Ukuqonda Intambo Yenkantolo Yesigebengu: Isigwebo Esijabulisayo Nesijabulisayo

Icala lobugebengu livame ukubonakala njengendinganiso ebanzi yemithetho nezinqubo. Kubafundi bomthetho, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, noma noma ubani ofuna umbono ocacile wendlela ukwahlulela okuphathwa ngayo, imiqondo emibili iphakathi kwenqubo: ukunxusa nokugwetshwa. Isikhala sempendulo engokomthetho yommangalelwa kulezi zikhalo, futhi ukugweba kuyisinqumo senkantolo somphumela ofanele. Lezi zigaba ezimbili azizona ezezehlakalo ezihlukene; zibumba isisekelo secala kusukela ekubonakaleni kokuqala ukuya esimweni sokugcina. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi, okunegunya kulezi zigaba ezibucayi, sichaza izinhlobo zezicelo ezibonisa ukunxusa, amafilosofi, amafilosofi namalungelo avikelwayo ngemva kokugwetshwa.

Izinhlobo Zenjabulo Nezinkinga Zawo Ezingokomthetho

Isicelo singaphezu nje kukayebo noma cha. Inkulumo ebophayo engokomthetho enemiphumela emikhulu. Izicelo ezintathu eziyinhloko ezitholakala ezinkantolo eziningi zobugebengu zinecala, azinacala, futhi akukho mncintiswano (nolo imattere). Ngamunye uveza indlela ehlukile enqubweni engokomthetho.

Ukuhlaselwa Yicala

Lapho ummangalelwa efaka isicelo esiwubufakazi , bavuma amaqiniso obugebengu futhi bawasebenzise nelungelo labo lokuqulwa icala. Ngokuphana, inkantolo yamukela ukuvuma futhi iqhubeke ngokuqondile igweba. Isicelo kumelwe siwenziwe ngokuzithandela, ngokwazi nangokuhlakanipha, ngokwazi, ngommangalelwa oqaphela ngokugcwele amalungelo abawanikezayo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lokumelana nofakazi, nelungelo lokumelana nomthetho ozifaka bona ngokwabo. Uma uma uma umahluleli enokungabaza ngalokhu kuzwakala, bangasenqaba futhi bafune ummangalelwa ukuba aqule. Ngokuvamile ukuvuma okunecala kuphumele esinqumweni esisheshayo futhi kuholele ekugwetshweni, kodwa futhi kuholele ekugwetshweni ngokula icala okungenacala.

Akuwona Umuzwa Wecala

izicelo ezimsulwa ukuphika okungokomthetho amacala. Awusho ukuthi ummangalelwa usho ukuthi akanacala; kumane kusho ukuthi bafuna ukuquliswa kwecala ukuze bafakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lesisicelo sigcina amalungelo ommangalelwa ekuqulweni icala ngabahluleli, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokubekela inselele icala lomshushisi icala. Abamangalelwa abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi banezimpikisi ezisebenzayo, noma abanganeliseki ngesicelo esinikezwayo esimangalelwe, ngeke bangene ekuqulweni okunecala. Icala liyoqhubeka ngokuthola, imikhankanto, futhi ekugcineni liqule uma kungekho ukukhokha.

Akukho Mhlangano (Nolo Munconere) Plea

Isicelo asikho somncintiswano. (ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuso ngokuthi i - hupere ) sihlukile. Ummangalelwa akavumi icala kodwa futhi akaphikisi icala. Ngenjongo yecala, inemiphumela efanayo njengesicelo esinecala: inkantolo ithola ummangalelwa enecala futhi ikhiphe isigwebo. Umehluko onzima ubekwe entweni enecala. Icala elinecala lingasetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala enkantolo elandelayo (ngenxa yesibonelo, isisulu sesijeziso). Nokho, ukunxusa okuvamile [[FLT:] akukwazi ukukho ukukho ukukhomba okuhambisana nemvume yokukhomba. [FLT:] [FL:] [FFFF5]]

Imishini Nezimiso Zokupheka Imali

I-Plea iyindlela evame kakhulu yokuxazulula ngayo amacala obugebengu e-United States. Ngokwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-90 kahulumeni abangelwa ukunxusa kwecala, okuningi kwakho kulandela indlela ethile yokuxoxisana. Lenqubo ihilela ukushushiswa nokudingida ukuthi ummangalelwa unecalaphi lapho ummangalelwa encenga (noma engekho umncintiswano) eshintshana khona ngokukhulula isigwebo esilula [1] ngokuncishiswayo, ukwehla kwecala, noma ukuncishiswa kweminye imibandela.

Izinzuzo Zokuhogela

Ukuthengiselana kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezisebenzayo kuwo wonke amaqembu. Kuyinqubo yenkantolo, kunciphisa kakhulu ukunqwabelana kwecala futhi kongasetshenziswa imithombo yemali emacaleni. Kubamangalelwa, kunganikeza isilinganiso sokuqiniseka ngomphumela futhi ngokuvamile kuphumele esijezisweni esingesona esinzima kakhulu kunengase sibekwe ngemva kokuqulwa. Izisulu zingaletha ukuvaleka ngaphandle komphumela ongokomzwelo wokuqulwa kwecala. Abashushisi futhi bazuza ngokuvikela izinkolelo ngaphandle kwengozi yokuzibeka engozini yokulahlwa.

Izingozi Nokukhathazeka Okubangelwa Ukwelashwa

Naphezu kosongo lomongo onzima kakhulu, ukunxusa akunampikiswano. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukukhathalela [[FLT: 0]] ukuphumelela kwenqubo engathi sína . Bebhekene nosongo lomusho onzima kakhulu uma besebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuqulwa (“isigwebo sezequ”), abamangalelwa bangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba bavume ngisho noma bekholelwa ukuthi abanacala. Lokhu kuphakamisa inqubo engathi sína efanelekile. Abamangalelwa abangazeli bangase basole ingozi nje yokwethulwa isikhathi eside, isici ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi“intela.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusheshisa kwezicelo kungalulaza ukwethemba umphakathi. Abagxekwayo bangabangela ukulahla impumelelo esekelwe ekuhleleni imingceleni, noma ekwazini ukuvikela, inzuzo, esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwecala, izingozi.[F]

Ukugwetshwa: Izinjongo, Izakhiwo, Nefilosofi

Uma ummangalelwa eseboshiwe, noma ngabe ubekwe ngecala noma ngecala, inkantolo kumelwe ibeke isigwebo. Isigwebo asikona nje ukusebenzisa isijeziso. Sibonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, isimo sobubi, nomlando womenzi wobubi. Izimiso zanamuhla zokwahlulela zakhelwe kumafilosofi amaningana aphikisanayo, ngokuvamile ahlangene ekusebenziseni.

Izinsika Ezine Zesigwebo

  • Imiphumela: Umqondo wokuthi isijeziso kufanele silinganiswe nomonakalo obangelwa ubugebengu. Lendlela eqondile yokungena ezingwadule” igxila ekusolweni okungokokuziphatha. Izigwegwe ezisekelwe ekuphindiseleni zibhekeni emuva futhi zigcizelele ubungako bobubi.
  • Icebo: Umgomo wokuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo. Umthetho ojikijelwayo uhlose ukunqanda umphakathi ukuba ungenzi ubugebengu kakhulu ngokwenza isibonelo somenzi wobubi. Ukuvimbela okuthile kuhloselwe ukunqanda lowo muntu othile osonile ukuba angaphinde aphume. Izigwebo eziqinile ngezinye izikhathi zivunyelaniswa ngokuvimbela isigwebo, nakuba ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuqiniseka kwesijeziso kuvame ukuba ngcono kunesilinganiso esinzima.
  • Ukususa umenzi wobubi emphakathini ukuze avikele umphakathi. Ukuvala kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokufaka amaphaphu. Ukuhlola, ukubopha indlu, nokuvimbela imisebenzi ezinye izindlela. I-pacation ibheke phambili, igxile ekuvimbeleni ukulimala kwesikhathi esizayo, hhayi ebugebengwini bangaphambili.
  • Inguquko: Umqondo wokuthi abaphangi bangaguqulwa ngemfundo, indlela yokwelapha, nokwakha ikhono. Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, nezinhlelo zemisebenzi eziyizibonelo zokungenela kokubuyisela ushintsho. Izigwebo zivame ukuhlanganisa izimo ezinjengokuqeda uhlelo lokwelashwa noma ukuthola i-GED. Rehabilita ibone ukubuya kobufakazi obuthi ukubuya kwemizwa kwemizwa yemizwa yemizwa esheshayo.

Izinqumo eziningi zokugweba zivumelana nalezi zinjongo ezine: Umahluleli angase aphoqe isigwebo sasejele (umnikelo nokunqanyulwa kwemithi) kodwa futhi akhiphe nesimiso sokukhipha ukwelashwa okusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala (ukubuyiselwa kwezidakamizwa) kanye nenkathi yokukhishwa (ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa).

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

  • Ukufakwa ejele: Ukuboshwa ejele (ngokuvamile ngenxa yegama elifushanisiwe, ngokuvamile ngaphansi konyaka) noma ijele (ngokwezinombolo ezinde). Ubude buvame ukuchazwa emithethweni. Eminye imikhankasweni inemisho egunyaza ukuba isuse iziqondiso zokwahlulela ngenxa yezomthetho othile.
  • Isibonakaliso: Inkathi ehlelwe ngokwenkantolo yokuqondisa emphakathini, enezimo ezithile (isib., imishini evamile, ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso, ukubekelwa isikhathi). Uma owonile ephula izimo, inkantolo ingasiqeda isigwebo futhi ibeke isigwebo sejele.
  • [ Isijeziso sezentengiselwano esikhokhwa esifundazweni. Amahle avamile emacaleni amancane futhi angasetshenziswa yedwa noma ihlangene nezinye izijeziso.
  • Inkonzo ye-community:[ Owenzela inkampani engakhokhelwanga noma engekho inzuzo kahulumeni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisimo sokuzindela.
  • I-Hybrid Sences:[ Imisho eminingi ihlanganisa izici. Njengesibonelo, umusho ophindiwe uhlanganisa inkathi emfushane yokuboshwa elandelwa inkathi ende yokugcinwa. imisho edluliselwe [ ihlanganisa isigwebo sejele esingasetshenziswanga ngaphandle kokuba isigwebo secala sithathe inkathi ende.

Isiqondiso semithetho esiningiliziwe sokukhetha ukugweba, U.S. uMnyango woMahlulelo unikeza ukucatshulwa okuwusizo kwesigwebo sikahulumeni.

Izici Ezithonya Izinqumo Zokujeziswa

Abahluleli abagwebi bengenalutho, balinganisa izici eziningi, ezinye ezichazwa ngomthetho, ezinye ngokuqonda kwabo.

Izici Eziyandayo Nezishukumisayo

Izici ezishukumisayo yizimo ezandisa ukuqina kobugebengu noma ukuquliswa kommangalelwa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa: indlela enonya kakhulu noma embi yokuthatha icala, ukuhileleka kwesikhali, ukuchayeka kwesisulu (umz. umntwana noma umuntu omdala), indima yokuhola ekulahleni, noma ewumlando wobugebengu. [[FLT:]] ukuthambekela ekunciphiseni isijeziso. Zihlanganisa: ubusha bomshicishozeli noma ubudala obukhudlwana, nomlando ophawulekayo, indima encane esenzelweni sobugebengu, engathi ngokomzwelo, noma ewumphumela wesimo somthetho, noma ukubambisana kwemithetho.

Iziqondiso Eziqondisayo Nezinhlansi Zokujeziswa

Ukuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki nokunciphisa ukuhlukana, ama-gasme amaningi athathe avumela iziqondiso. Edume kakhulu yisinqumo se-U.Federal Sentensiglines, esebenzisa isimiso se-grid esihlanganisa ubukhali bobugebengu kanye nomlando wobugebengu ukuze kuvezwe umngcele otuswayo. Nakuba lezi ziqondiso zaba yi-division ngemva kweNkantolo ePhakeleleyo ka-20055], i-United States v. Incwadi ye-, abahluleli bayiphatha njengesiqalo seqo. Iziqondiso zecala ziyahluka kakhulu. [FLT:] Izimoteji ezithiwe ngokwezinye iziphakaliso, i-octivementstions, isusa ngokuphelele i-'evolutions. [FLT], ukugweba ezinye izigwebo zezidakamizwa zezidakamizwa, noma izigwebo ezingekhona eziqinile, ziveza izivumelwano zezinhlanga zezinhlanga zezinhlanga, futhi zinciphisa inguquko zezinhlanga.

Indima Yomahluleli Nesigwebo Secala

Ukugwetshwa kuyicala elihlukile ngemva kokuqiniseka. Ngokuvamile akuyona into engokomthetho kunokuqulwa kwecala kodwa kusebuswa imithetho yobufakazi nenqubo. Indima yamahluleli iyinhloko.

Umbiko Wokucwaninga Kwangaphambi Kweminyaka Engamashumi Amabili

Emacaleni amaningi ayingozi, inkantolo iyala ukuba kuhlolwe ngaphambi kokuba kuvunyelwe umbiko wezemvume (PSI) olungiselelwe isikhulu sokuvuna. I-PSI iqukethe ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngecala, ubugebengu bommangalelwa nomlando wakhe siqu, isimo sezimali, kanye nemiphumela ezisulwini. Ingase futhi ihlanganise umusho otuswayo osekelwe eziqondisweni. I-PSI iyincwadi enzima ethonya kakhulu isinqumo somahluleli, nakuba ummangalelwa enelungelo lokubukeza nokubekela inselele okuqukethwe yiso.

Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yakho

Abahluleli banokukhetha okubanzi phakathi kwemithetho elawula icala, kodwa ukuthi ukwahlulela kuboshelwe umthetho nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umusho ongenakuqhathaniswa kakhulu nobugebengu ungase ubekelwe inselele njengesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-Eighth. Kumacala angewona amakhanda, leyondinganiso ayivamile ukuhlangatshezwa, kodwa ezimweni ezibulalayo ibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwesigwebo. Abahluleli kumelwe futhi bagweme ubandlululo, bacabangele zonke izici ezihlobene naso, futhi banikeze izizathu zesigwebo esigciniwe. Lokhu kuvuma ukubukezwa kwesigwebo uma isigwebo sigxekwa njengokungenangqondo.

Ukukhanga Nezindlela Zokwelapha Zangemva Komshado

Abavikeli banelungelo lokudlulisa icala, nakuba ukubukeza i - appellate kulinganiselwe.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Izikhangiso zigxila emaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa: amaphutha ekuvumeni noma ekususweni kobufakazi, iziyalezo ezingafanele zokwahlulela, ukuziphatha okubi kwabamangaleli, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, noma umusho owedlulayo noma osekelwe ekubaleni okunganembile. Izikhalo zingabekela inselele yecala elingakhonziwe ngokuzithandela noma elihlakaniphile ngempela.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Le nqubo iqala nge-[[FLT: 0] iphikisana ngokudluliswa kwecala. Inkantolo (iqembu elikhangayo) inikeza [ impikiswano emfushane[ ephikisana ngokuthi kungani inkantolo equlwayo yenza iphutha. Ukuqulwa kwecala (kakhulukazi ukuqulwa) kuphendula ngenkathi yako emifushane. Inkantolo ingase izwe izimpikiswano [[FLT:]]] ngaphambi kokukhipha umbono obhaliwe. Inkantolo ingakuqinisekisa ukuqiniseka ngecala, ibuye iguqule (uhlela ukuvinjelwa okusha noma ukunqanyulwa), noma ukuvala imipatozo engaphezulu. Inkantolo ephakeme ayivamile. Inkantolo ayivamile ibone ukuthi inkantolo iyalinyazisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ibuye ikhiphe ukuqulwa kwecala, noma ukuva ikhiphela isigwebo futhi intukuthelo. (ikhulu) futhi inkantolo esiyinhloko somthetho esingokomthetho sesibili asigunyaza.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezilandela I - post

Ngalé kokudlulisa izikhalo eziqondile, abamangalelwa bangafuna ukukhululeka [nge- izicelo ze-corpus, ezibekela inselele ubukho basemthethweni bejele labo. Izicelo ze Habeas zihilela ukuphulwa komthetho-mthethweni (umz., usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko) ezingaphakanyiswanga ngokudluliswa ekudluliseleni okuqondile. Imithetho ye-habeas iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyahlukahlukahluka-hlukene. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo ye-pastellaste ne-vition, hlola i-projectal, i-Invince Projectal ye-Promenti ye-FLT [[FLT]]

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuqinile Kobulungisa

Uhambo olusuka ekuceleni ukugwetshwa luwukuthatha isinyathelo esinzulu ekulinganiseni amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokuphishekela ubulungisa. Ukunxusa akulona nje igama; kuwukudela izivikelo eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo noma ukuqashelwa kwazo. Umthetho ufaka imvume, kuyilapho uphumelela, ufuna ukuqapha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mmangalelwa ophoqelelwe ukuba avume icala. Ukuphoqelelwa, isimemezelo sokugcina, ukubonisa imigomo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ephikisanayo, ukuvimbela icala, ukuvimbela ubugebengu esikhathini esizayo, ukuvikela umphakathi, nokunikeza indlela yokuhlenga. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akudingekile ezingochwepheshe abangokomthetho kuphela kodwa kubalulekile kubantu bonke abahlanganyela ekuphileni kwesimiso okumelwe balwe ukuba kube nokusebenza. Ngokulungisa izikhangiso ezisemkhankanyeni, singasiza ngokusekela izikhangiso ezinengqondo ngokwengeziwe, futhi sinikeze izinguquko ezizuzisayo ngobulungisa futhi sisekele isisekelo esingokomthetho. [Fellsnerner, uG.]