Indima Ye - District Attorney Ekushushisweni Kwesigebengu

I-DA ihola iqembu labameli besifunda, abacwaningi, nabasekeli bezisebenzi. Ihhovisi labo linomthwalo wokuletha amacala obugebengu kuhulumeni noma kuhulumeni ophethe. Nakuba amaphoyisa eqoqa ubufakazi futhi ebopha, yi-DA enquma ukuthi lobu bufakazi buhlangabezana yini nomnyango ongokomthetho wokufaka izikhalazo zecala. Lo mnyango ubeka i-DA enkabeni yesimiso somthetho sobugebengu, ufaka zonke izikhangiso ezivela ekuqulweni kwezenzweni kwezimali.

Umlando wendima ye-Food Attorney usukela emuva eMelika ehlalwe amakoloni, usususela kumfuziselo wesiNgisi wokushushiswa komthetho womphakathi oklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho okufanayo. Namuhla, i-Das eUnited States isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni nemithetho-mthetho, kodwa umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ulokhu ufana: ukumelela uhulumeni i̱ isithakazelo sokubona ukuthi ukwahlulela kwenziwa, hhayi nje ukuqinisekisa izinkolelo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kubeka umsebenzi wokulunga odlula kumthetho owenziwe ngalé komthetho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Ye - Athorney Yesigodi

  • Ukubukeza nokufaka i-fall: kukhipha imibiko yamaphoyisa, ubufakazi obungokwe-ocensi, izimemezelo zokufakaza, nezinye izinto zokunquma ukuthi ikhona yini imbangela ngokunokwenzeka futhi uma ukumangalelwa kuyadingeka.
  • Izingxoxo: Ukuhlanganyela iseluleko sokuzivikela ukuze kufinyelelwe izimo zengqondo ezamukelekayo, ngokuvamile kuphumele ekunciphiseni amacala noma ukutusa ngokudlulisela izimemezelo zokuzisola.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imelela igumbi lokufundela: iveza isifundazwe i̱ ingeyokubekwa kwezindlebe, ukuthatha uhambo, ukulingwa, nokugwetshwa kwezindlebe.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuthuthuka kwezezidakamizwa: Ukunikeza iziqondiso ngezihloko ezinjengezicelo zebheyili, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, nokukhomba izindinganiso zezomthetho ezithile (umz., ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, izingeno zokweba).
  • Ukubambisana kofakazi nokubambisana: Kusebenza nabasekeli bezisulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izisulu zitshelwa ngezenzakalo nokuthi amalungelo azo ayavikelwa.
  • [ ukuthembisana ngokuthembisana: ukuya emihlanganweni yasobala nokuxhumana nabaholi bendawo ukusingatha izimo zobugebengu futhi kwandise ukwethembana.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ngenyathelo Elilandelanayo

Icala lobugebengu ngokuvamile liyavela ngochungechunge lwezigaba ezichazayo, ngalinye lidinga iDA ukuze lenze izinqumo ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ./i-police, i-sheriptiff ’ iminyango, noma amanxusa kahulumeni − iqoqa ubufakazi ngezingxoxo, ukuqapha, ukuphenya, nokuhlola. Uma nje zikholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa futhi zathola ukuthi kuqashelwe, zingabopha noma zidlulisele okutholayo ekwahlulelweni kwazo. Kwezinye izimo, i-DA ingasiza ekutholeni izicelo zokuseshwa noma inikeze isiqondiso esingokomthetho phakathi nokuphenya, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengobugebengu obumhlophe noma ukubulala abanye.

Ukusahlulela Kokuqala Isinqumo

Ngemva kokwamukela ibhodi lecala, ummeli wesigodi uhlola ubufakazi bokuthola ukuthi izici zobugebengu zisekelwe yini. I-DA icabangela amandla obufakazi, ukwethenjwa kofakazi, amathuba okuthola ukuqulwa kwecala, nokutholakala kwezinqumo ezihlukile njengokuzijezisa ngaphambi komthetho. Uma kubekwa, idokhumende ibizwa ngokuthi isikhalo noma ulwazi. Kwezinye izindawo, amakhomanisi angathiwa kufanele aqale adlule ejajini elikhulu, elizwa ubufakazi obuyimfihlo necala. I-DA inikeza icala ejaji elikhulu nemibuzo yabo.

Ukubekwa Icala Nokukhubazeka

Ummangalelwa uvela phambi komahluleli ngokokuqala ngqá, ufunda ngokusemthethweni amacala, futhi angene esicelweni esingokomthetho `enecala, engenacala, noma engekho umncintiswano. I-DA ingatusa ngebheyili esekelwe ezicini ezinjengokuphumelela kwendiza, ingozi emphakathini, nobukhulu becala. Ngokuqhubekayo, i-D asebe nezimiso zokunciphisa ukuthembela emalini yemali yecala ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu ezingezona ezobudlova zokugwema ukuvimbela abantu ngenxa nje yobumpofu. Inkantolo imisa ibheyili noma ikhulula ummangalelwa ngokuzi.

Ukutholakala Nezinyathelo Zangaphambi Kokuhlolwa Kwezinkundla

Lapho kutholwa, umshushisi kumelwe adlulisele bonke ubufakazi obuyindaba enkantolo, kuhlanganise nobufakazi bokuziphendulela obungasiza ekuvikeleni. Ukuvikela kungathatha amafayela ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi obungatholakali ngokungemthetho, ukulahla izikhalo zokungahloniphi ngesizathu esilindelekile, noma ukuphoqelela ukudalulwa okwengeziwe. I-DA isabela kule nqubo futhi ingase ithathe ama-limine ukuze ivimbele ubufakazi obuthile noma ubufakazi ekuqulweni. Le ngxenye ingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthola izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Icala elikhulu lobugebengu lixazululwa ngezivumelwano zezivumelwano kunokuba liqulwe icala labahluleli. I-DA nommeli ovikelayo baxoxa ngokuncishiswa kwecala, ukutuswa kwesigwebo, noma ukuxoshwa kwezindawo ezithile. I-shirtrip ’ izikhali ngokuvamile zixhomeke emandleni obufakazi, ummangalelwa i-̱ umlando wobugebengu, kanye nobuqatha bobugebengu obuthiwa bubodwa. Isikhalazo kumelwe samukelwe inkantolo, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe azi ukuthi unelungelo labo lokuquliswa. I-DA̱ ihhovisi langaphakathi lineziqondiso zokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokukhomba nokulunga.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma imvume ingekho, icala liqhubekela ecaleni. I-DA inomthwalo wokuveza icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Umshushisi unikeza izinkulumo zokuvula icala, izingcingo, izimemezelo, umbukiso, nofakazi abameleli be-astemines. Ngemva kokuba kuphelile, kwenziwa izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Abahluleli (noma abahluleli ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) bakhipha isinqumo ngamabomu. Ijaji elilengiswe lingaholela enkantolo enephutha, futhi i-DA lingakhetha ukuphinde liphendulele icala, ukulahla icala, ukulahla, noma ukunxusa.

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhishwa Kwecala Kwangemva

Ngemva kwesinqumo esinecala noma isikhalazo, kuqulwa isigwebo esihlukile. I-DA ingaphikisana ngesigwebo esithile esiqondile esisezinhlalweni ezi-statory, icabangela izici ezidlulisayo, izinkulumo ezithinta izisulu, kanye ne-procespectus ’ isizinda sezwe. Ezizweni eziningi, iziqondiso zokugweba zinikeza uhlelo. Ngemva kwalokho kugwetshwa, ummangalelwa angadluliswa, ne-DA̱ ihhovisi lisabela ekudluliseni isikhalo phambi kwenkantolo. I-Shestrip ̱ indima ihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isigwebo seposi siphethwe kahle.

Izici Ezithonya Izinqumo Zokuqulisa

Ama - Attorney aseSifundeni sase - Afrika ayazi ukuthi athini uma enquma ukusingatha icala ngalinye.

Izici Ezingokomthetho Nezisobala

  • Ubufakazi obuqinile: Icala elinobufakazi obucacile, ofakazi abanokwethenjelwa, noma ukuvuma izono kungabekwa futhi kuphishekele kakhulu.
  • Ukungaqondi kwecala: Imibono enjengokubulala, ukudlwengula, nokuphanga okuhlomile cishe njalo kuphumela ekumangalelweni, kuyilapho amaphutha angaphambukiswa noma axoshwe, kuye ngenqubo.
  • [ Izici ze-Legal:[ i-DA kumele iqiniseke ukuthi amaqiniso ahlangabezana nencazelo engokomthetho yobugebengu. Izimo ezingase ziholele esinqumweni sokungabhali.

Impucuko Yesimiso Nehhovisi

I-DA’ ngayinye; ihhovisi lisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esibhaliwe noma esingabhalwanga. Amanye amahhovisi amisa ukumangalelwa kobudlova kobugebengu bezidakamizwa noma izigebengu eziphindaphindwayo, kuyilapho amanye egcizelela ukuvuselelwa nokuzinzisa. Lezinkambiso zibonisa isigaba sommeli wesifunda somkhankaso, izimvume zomthetho, kanye nezinkathazo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-DA ekhethwe esiteshini senguquko ingasebenzisa umthetho wokuyenqabela ukumangalelwa ngenxa yemfuza noma ubufebe obuphansi.

Ukufakwa Kwezisulu Nomphakathi

Izisulu zobugebengu ngokuvamile zinamalungelo okuvumelana nemithetho okufanele ahlolwe futhi ahlangane nabashushisi. Ukubambisana kwazo nezifiso kungathinta izinqumo zokukhokha, izikhalo, nokutusa. I-DA futhi ihlola izinkathazo zomphakathi zokuphepha: indaba eye yakhanga ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba noma yabangela ukubhikisha komphakathi ingahlolwa kakhulu. Nokho, i-DA kumelwe ilinganisele ukucindezela ngokuhlola okuzimele amaqiniso nomthetho.

Uhlanga, Ikilasi, Ne - bias

Ukuqapha komthetho ngokomlando kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukanisweni kwemiphumela esekelwe ohlazweni nasesimweni sezenhlalo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaNsundu nababhishobhi base-Hispanic basengozini kakhulu yokumangalelwa ngecala elingathi sína futhi bathole ukunxusa okunzima kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Amahhovisi amaningi anamuhla e-DA aye athatha izindlela zokuthola nokunciphisa ukucwasana kobandlululo, kuhlanganise nokuqeqeshwa okusobala kobandlululo nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okuhlola izingozi ukuze athole inzuzo.

IMithetho YamaKhala ne “ Ukubusa KweBrady ̵

Ama-Attorney eSithili aboshwe ngemithetho yokuziphatha okukhokhelwayo, kuhlanganise ne-American Bar Association ’ i-Model Pages of Professional Avery nezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha eziqondene nombuso. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu isibopho sokuveza ubufakazi bokuqapha ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland [1963]. INkantolo Ephakeme ye-U.S. yasekela ukuthi ukuncishwa kobufakazi obufanele inqubo ebekwe icala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umshushisi u-̱ amahle noma ukholo olubi. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nalesibopho. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nale mithetho ecukunyuswayo, imiyalense, ngisho nokudelelwa kwecala.

Ezinye izimfuneko ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo:[ Akumelwe uhlanganyele ezimweni lapho benesithakazelo somuntu siqu noma semali, njengezezimo ezihilela izihlobo noma abangane abaseduze.
  • Ukuveza ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi bamanga: Akulungile ukunikeza ubufakazi noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo obaziwa ukuthi bungamanga noma ukuvumela ubufakazi bamanga ukuba buhlale phambi kwejaji obungalungiswanga.
  • Abafaki umbono wobumsulwa: Ngenkathi abameleli be-DA befuna ukuqiniseka, akumelwe baveze imibono yabo siqu ngabamangalelwa i-̱ banecala kubahluleli noma kulokhu kucwasa ngendlela yokuba ubandlululo luthathe isigwebo.
  • [[NT.0] I-DA ifuna ukungenela uma isiqinisekiso singalungi: Uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha obubangela ukungabaza ekuqinisekeni, i-DA inesibopho sokuqhubeka ihlola futhi ithathe isinyathelo sokulahla isahlulelo.

Ukuphulwa kwemithetho kungaholela ekudidekeni, ekumangalweni, nasekulahlekelweni ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezihlaseli Zanamuhla Zesigodi

Izinkinga Eziningi Nemithombo Elinganiselwe

Abashushisi abango-Prosers ’ amahhovisi ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni ngokuvamile asingatha izinkulungwane zamacala ngonyaka, isekela ngalinye le-DA eliphethe amakhulu ngasikhathi sinye. Lomsebenzi onzima ungaholela ekujaheni izinqumo, ekuthembeleni ezicingweni ezikhonzwayo, nasekutubekeni. Ukungaxhaswa ngokwanele kwabaphengululi, izinkonzo zobuphekula, nobuchwepheshe futhi kuvimbela ukuboshwa okuphumelelayo. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ukulinganiselwa kwempahla kungakhulu nakakhulu, ngesilinganiso esisodwa se-DA esabala.

Ukuhlolwa Komphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Njengezikhulu ezikhethiwe, i-DA ingaphansi kokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile futhi kumelwe ilinganisele imisebenzi yayo engokomthetho kanye namathemba omphakathi. Amacala aphezulu abekwe nge-profile angakhipha i-garner ehlabe i-tech, futhi izinqumo eziyimpikiswano zenza kube njengokuyeka ukuphatha amaphoyisa ahilelekile ekudubuleni, /acan abangela ukubhikisha nokukhumbula imikhankaso. I-DA kumelwe ilawule lemicikilisho lapho ilondoloza ukuzibusa nokuzibophezela kwayo ngokungakhethi.

Izinkampani Ezishintshayo Nezokulandisa

Eminyakeni yamuva, umshushisi oqhubekela phambili u̵ umzabalazo uye wavela, nabazowinwa emahhovisi ezindaweni zesikhulu esihlanganisa ukuqeda ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukunciphisa ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga, nokuphambukisa abantu abagula ngengqondo noma abaluthwe yisimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Lezi zindawo ezivame ukubhekana nokungavumelani kwezinyunyana zomthetho, izisulu i̱ izinhlangano, kanye nabaphikisi bezombangazwe abaphikisa ngokuthi balulaza ubugebengu.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bezobuchwepheshe Nomthetho

Ubufakazi bezemishini, njengomarekhodi kamakhalekhukhwini, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, nokuhlola, manje bunendima enkulu ezimweni eziningi. Abashushisi kumelwe bahlale besebenzisa izindinganiso zomthetho ezihlobene nokuzinqumela, ukuphenya, nokuthatheka kwemvume, nokugcina isibopho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwesayensi yokuziphikisa kwezentengiselwano , ukucushwa kwezimpawu zezinwele, ukukopishwa kwezinwele, kanye nokukhomba iminwe ngendlela enzima kakhulu, futhi bagweme ukuncika ezindlela zokugxeka.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwe - da Nenye Inqubo Yokwahlulela

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Njengoba umsebenzi usebenza eduze namaphoyisa kanye ne-heffript ’ iminyango, kodwa lobu buhlobo bungagcwala ukucindezeleka. Ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kube nomuzwa wokuthi abashushisi abamangaleli abakhokhi abayingozi abamangalelwa amacala anele noma bavumela izaphulamthetho ukuba zikhululeke, kuyilapho abashushisi bangase bagxeke amaphoyisa ngezindlela ezingezinhle zokuphendla noma ubufakazi obubuthakathaka. Amahhovisi amaningi e-DA manje anezimiso ezidinga ukubukezwa kwezindlela zokudubula ezingenele, futhi amanye asungule izinhlangano ezithembekile zokuhlola amacala angaphambili ngenxa yezinkolelo ezingafanele.

Izinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Isimiso sokuzivikela sidinga abashushisi ukuba bahileleke eselulekweni sokuzivikela, kodwa ubuhlobo obunempilo busiza wonke amalungu. I-Dthecal Dat iphatha abameli ngenhlonipho, ihlanganyela ukutholwa ngokushesha, futhi ixoxisane ngokholo oluhle. Iseluleko sezesivikelo, singanikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngekhasimende i’ izimo ezingase zizise umphumela owengeziwe, njengohlelo olukhuthaza impilo engokwengqondo. Abashushisi abaphumelelayo baqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi oqinile wokuvikela ubalulekile ekutholeni ilungelo lesimiso.

Abahluleli Nezinkantolo

Abahluleli bengamela amagqubu futhi belawula inqubo yokuzigcina, beqinisekisa ukuthi bavumelana nezindinganiso zomthetho. Kumelwe banikeze izimpikiswano zabo phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe inkantolo. Kulindeleke ukuba kubekwe ubuhlobo obuqinile kodwa obunenhlonipho nebhentshi; imizamo engafanele yokuthonya noma ukugwema umahluleli ingaholela ekudeleleni noma ekushintsheni ekudluliseleni izicelo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nekusasa Lokushushiswa

Iziphetho zokulawula ubufakazi, ukulandelela, kanye nokwaziswa kuguqula indlela amahhovisi e-DA asebenza ngayo. Amahhovisi amaningi manje asebenzisa i-software ekhethekile ukuze alawule ukutholakala kobufakazi, ukuba khona komkhondo, nokubala ukunxusa okusekelwe emiphumeleni engokomlando. Ama-predip athethrical asetshenziswa futhi ekuhloleni ingozi yokubuyiselwa kobuphixipo, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwawo kulokhu kuphikisana ngenxa yobandlululo lwe-DA nenqubo efanele. Ikhamera ye-oralface face iye yaba yingxenye yenqubo yenqubo yenqubo ehleliwe enqubeni yezehlakalo zezehlaka zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu ze-injini, ifaka izicelo ezintsha kubashushishizi ukuze kubukezwe imiqulu emikhulu yevidiyo.

Ukuzivikela, ukuqhuma kobufakazi be-DA obusetshenziswa ngemishini kusho ukuthi kumelwe ube nekhono ekusingatheni i-metameter, imininingwane yokuthatha indawo, kanye nezindaba zokukhomba. Ikusasa lingase liyosetshenziswa kakhulu ekutholeni izindlela zokuzenzela zokuveza izinqumo eziphoqayo nokulahla ukuphulwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Nokho, noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kumelwe kube sobala futhi kuholwe ukuze kugwenywe ukungabi nabulungisa okuzenzekelayo.

Isiphetho

I-Attorney yeSithili iphethe isikhundla esinamandla amakhulu nomthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Kusukela ekujeziseni izinqumo zokugweba ukulahla umthetho, i-DA’ izenzo zilawula ukuphila kwabamangalelwa, izisulu, nemiphakathi. Ukuqonda inqubo yokumangalelwa ngokomthetho, izahlulelo ezicatshangelwe kahle, imisebenzi yezezimiso zokuziphatha, nezinselele ezisebenzayo, kunoma ubani ohilelekile emthethweni, isimiso somphakathi, noma ukuphila. Njengoba kunxusa ukuba inguquko iqhubeke ikhula, u-DAsss kulo lonke izwe lihlela kabusha izinqubo ezintsha ezihambisana nokwamukela ukuhlelwa okusha kobulungisa, okusemthethweni, okungalawuleki, nokuhle, nomphakathi. Imiphumela yalemizamo iyakuchaza ikusasa lomthetho wobugebengu waseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngezindlela zomshushisi noshintsho, bheka imithombo evela ku- U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli, ACLU[, kanye no-'FLT] i-Actney ye-Actroneys .[FLT]]