isigwebo esifanayo kabili esibeka ukuphila noma isitho somthetho." Ngaphaya kwe-United States, ezinye izimiso eziningi ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa labo abase-United Kingdom, eCanada, nase-Australia, uqaphela ukuguquguquka kwalesivikelo.

Isu elinengqondo ebangela izingozi ezimbili linezinto eziningi. Ivimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ingcebo yakhe enkulu ukuze anciphise ummangalelwa ngokumshumayeza ngokuphindaphindiwe, kanjalo uvikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesithunzi. Ibuye ikhuthaze ukugcinwa kwemithetho, okubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa. Ngaphandle kwalesimiso, umuntu angabhekana nokulingwa okungapheli ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo, isimo esingase silulaze umthetho. Nokho, ukufakwa phakathi kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili nemibuso elawulayo yamaphoyisa nabashushisi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lesivikelo somthetho esizilawula ngayo izinqumo eziwenziwa umthetho nokuqulwa, ukuphikisana okulenzayo, nemingcele engokomthetho ebangela ukuba kube khona.

Umphumela Wokuqonda Okukabili Ebuhlakanini Bamaphoyisa

Amaphoyisa asebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu kuzo zonke izigaba zophenyo lobugebengu. Anquma ukuthi angamnqanda yini umsoli, afune, aboshe, noma athathe icala lokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuba khona kwezingozi ezimbili kuphoqelela ukuba kubekwe imingcele eqondile nengaqondile kulelo cebo, athonye indlela izikhulu ezithatha ngayo uphenyo nokuthi zibufuna ngayo ubufakazi obengeziwe ngemva kokuba icala selifinyelele isiphetho.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokuphenya Ngemva Kokulahlwa Kwecala

Omunye wemiphumela ephawulekayo yokufa ngokuphindwe kabili eqenjini yisisusa esincishisiwe sokuqhubeka sihlola icala ngemva kokulahlwa. Uma ijaji noma ijaji limemezela ummangalelwa "ongenacala," umbuso unqatshelwa ukuba uphinde ulinganise lowo muntu ngecala elifanayo /_angenacala lokuthi ubufakazi obusha bukhona yini. Iminyango yamaphoyisa inemithombo emincane; ihlela izimo ezisebenzayo lapho amacala asengawaletha khona. Izimpawu zokungakhohliswa ukuthi icala livaliwe, futhi ibhekisa ukunakekela kwayo kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kungaholela kulokho abagxeki abakubiza ngokuthi "umphelo wokugcina," lapho ubufakazi obungase butholakale kamuva abunamiphumela engokomthetho.

Imiphumela Ekuboshweni Nasesinqumweni Esizamisayo

Amaphoyisa nawo ayazikhuza lapho eboshelwa khona. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu kodwa engaqiniseki ukuthi ubufakazi buyoqhubeka yini uma kuqulwa icala, anganqikaza ngoba icala elibuthakathaka eliphumela ekuvalweni noma yikuphi ukuboshwa ngecala esikhathini esizayo. Kwezinye izindawo, amaphoyisa angase akhethe ezinye izinqumo cishe njengokukhipha imimemo, ukubhekisela ezinhlelweni zokuzilibazisa, noma ngisho nokuyeka ukubopha (* uma ekholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi aabunanele ukunqoba isithiyo esiyingozi esiphindwe kabili. Lokhu kungavezwa ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela amacala amancane kakhulu noma lapho umcabangelwa engenawo umlando, njengoba ingozi yokukhishwa kokugcina isigwebo ingaba nkulu kunenzuzo yokuqulwa.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nokumiswa Kwayo Ngaphambili

Ukuhlakanipha kwamaphoyisa nakho kulolongeka yimigoqo yezimpahla. Amayunithi anika isikhathi nezisebenzi ezisekelwe ekutholeni ithuba lokuqulwa kwecala eliphumelelayo. Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zisebenza njengendlela yokuyeka ukuqulwa: uma icala liphumela ekulahlweni, akukho ezinye imithombo engalunganiswa ngenxa yalelocala. Lokhu kukhuthaza amaphoyisa ukuba afake phambili ekuhlolweni kwawo, aqoqe ubufakazi obuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala. Nokho, ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi "ezinjengalezo ezihilela ukuqulwa kwezibalo, umbiko wokwesabisa, noma ukuvalela phezulu kwe-asethi. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Abaphathi bangazizwa bephoqelekile ukuba babophe futhi bamangalelwe "eboshe insela phambili" ngaphambi kokuba ubufakazi bukhule ubufakazi obungatholakali noma obungatholakali, ukwazi ukuthi kamuva ukuvinjiswa komthetho owenziwa kuzakuguqulwa.

Ukubambisana Okuhlelekile Nabashushisi

Ikhono lamaphoyisa alisebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Amaphoyisa avame ukuxoxa nabashushisi ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo zokuboshwa ezingathi sína, ikakhulukazi uma ubufakazi bungaqondakali noma inkolelo engokomthetho iyinto eqanjiwe. Abashushisi, abazi ukuthi kunezingozi eziphindwe kabili, bangaluleka amaphoyisa ukuba avimbele ukuboshwa kuze kube yilapho kuqoqwa ubufakazi obuningi ukuze kugwenywe ingozi yokungathethelelwa. Lokhu kubambisana kungaholela "ekuhloleni" lapho amaphoyisa ehlehlisa ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho kuze kube yilapho umshushisi eqiniseka ukuthi ubufakazi buhlangabezana nomthwalo wobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa. Ngakho isithunzi sokuzifaka engozini ephindwe kabili asikuthonyezi nje kuphela lokho amaphoyisa akwenzayo kodwa lapho enza khona.

Ukuhlakanipha Okukabili Nokushushisa

Abamangaleli banamandla amakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu, banquma ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo ezidingwayo, ukuthi iziphi izikhalo ezizonikezwa, nokuthi yini ezokhishwa ngecala. Izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziguqula lezi zinqumo ngenxa yokuthi noma yiliphi iphutha, ukuphambanisa, noma ubufakazi obungenamandla bungaphumela ekubeni ibhaxa elihlala njalo lokuqulwa kabusha. Ukuqonda indlela abashushisi abalawulayo abaqondisi abaqondisi abasebenzi bezwe langempela lomthetho.

Izinqumo Ezingathandeki: "Into Enye Ebuhlungu" Iqiniso

Imiphumela eqondile yokufa ngokuphindwe kabili enqubweni yabashushisi i-"umjovo owodwa" wecala ngalinye. Uma ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe ngokufushanisiwe (noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala efunyaniswe ebhentshini) unamathisela. Uma icala liphumela ekulahlweni okungathethelelwa, umshushisi akanakuzama futhi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubufakazi bungaphinde bube khona. Lokhu kucindezela kwabamangalelwa ukuba bakhethe kakhulu ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe aqulwe futhi iziphi izikhalo ezizohlanganiswa nawo. Kumelwe bahlole amandla obufakazi kodwa futhi namathuba okuvikela ngokungenakubonwa kusengaphambili, amaphutha, noma amaphutha abekwe emkhawulweni. Ezinkantolo, abashushicileli bangakhetha ukulahla icala eliyo ngokungenangozi.

Lokhu kuphawuleka ikakhulukazi ebugebengwini obuyinkimbinkimbi obumhlophe, ukukhwabanisa, noma amacala ozungu oluningi, lapho abashushisi bevame ukubeka khona izibalo eziningi ekuqaleni. Bayazi ukuthi uma abahluleli bekhipha izigwebo kumthetho ophakathi, abanakuyihlola leyo nkolelo-(nakuba ubufakazi obusha buvele. Ngenxa yalokho, bangase "bekwe kakhulu" ekuqaleni, bethembe ukuthi okungenani amanani athile ayakunamathela. Kodwa lendlela ifaka izingozi zayo, njengoba ijaji lingase lizinqumele ngokwalo ngenxa yokudidelwa noma ukuqonda ukuphamba.

Ukugonywa Ngezinzwa Ezimbili

Izingxoxo ze-Plea zithonywe kakhulu yisiqobolo sengozi ephindwe kabili. Umshushisi ongaqiniseki ngamandla obufakazi angase anikeze isicelo esivumayo sokuqinisekisa icala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, azi ukuthi ukulahlwa kuyoba okokugcina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ummangalelwa osekhululiwe kakade angase asebenzise izingozi ezimbili njengesethutho, ephikisa ngokuthi ukumangalelwa okwengeziwe kuyophula isimiso. Uma kunjalo, abashushisi ngokuvamile bafuna "ukukhulula" icala elilodwa noma isivumelwano esinokwenzeka ekumangaleleni noma ekunqandeni okungagwenywayo ukuze agweme icala futhi abangele ukukhohlakala okuqhubekayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa emangalelwa ngokuphanga nokuhlasela okuvela esimweni esisodwa, umshushisi angase aphikelele ekuxazululeni kokubili amacala ngesikhathi esisodwa eqhubeka. Uma ummangalelwa encenga icala lokuphanga, icala lokuhlasela lingase lincitshiswe − kodwa uma icala liqulwa futhi ummangalelwa ekhululiwe ekuphangeni, icala lokuhlasela lingase liqhubeke njengecala elihlukile uma lihlukile ngokomthetho. Nokho, ingozi ephindwe kabili ingavimbela lokhu uma ukuhlasela kuyinto engaphansi kwecala lokuphanga. Abashushicileli kumelwe bahlolisise ngokucophelela izici zobugebengu ngabunye ukuze bagweme ukuveza izingozi ezimbili ngokunganaki.

Isu Lokuqulwa Kwecala Nokuphatha Izingozi

Ecaleni, abashushisi basebenzisa ukuqapha ngendlela abanikeza ngayo ubufakazi, bameme ofakazi, futhi baphikisane nabahluleli. Ukwazi ukuthi leli ithuba elilodwa lingaholela emaqhingeni anokuthatha indiva. Umshushisi angagwema ukubheja ngengozi esobala, njengokubiza ufakazi ontengantengayo noma ukuveza ubufakazi obungaqinisekile, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi icebo elingafanele noma imvume yokuxoshwa lizobulala. Abanye abashushisi bangase bafune ukucela "ukudlulisa umbhalo" ngokwenza ukuphikisa okuthile noma ukuthatha isinyathelo, kodwa lokhu kuhlukile ekufakeni izingozi eziphindwe kabili (ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo okuvamile) akuyibo abachazi ubufakazi obuyiyo, kodwa ummangaleli okhohlazisayo ophumela ekuhlukumeleni umlight.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuba lokuchithwa kwejaji elingu--8 lapho izikhululo zejaji zithola khona ubufakazi obuqinile ngenxa yozwela noma ukungavumelani nomthetho. Uma nje kulahlwa, ingozi ephindwe kabili ivimbela ukuqondiswa. Abashushisi bangazama ukukunciphisa lokhu ngokufuna iziyalezo ezikhumbuza abahluleli ngesibopho sabo sokulandela umthetho, kodwa abakwazi ukuphoqelela isinqumo esinecala.

Icala elicushayo nesinqumo esithi "No-kharige"

Abashushisi nabo banesinqumo sokwenqaba ukudlulisa amacala amafayela ngokuphelele. Lesisinqumo sivame ukwenziwa ezimweni lapho ubufakazi bubuthakathaka, isisulu asisebenzi, noma icala lincane. Izingozi ezimbili ziqinisa ukubaluleka kwalokhu kuhlola kokuqala ngenxa yokuthi isinqumo sokukhokha futhi kugcine ukuvala icala akuguquki. Ngokuphambene, ukukhokhiswa kwecala kushiya umnyango uvulekile uma ubufakazi obusha bungakhomba, njengoba kungekho zingozi ezikhona. Ngakho, abashushisi bangamukela u-"ukusondela okungcono kakhulu kunokudabuka", ukwenqaba ukubeka icala emacaleni emingceleni ngisho nalapho kungenzeka khona.

Izici Ezingokomthetho Nezibini Ezishukumisa Ukuhlakanipha

Nakuba ingozi ephindwe kabili iyisivikelo esiqinile, akukhona okuphelele.

Imfundiso Yababusi Abahlukene

E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme sekuyisikhathi eside ikholelwa ukuthi "ababusi abahlukene" (umzk., ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni) bangamangalela ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngemva kokuba uhulumeni ukhiphe ukulahlwa kwecala lokuphanga ebhange, abashushisi bakahulumeni bangasaletha amacala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni ngezenzo ezifanayo. Lokhu kushaya imingcele ephawulekayo: amaphoyisa nabashushisi bangahlangana phakathi kwezindawo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi uma isigaba esisodwa sihluleka, elinye izinga lingase lingathatha inyathelo. Abaphathi bangahlanganisa ubufakazi bazo zombili izikhalazo zikahulumeni, futhi abashushicileli bangase babambe amacala angokomthetho angokomthetho lapho icala likahulumeni liqhubeka, bazi ukuthi bangathatha isinyathelo kamuva. Nokho, isinqumo seNkakhulu iNkantolo engu-2019 [FL:] ku-U.[10]

Ama - quary Angewona Awawafanele Ne - Hung Julles

Icala elingalungile − linqunywa ngenxa yamajaji alengisiwe, iphutha eliyi-procedrog, noma ukuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi, ayilenzi ingozi ephindwe kabili uma ummangalelwa evuma noma uma "kukhona isidingo"" lokhu kwakha ifasitela labashushisi ukuba baphinde baphendule icala. Amaphoyisa nabashushisi ngokuvamile baphatha ijaji elilengisweyo njengethuba eliyindilinga." Bangase baphinde bathathe ijaji elibekiwe njengethuba elibekiwe." Bangabuye baqoqe ofakazi, noma bacwenge amaqhinga abo angokomthetho. Nokho, isinqumo sokuphinde bathathe indivane futhi bathwa izindleko zezombangazwe. I-propeal aphakeme yokugweba inkantolo ingaholela ekulahlweni kunokuba bakhululwe ecaleni lesibili, ikakhulukazi uma isisulu singafuni noma sinombono womphakathi ohlukene.

Ukukhanga Ngokumangalela

Izikhulu eziningi, abashushisi abakwazi ukudlulisa icala. Nokho, ngokuvamile bangadlulisa amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka ngaphambi noma phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umzk., ukucindezelwa kobufakazi, ukuxoshwa kwamacala ngomahluleli). Uma inkantolo ye-applate ilahla isiqinisekiso futhi ibuye ifake impoqo entsha, izingozi eziphindwe kabili azikwazi ukuwahlulela ngenxa yokuthi ingozi yokuqala ayipheli. Lokhu kunikeza abashushisi ithuba lokufuna ukudluliswa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kodwa kumelwe balinganisele amathuba okuphumelela ekulweni nezindleko. Amaphoyisa angacelwa ukuba alondoloze noma asize emibhalweni yamarekhodi ye-aumessallate, engathinta ukuqoqwa kwabo.

Ubufakazi Obusha: Ingcosana Eyingqayizivele

Amazwe amaningi avamile avimbele ukuqulwa kwecala ngisho nangokwesiko okusekelwe ebufakazini obusha ngemva kokuthethelelwa. Nokho, amanye amazwe aye akhipha umehluko owumngcingo emacaleni amakhulu futhi afaka ubufakazi obusha. E-United Kingdom, i-Criminal Justice Act ivumela ukuqulwa kobugebengu obuthile obungathi sína (njengokubulala) lapho ubufakazi obusha nobunamandla buvela khona. E-U.S., akukho ukuhlukanisa okunjalo kombuso okukhona, nakuba amazwe athile eye akucabangela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho ekhona, akhuthaza amaphoyisa ukuba aqhubeke ephenya ngisho nangemva kokufaneleka komthetho. Khona - ke ababulali kumelwe basebenzise ubuqili ekunqumeni ukuthi kufanele yini kuqululwe kabusha, belinganisela inani elisha lobufakazi obumelene nokungalungi kommangalelwa komthumeli olandelayo.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Omuntu Ngamunye Nezidingo Zomthetho

Ukungezwani phakathi kwesivikelo esiphindwe kabili nesidingo sokugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo kungokwemvelo. Ingozi ephindwe kabili iyisivikelo kumbuso ophanjwe, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi amaphutha amaphoyisa ekuqoqeni ubufakazi noma ngokumangalela ngo-(-) kungaphumela ekuhlulekeni okuhlala njalo komuntu onecala. Lokhu kucindezela kakhulu ekusebenziseni kokuhlakanipha kokuqala. Amaphoyisa nabashushisi kumelwe bacophelele, futhi bazimisele ukugwema ukuchitha ithuba labo elilodwa.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchezuka kabili kungaholela "ekwenzeni ukulahlwa" lapho ummangalelwa ezuza khona ebufakazini obubuthakathaka noma emaphutha angokwesiko angalungiswa ekuhlolweni kwesibili. Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sivikela abantu emandleni amakhulu ambuso nokuthi noma ikuphi ukuguguleka, ngisho nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obuphoqelelayo, kungalulaza ukuphelela nokulunga kwesinqumo. Ukulinganisela kubucayi futhi kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Cornell Legial Information Institute [ iphawula ukuthi ukukhohlakazeka okuphindwe kabili kuyingxenye yenqubo efanele, kanti u-U. Umnyango weJaji [FLT].

Ukuqonda lo mdlalo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho, abamisi bemithetho, nabafundi. Izinqumo ezenziwa amaphoyisa nabashushisi bebhekene nezingozi eziphindwe kabili zihlela imiphumela yecala elingenakubalwa. Njengoba izimali zekhonto ezifundisayo [ zichaza, umthetho awusona nje isisekelo sobuchwepheshe kodwa uyisivikelo esiyisisekelo esithonya zonke izigaba zenqubo yobugebengu. Ingxoxo ebanzi yemibono yomthetho womthetho, kuhlanganise nemingcele yayo, bheka imithombo yezemfundo yezeluleko zezeluleko [[FLT:]]

Isiphetho

Izingozi ezimbili zifaka impoqo enkulu nehlala njalo emaphoyiseni abamangalelwa. Iphoqelela ukuba umthetho usebenzise imali eningi ekuhloleni kwangaphambi kwezezimali, ikhuthaza ukuqapha izinqumo, futhi inxusa ngezindlela zokunxusa ngezindlela ezingasiza abamangalelwa noma zibangele ukuyekethisa okukahle. Nakuba ngaphandle kwezintambo ezihlukene, izigebengu, amaphutha, kanye namalungiselelo alinganiselwe okulungisa izinto. Kukhona futhi okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu, futhi kunezela izinhlu zemicikilisho esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi kakade. Ekugcineni, lesi simiso sibonisa isahlulelo esinemibazwelo esinezeleleyo sokuvumela umuntu onecala ukuba ahambe ngokukhululekile kufanelwe ubukhakhakhakha obungapheli. Ukuqaphela indlela lesi sahlulelo esisebenza ngayo ekuzinzeni okusemthethweni kugxeka noma ubani ophathiswe umthetho, kubaphathi bezomthetho, kusuka kumajaji bezomthetho.