ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Insika Yobulungisa Bomuntu EMthethweni WaseMelika

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yezivikelo ezilandelayo ezinkulu kakhulu kuyiBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Umbhalo wayo ufingqa ngokuphawulekayo: "Ibheyili ye-apply ngeke idingeke, noma isijeziso esiphezulu esibekwe, noma isijeziso esinzima nesingavamile esibekweyo. ” Kodwa kulama magama ambalwa kuye kwavela iqoqo elikhulu lomthetho womthetho othinta cishe zonke izici zobulungisa bobugebengu eMelika. Inguquko ibeka imingcele eyisisekelo emandleni kahulumeni, iphoqelele ukuba ukusabela kukahulumeni ekuziphatheni kobugebengu kuhlale kusesilinganisweni, kunengqondo, futhi kuhambisana nezindinganiso ezihambisana nezindinganiso zabantu. Kubafundisi, ochwepheshe bomthetho, abafundi bomthetho womthetho-Esi - 8 i-Externe, i-Restmentmentmentation idinga ukuhlola kwayo okungoko komlando, ukuchaza kwayo, imiphumela yokwahlulela, nezimiso zobulungisa banamuhla.

Ukulungisa kusebenza njengempoqo kuwo womabili amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Ama-Legislature awanakwenza izinyathelo eziphula amagama awo; abashushisi abakwazi ukufuna, futhi abahluleli abamisa imilandu edlula emingceleni engokomthetho-sisekelo; futhi abaqondisi abakwazi ukukhipha izimo noma ukwelashwa okulingana nesijeziso sonya nesobunyoninco. Lesi sicelo sobuthathu senza iSichibiyelo se-Eighth sihlole amandla ombuso, esiqhubeka siveza ukuqambana okubalulekile nempikiswano yomphakathi.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando SeSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili

UMthetho Ovamile WaseNgilandi Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Ngo - 1689

ISichibiyelo Sesinxephezelo Sesishiyagalombili saqala ngokuqondile emlandweni wezezimali waseNgilandi, ikakhulukazi iSigqi Samalungelo Abantu baseNgilandi sangonyaka ka-1689. Lelo phepha lamemezela ukuthi "ukubekwa kukaBaile ngokweqile akufanele kudingeke, noma kubekwe iZidlodlo Ezinesihluku; noma ukujeziswa ngonya nangendlela engavamile" ilungiselelo lesiNgisi lavela ezicikweni zokumangalela iNkosi uJames II, eyajajiswa izigwebo eziqine kakhulu kubaphikisi bezombangazwe. Icala likaTitus Oates, owabhaxabulwa, waboshwa, wathola isijeziso esihlazisayo ngemva kokuba ebekwe icala lobugqili, i-palempini futhi waholela ngokuqondile ekumangazweni kwemithetho enobudlova nesijeziso esingavamile kuBill of Rights.

Abenzi bamakoloni baseMelika bazuza ifa lalelisiko elingokomthetho laseNgilandi. Imithetho-mthetho yezwe kanye nomthetho-mthetho wezwe wakuqala ngokuvamile kwakunemithetho efanayo, okubonisa ukuqiniseka okugcwele ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe asebenze phakathi kwemingcele yokuziphatha lapho ejezisa izakhamuzi zakhe. ISimemezelo saseVirginia samalungelo abantu sango1776, esabuthelwa uGeorge Mason, sawenqabela ngokuqondile "isijeziso esingavamile," ifomu eyathonya ngokuqondile uJames Madison lapho ebhalisa lokho okuzoba yiSiphendulo Sesishiyagalombili.

Ifilosofi Yokukhanyiselwa Nezinguquko Zecala

Isimo sokuhlakanipha soKhanyiselwa sayithonya kakhulu iSichibiyelo sezefilosofi seSichibiyelo seNguquko Sesishiyagalombili. UCesare Beccaria's 1764 umbhalo eCrimes naseZijezisweni [ wabonakala enethonya elikhulu. UBarria waphikisa ngokuthi injongo yesijeziso kufanele inqandwe futhi ilungiswe, hhayi ukujeziswa noma ukuhlukumezelwa. Walwa ukuthi isijeziso kufanele silinganiswe nobugebengu nokuthi isilinganiso sesijeziso sibaluleke ngaphezu kwesilinganiso saso."Ukungajeziswa, zonke izimo, isenzo sobudlova esimelene nesakhamuzi esisodwa,""""a," ibhala, "kufanele ukuba siqhundwe, kubaluleke, kunakho, kungcono, kulinganiswe nakwemithetho ebekwe ngemithetho, futhi kumthetho ebekwe."

Inkolelo-mbono kaJohn Locke yezenhlalo yazisa futhi abakhi be-flamers ukucabanga. Locke wagomela ngokuthi abantu badela inkululeko eyanele kuphela ukuze bavikeleke ekulimaleni, hhayi ilungelo labo eliyisisekelo lokuphatha abantu. Lombono wegunya likahulumeni elilinganiselwe phezu kwezigebengu ezimangalelwayo waqinisa umqondo wokuthi amandla okujezisa kahulumeni kumelwe ukuba ayeveze imingcele. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, abafundiswe kulamasiko efilosofi, babeqonda ukuthi uhulumeni okwaziyo ukunikeza isijeziso esinzima kakhulu sobukhakhazikhazi.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Nokuchazwa Kwakuqala

Lapho i-First Congress ihlongoza iBill of Rights ngo-1789, ukukhishwa kwesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile kwabangela impikiswano encane uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amalungiselelo. Izifundazwe eziningi kakade zase zinezivikelo ezifanayo emithethweni yazo, futhi lesi sisho sabhekwa njengomthetho ocacile owenqabela ukuweqisa kakhulu kobulungisa benkosi. Nokho, ukunqandwa kokukhishwa kwesijeziso kwashiya indawo enkulu yokuchaza. Ezikhathini eziningi zekhulu le19, izinkantolo zachaza i-gamende ngokuncane, zisebenzisa ngokuyinhloko ukwenqabela izindlela ezithile zokujezisa ngamabomu noma ubuqaba, njengokudweba, njengokudweba nokushisa, ukushisa esigxotsheni, noma ukususa umphakathi.

INkantolo Ephakeme yayinamathuba amancane okuchaza iSichibiyelo Seziphetho Esingu-8 ngokuqondile kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Wilkerson v. Utah (1879), iNkantolo yasikisela ukuthi isijeziso esihilela ukuhlushwa noma ukufa okunganqamukiyo sasiyophula ukunqandwa kwemithetho, kodwa sasizindela izahlulelo zemithetho eziphathelene nezindlela zokubulala ezifanele. [FLT:] Ku-Kemler [[FLT:] (1890]), iNkantolo yasekela ukusetshenziswa kwesihlalo sikagesi, yathola ukuthi asikonangasokali isijeziso futhi isijeziso esingavamile ngoba saklanyelwe ukubulala ngokuphindizela.

Amalungiselelo Angokwemininingwane

I - “beil Claus ” Esabisayo

I-Odmistive Bail Clausle ivimbela izinkantolo ekumiseni ibheyili ephakeme kakhulu kangangokuba iphisa ummangalelwa ithuba lokukhululwa kwangaphambi komthetho. I-Gajingg isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuqondile futhi iye yafakwa ngokumelene nezifundazwe nge-Cex Procesme Claus of the 1450 Refection. UBail ufeza injongo engokomthetho yokuqinisekisa ukubukeka kommangalelwa enkantolo, kodwa ngeke asetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokukhipha ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili noma ukucindezelwa kwabamangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba bamangalelwe.

Indinganiso yokunquma ukuthi ibheyili iphakeme noma ingakanani i-beall eqondene kahle nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Stack v. Boyle [1951], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ibheyili akumelwe ibekwe esilinganisweni esiphezulu kakhulu sokuqinisekisa ukubukeka kommangalelwa ngokunengqondo. Izici ezinjalo njengobukhulu becala elibekwe icala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, izibopho zomthetho zomphakathi, nemithombo yezimali zonke zihambisana nale sinqumo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sebheyili yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi imali, ijezisa ubumpofu ngokuvumela abamangalelwa abacebile ukuba bakhululwe ngokulondeka kuyilapho abampofu belindele ukuvinjelwa, ukukhushuzwa okungathi sína kweze izinkantolo eziqhubeka nokuncintiswayo.

Ifa Elibi Kakhulu KaClaus

I-Slassive Finers Claus e-Odctive Claus yenqabela uhulumeni ekubekeni amafa alinganayo necala elenziwe. Lesi sisho, njenge-Constastive Bail Clause, sisebenza kubo bobabili ohulumeni bombuso nombuso. [Ku- United States v. Bajakaan [1998], iNkantolo ePhakeme imise uvivinyo olulinganayo lokuhlola izinhle ezithenjiwe kakhulu. INkantolo isekela ukuthi i-Releadermentment (Inguquko engu-8) uma ingu-"ggross progavigation" ekunciseni icala elibisweni".

I-Slassive Fine Claus iyasebenza futhi ekulahleni imithombo yezentengiselwano zomphakathi, umkhuba ophikisanayo lapho uhulumeni ethatha khona impahla ehlangene nobugebengu. Timbs v. Indiana (2017]), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yavumelana ngokuthi i-Constance Reconfs Claus isebenza kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni wendawo ngokuthatha iSimemezelo sezehlolo se-Gawula-Rover. Icala lihilela indoda eyathiwa i-$42 000 [Rover Rover ngemva kokuba ithole isamba se-heroin.]. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwezakhamuzi kungasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziphula izimiso ezingokomthetho, nakuba lashiya ukusebenza kwezezinkantolo eziphansi.

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile SikaClaus

Isijeziso Esinonya Nesenqaba u-Claus uyisijeziso esiphikiswa kakhulu futhi esiphikiswana kakhulu ngelungiselelo leSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili. Ukuchazwa kwaso kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubonakalisa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nokuqonda okujule kakhulu kobuntu. INkantolo Ephakeme idlulise isimiso esiqondisayo: iSichibiyelo seNguquko seNguquko seNguquko seNguquko e-8 esisekelwe ku-"izindinganiso ezibonisa intuthuko yomphakathi okhulayo." Lendinganiso, yaqala ukumenyezelwa Trop v. [1988]), iyaqhubeka iveza incazelo yayo engokwesishiya-8.

Inombolo yesigwebo yenqabela izijeziso ezingokwemvelo zobuqaba, njengokuhlukumeza noma ukufa okuhlala njalo. Ibuye yenqabe izijeziso ezilingana nobugebengu, isho ukuthi isigwebo kumelwe sibe nobuhlobo obunengqondo nobungathi sína bobubi nokulahlwa komenzi wobubi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcaphuno yenqabela izijeziso eziwumthetho noma eziwukwephula umthetho ekusebenziseni kwazo, futhi idinga ukuba isijeziso sifeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho zokuzijezisa njengesijeziso, ukuvala icala, ukuvala icala, nokulungisa.

Iziphakamiso ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Isigwebo Sokufa Nesakhelo Se - Furman

ISichibiyelo Sesichibiyelo Sesibhozo simelela indikimba yemfundiso enkulu nephikisanayo kulendawo. Furman v. Georgia [172], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaze yazehlisa ngokuphumelelayo zonke izigwebo zokufa eUnited States. Umbono weNkantolo wawusekelwa ngemibono ehlukene ehlangeneyo ehlukene, ngokuhlukanisa amajaji ahlukene ngokusekelwe engqibelenene. Iningi lavuma ukuthi isijeziso sokufa, njengoba sasikhona, saphula iSichibiyelo Sesibhozo ngoba ukusebenza kwayo kwakuwumthetho owedelelayo, owenziwe ngokungemthetho wobuhlanga. Ngokudumile uMbumbi waziwayo wathola isigwebo sokufa ku "ukushaywa umbani"."

Ukusabela uFurman washesha. Imibuso eminingi yamisa imithetho emisha eklanyelwe ukuxazulula amaphutha omthetho-sisekelo avezwa yiNkantolo. Lemithetho emisha yayithatha elinye lamafomu amabili: imithetho egunyaza isigwebo sokufa eyayidinga isijeziso sentambo yecala eqedwe emacaleni athile, noma imithetho eqondise imithetho eqondise ukuthi ikhipha amajaji athile ngemicibisholo eqondile nokunquma izici zokucabangela isigwebo. Gregg v. Georgia[6], iNkanto ephakeme yasekela umthetho owe-Georgia oqondiswe i-galelo oluqondisiwe, ithola ukuthi ikhipha isahlulelo esiqondile futhi iqinisekisa izinqumo ezithile. INkantolo efana naleyo yase-Florida kanye neyase-Texanean.

Isinqumo samisa uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho lwesijeziso sentambo esisasele namuhla. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, izinqumo kumelwe zinikeze ukulingwa okungalinganiyo lapho icala nesigwebo siqala khona, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amajaji acabangela izimo ngazinye nobufakazi obunikeza ubufakazi obucatshangelweyo, futhi afaka ukubukezwa okunenjongo. INkantolo igcizelela ukuthi isigwebo sokufa sigcinelwe izaphula umthetho ezimbi kakhulu nezenzo ezimbi kakhulu, isimiso esiye salungisa ukuhlaziywa.

Imithetho Engokomfanekiso Ngesijeziso Esiyinhloko

Kusukela [iNkantolo Ephakeme], i-Supreme Court iye yamisa izivalo eziningana ezinqumayo ezivimbela isijeziso sokufa ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezaphula-mthetho. Attins v. Virginia (2002]], iNkantolo yathi ukubulala abantu abakhubazekile ngengqondo kuphula iSiphendundulo semfundo se-8. Ukubhala kweningi, uMahluleli uJohn Paul Stevens wakhomba izindinganiso eziveza isimilo esihambisana nenani elandayo lemithetho evimbela ukubulala okunjalo nokuthi izinhlangano zezekhono zengqondo zithuthukise izinga lokuhlola. INkantolo yabonisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye ngokukhubazeka kwengqondo kuye kwanciphisa futhi abenzi injongo engokomthetho.

v. Simmons [2005], iNkantolo yadlulisela lesi sizathu esicacile ezinganeni ezephula umthetho, iphethe ngokuthi ukubulala abantu ababengaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ngesikhathi sobugebengu babo kuphula iSichibiyelo Sesi-8. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi intsha ngokungenzeki kakhulu incishiswe ngenxa yokungakhuli kwayo, ukuchayeka kontanga, nobuntu obusakhula. Isinqumo saphezulu sokubulala abantu abangaphansi kwe-18 singemthetho v. Keykicky[ [19989], eyayivumele ukubulawa kwabantu abadala abangu-16 namashumi ayisikhombisa eshumi nambili lezenzo zezenzo zezezomthetho. Umthetho ka-Oyceyceyyyy'uthondo waveza umbono ongokwesayensi ngobuchwepheshe bezenyunyana, ukubonakaliswa kweNka kuka-Ayceart.

NOBOLA v. Florida (2014, iNkantolo yaphinde yacwengisa i-Atkins uhlaka, oluphethe ukuthi izibalo azinakusebenzisa i-IQ umalujula ukunquma ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ngezinjongo zesigwebo sokufa. INkantolo igcizelela ukuthi incazelo yezesayensi yokukhubazeka idinga ukucatshangelwa kokubili ukusebenza kolwazi nokuziphatha okuvumelanayo, nokuthi inombolo eqinile ihluleka ukuveza iphutha elivamile lesilinganiso eliyi-IQ ukuhlolwa. IJane yabhala ukuthi iSiphakamiso Sesibhozo "Inquisimezo-mthetho "Ikhahlulo-gazi" iyaziwe umthetho ukuba utshelwe yi-procensing zezokwelapha."""

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhishwa Kwecala

Isimiso sokulinganisela kweSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sidlulela ngalé kwesigwebo sokufa ekugwetshweni ejele isikhathi eside, nakuba iNkantolo ibinesibopho esikhulu ekugwebeni kwemithetho egwetshwe emacaleni angewona amacasha. Rummel v. Eceleni [1980], iNkantolo yasekela isigwebo sokuphila kanye nethuba lokubekwa ngaphansi kwesigwebo saseTexas sokuphazamisa umthetho wokuphambanisa amacala acishe abe ngu-R230. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ivuna izithano ezingokomthetho ekunqandeni nasekulungiseni i-parparolation kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukuba ikhiphe inqubo yokubukeza.

Nokho, Sulm v. [[FLT] [193], iNkantolo yakhipha isigwebo sokuphila ngaphandle kokuba nethuba lokukhipha isigwebo sokudlulisa i-parolist embi ngaphansi komthetho we-South Dakota. INkantolo yahlukanisa [ Rummel enhlabathini lapho ummangalelwa [[FLT:]] [FLT]] USOLEM wayengenathuba lokuthatha i-parole, yenza umusho olingana nokuphila nokungangeni kokuboshwa kwasekuqaleni. Umthetho omkhulu uBurger'ulk'unt uveza umbono ohluphayo oluphakathi kwengxenye encipheneyo, ukucunyuswa kwecala, nezinye izigwebo zomthetho ezithiwe.

Inkantolo yaphinde yahlola indinganiso yokulingana kwe- u-Harmelin v. Michigan (1991]), lapho yasekela khona isigwebo sokuphila esibophekile ngaphandle kokukhipha isigwebo se-cocaine. IJaji Antonin Scalia lithatha umbono omncane weSiphendu se-Eleighth Reformation, iphikisa ngokuthi iMijeliso Engenabulungisa neZijekezo Ezingathandekiyo u-Clausle ayiqukethe isiqinisekiso esivamile sesigwebo sejele. Nokho, uMahluleli u-Anthony Kennedy u-Convention, wavuma ukuthi "ukulinganisa isilinganiso esincane" isebenza emibhalweni engekhona epat jini, nokuthi "indexhedment restrivement ivimbela imisholo egcwele kakhulu ebizwa yi-Celce i-ult."

Ku iphakamisa imisho yeminyaka engu-25 yokuphila ngaphansi kwe-California no- (2003) kanye [[FTL:2] no-Lockyrv v.Andrade [2003], iNkantolo yasekela imigwebo yeminyaka engu-25 yokuphila ngaphansi kwe-California, futhi yathola ukuthi imisho, nakuba yayingawuphula umthetho wesigebengu se-8 secala elilinganiselwe. Lezinqumo zecala ezikhutshwe abakhonjiweyo zibonisa izinga elifanele lezehlakalo.

Izisebenziso ze-CMS Nokuphikisana

Izimo Zasejele Nenhlalakahle Yokuvalelwa Ejele

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili siphoqelela izibopho zokuvuma ezikhulwini zejele ukuba zinikeze izimo zobuntu ekuboshweni. Estelle v. Gamble [1976], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukungazinaki ngamabomu izidingo ezingathi sína zeziboshwa kuhlanganisa isijeziso sonya nesobugqila. Lendinganiso ifuna ukuba iziboshwa zibonise kokubili ukuthi isimo sazo sokwelapha sibucayi futhi izikhulu zejele zazenza ngokunganaki ngenhloso. [[FLT]] Indinganiso ephakathi kwezidingo ezingathi sína zezempilo yeziboshwa ihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuvikelwa ebudloveni, nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokudla, indawo yokukhosela, nokuhlanze.

Ku u-Frevenn v. Brennan (1994]), iNkantolo yacacisa indinganiso yokunganaki ngamabomu emongo wokuphepha kwababoshi. Icala lalihilela ibhangi elishayelwayo futhi ladlwengulwa ngemva kokubekwa emphakathini wejele likahulumeni. Inkantolo yathi isikhulu sejele singenza izenzo zokunganaki ngamabomu uma isikhulu sazi ukuthi sibhekene nengozi enkulu yokulimala futhi sihluleka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinengqondo zokubeka ingozi leyo. Isinqumo salahla indinga ukuba izikhulu zihoxiwe ngengozi, kodwa futhi saqaphela ukuthi ulwazi olunjalo lungancitshiswa ekuzisweni okusobala.

Izimo zokuvalelwa emajele aseMelika ziyaqhubeka zibangela i-Eighth Amendment litigation. Izinkinga zihlanganisa ukugxambukela ngokweqile, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nokunganele, ukuchayeka emajele ayingozi, izimo zokuphila ezingahlanzekile, nokungondleki kahle. [Ku- Brown v. Plata[ [2011], iNkantolo ePhakeme (201], isekela uhlelo oluphansi lwenkantolo olufuna iCalifornia ukunciphisa inani labantu basejele ukuze bakhululeke ngokwemithetho engekho ngokwezempilo nengqondo. Umthetho we-Kennedy waqaphela ukuthi ukuhlupheka nokufa kweziboshwa eziningi kuveze izimo "ukuveze izimo ezingadingekile nokufa" futhi umbuso uhlulekile ukunikeza ukunakekelwa okungaguquguquki kwezimfuneko zomthetho.

Ukuvalwa Kwesikhashana Nokulimala Kwengqondo

Ukusetshenziswa kokuvalelwa wedwa, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezindlu noma ukuhlukaniswa, kuye kwavela njengendaba eyinhloko yeSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili eminyakeni yamuva. Ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kuhilela ukuhlangana neziboshwa emangqamuzaneni amancane amahora angu - 22 kuya kwangu - 24 ngosuku ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomuntu, izinhlelo ezilinganiselwe, kanye nethonya elincane lendawo ezungezile. Ukucwaninga kuye kwaveza ukulimala okukhulu okungokwengqondo ngenxa yokuvalelwa komuntu yedwa isikhathi eside, kuhlanganise nokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukudabuka, ukusangana, ingozi engokwengqondo, kanye nengozi ekhulayo yokuzibulala.

Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngokuthi ukuvalelwa wedwa kungqubuzana nomthetho weSichibiyelo Sezihlobo Ezisibhozo. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zathi ukuzihlukanisa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuvikela okungokwesiko noma ukuhlola impilo yengqondo kuyisijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Ezinye ziye zazindela kubaphathi bejele ngezahlulelo eziphathelene nokudingeka komthetho wokuhlukaniswa kwemithetho yesiyalo noma ukulondeka. INkantolo Ephakeme ayizange ikhulume ngokuqondile ngomthetho wokwenza ukuvalelwa okunzima, nakuba uMahluleli uKennedy akhipha inkulumo e Davais v. [[FLT:] [20] [20] iveza ukukhathazeka ngomthetho futhi isikisela ukuthi "ucwaningo olukhulayo mayelana nokulimala okukhulu" ekuva ekuvalweni okungagcinwa ngaphandle komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe.

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zasungula izinguquko ukuze zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kokuvalelwa wedwa, kuhlanganise nemingcele yesikhathi ekubekeni imingcele, ukukhushulwa kwezinhlelo zeziboshwa ezihlukaniswe ngokwemibono, kanye nezinye izindlela zokuqondisa izigwegwe. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulayo kokuthi ukuzihlukanisa kuphambene nezindinganiso zeSichibiyelo se-8h esibonisa isimilo, njengoba imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo ingapheli.

Ukuphila Okungenayo Indlala

ISichibiyelo Seziphendu Sesishiyagalombili simelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yobugebengu yanamuhla. Graham v. Florida (2010), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukugweba intsha igwetshwa ijele ukuphila ngaphandle kwethuba lokujeziswa ngecala elinzima elingekho ekwahluleleni iSiphendulo Secala Sezenyu. Inkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi intsha inciphile ngokuqhathaniswa nabantu abadala kanye nekhono elikhulu lokulungisa, futhi isigwebo sokuphila ngaphandle kwecala elihambisana nesijeziso esinzima kakhulu esihambisana nokungasolwa yicala lengozi.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, Miller v. Alabama (202), iNkantolo yadlulisela le sizathu kubenzi bezenzo zokubulala eziyintsha, iphethe ukuthi isigwebo esibophayo sokubulala izingane ngaphandle kwe-osesilinganisweni sentsha siphula iSichibiyelo se-Eighth. INkanto ayizange ibeke imingcele yokuphila ngaphandle kwemingcele yesigwebo sokubulala, kodwa yadinga ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele iminyaka yentsha, isizinda, nezimo zayo ngabanye ngaphambi kokuba ikhiphe isigwebo esinjalo. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi "izingane zihluke ngokwemithetho yabantu abadala ngezinjongo zokugweba" nalezo zizinhlelo ezivimbela ukucatshangelwa komuntu ngamunye ezimweni zokubulala izimpawu ezingahambisani.

ku-Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016]), iNkantolo yathi isebenzisa i-Miller ngokuphindwa, ifuna ukuba imibuso inikeze izimemezelo zokuzwa kwentsha eye yathola imisho ebophekile yokuphila ngaphandle kwemidaba. Inkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi [[FLT:]] Miller wamemezela umthetho womthetho osemthethweni ongathi ukuphila ngaphandle kwe-partole kunguquzeleka ngenxa yenani elikhulu lentsha ephula umthetho. Isinqumo savula umnyango wezinkulungwane zentsha eziyaphula umthetho ukuba zifune ukucatsha.

Imithombo Yangaphandle Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo iSichibiyelo Semfundo Yezentengiselwano, i-Constitution igcinwa yi- Library of Congress inikeza izimpawu zeNkantolo Ephakeme. [ i-Legical Information Institute ehlobene nomthetho eCornell Law [ inikeza izifushaniso ezifinyelelwe zemfundiso eyi-8Implete. Umongongongowomlando, [[FLT:] unikeza i-Openst Online[[FLT:] umkhondo] owembuthwalo owezi ohlobene ne-octivedroation of Recordstions. [Foctiveractive projectivesment:][5]

Isiphetho: Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili Sokuqhubeka Kokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sisalokhu singumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika onamandla futhi ophikiswayo. Umbhalo waso, owabuthelwa ngo-1789, uyaqhubeka ukhuluma ngemibuzo yamanje ngemingcele yegunya lesijeziso sikahulumeni emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ukuhlakanipha kokuguqula kusebukhoneni bayo, okuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenzise izimiso zazo ezimweni ezintsha futhi zihlanganise ukuqonda okungaqondani nesithunzi somuntu, ukulimala kwengqondo, kanye nokulungisa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda okuyinhloko kweSichibiyelo sesiHle kuwukuthi isijeziso kumelwe sifeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho futhi kumelwe sihloniphe isintu salabo abajeziswayo ngisho nanjengoba kufanele balandise ngokuziphatha kwabo. Lokhu kuqonda kuye kwaqondisa ukuqedwa kwezindlela zobuqaba, ukuqashelwa kwemigoqo yokujeziswa kwabantu abasengozini yokufa, ukusungulwa kwezindinganiso zomthetho ezilawula izimo zasejele, kanye nemingcele ekhona yemigwebo enzima yezingane ezephula umthetho.

Kubafundisi abafundisa umthetho womthetho-sisekelo, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sinikeza ukuhlola okucebile kwezendaba ngendlela incazelo engokomthetho eguquka ngayo ngokuhlangana kombhalo, isibonelo, izindinganiso zomphakathi, nolwazi olungokwenhlalo. Kubafundi, lolushintsho lunikeza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobulungisa, ukulingana, nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Futhi kuzakhamuzi, iSichibiyelo se-8h simelela isibopho somthetho-mgomo sokuthi ngisho nalabo abaye baphula izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomphakathi bagcina ukuzisholo ukuthi baphatha abantu futhi bahloniphekile.

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uphikisana ngokushintshwa komthetho wobugebengu, isigwebo sokufa, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, nokuphathwa kwabantu ababoshiwe, iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili ngokungangabazeki siyohlala sikhona esisekelweni salezi zingxoxo. Ifa laso elihlala njalo liyisimiso sokuthi umphakathi olungile kumelwe ubambelele ezindinganisweni eziphakeme lapho usebenzisa amandla aphakeme okujezisa, nokuthi isilinganiso sokuzinikela kwesizwe kumalungelo abantu siyindlela ophatha ngayo labo abaye bacasula imithetho yawo.