Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyisici esiyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi, siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zisekelwa ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka futhi kuvikelwe izakhamuzi. Izinqubo zamaphoyisa zifeza indima ebalulekile kulobu mthetho, ziqondisa indlela izikhulu ezisebenza ngayo nomphakathi futhi zifeze imisebenzi yazo. Lezi zinqubo azinawo amandla azimele; zisekelwe emithethweni engokomthetho, uma kuvela umthetho, nezimiso zobushiqela eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela amalungelo omthetho ngamunye. Kusukela ngesikhathi isikhulu siqala ukumisa ukuphethwa kwezimoto kuze kuphele isiphetho sokuphenya okuyinkimbinkimbi, isinyathelo ngasinye sibuswa ngemithetho efuna ukuqinisekisa ukulunga, ukulondeka, nokulandisa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujuqu kwezimiso zamaphoyisa ezimisa umthetho eUnited States, ukuhlola izinqubo zazo ezingokomthetho, ukuhlola izinhlelo ezingokomthetho, nokulungisa izinselele zazo ezingokwezimo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ukuqonda Izinqubo Zamaphoyisa

Izinqubo zamaphoyisa ziwumthetho omisiwe olandelwa izikhulu eziqapha umthetho ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho nesemthethweni. Lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho zivumela izikhulu ukuba zenze imisebenzi yazo ngokuphumelelayo. Zisebenzisa uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. ngqangongongowesi-wesine, wesihlanu, neziNguqulo zeshumi elinesithupha neshumi elinesine zeSigqizeko somthetho (ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni), izinqumo zenkantolo, nezimiso eziphethe. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zibalulekile kuwo womabili amaphoyisa nezindawo asebenza kuzo. Lapho izikhulu ziqonda ukuthi yini ekufuneka zenziwa, zingakhula. Izikhulu zezokuhlola, izinqubo ezicacile, imigaqo engokomthetho nokusizayo. Imithetho engokomthetho akuzange kunciphekelwe futhi inguquko, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezindawo eziphambili. Isibonelo seNkakhulu seNkakhulu yeNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkathi ye-Foctive. [2] [19] [19]

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zezinhlelo Zamaphoyisa

Imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho yakhiwe ezindaweni eziningana eziyisisekelo. Indawo ngayinye inezindinganiso zayo zomthetho nemikhuba emihle kakhulu izikhulu okumelwe ziyifunde lapho ziqeqeshwa futhi zisebenza ensimini. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziningiliza izici ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izindlela Zokuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kuwukuboshwa okungokomthetho komuntu ngenjongo yokuboshelwa icala. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba ukuboshwa kusekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu (/inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwa amaqiniso nezimo, ukuthi umsoli uye wenza noma wenza icala. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuboshwa: ngemvume ekhishwa umahluleli ofuze isifungo, noma ngaphandle kwemvume lapho isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma sibangela ukuba ubugebengu buvele. Noma kunjalo, izikhulu kumelwe zilandele izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuboshwa kungokomthetho futhi kuphephile.

Izinqubo zokubopha ezivamile zihlanganisa: ukuphawula okusolwayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kunembangela okungenzeka; ukumemezela ukuboshwa nokunyuselwa kwamacala; ukusebenzisa kuphela amandla adingekayo ukuze kuvinjelwe abasoleki; ukuvala ingemuva ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphunyuka; ukuphatha icebo lokufuna izikhali (funa isenzakalo sokuboshwa); nokuhambisa abasolwayo endaweni yokufaka incwadi. Esiteshini, abaphathi kumelwe baqede inqubo yokubhala ehlanganisa iminwe, ukuthwebula, nokubhala izakhiwo zempahla yomuntu siqu. Okubalulekile, izikhulu kumelwe zinikeze izixwayiso [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLD:1] ngaphambi kokuba kuqale noma yikuphi ukuphenywa kwemvume. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekukhipheni noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezisenziwayo., izikhulu zebhukwana kumelwe zikhombe imibiko, futhi zikhombe imibiko, futhi zisebenzise noma yiziphi izigwebo, noma yiziphi izikho ukubukeza.

Imithetho Yokufuna Nokungasasebenzi

Imithetho yokuhlola nokuthumba inquma ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kungasesha kanjani futhi nini umuntu, impahla, noma ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekufuneni okungacabangeli, okusho ukuthi izikhulu kumelwe zinamathele eziqondisweni ezithile. Umthetho ovamile uthi ukufuna kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu okungenzeka sikhishwe imajistala engathathi hlangothi. Imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi izinto zithathwe. Nokho, kunezinto eziningana ezingaziwa kahle ngaphandle kwemfuneko.

Ingxenye ejwayelekile ihlanganisa: isenzakalo sokufuna umuntu ngokuthanda ukubopha ngokusemthethweni , esivumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole umuntu oyisigebengu kanye nendawo eseduze efinyelelene; i-active seasense[[, lapho umuntu evuma khona ngokuzithandela ukuphenywa; [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[4]]] izimo ezihlukene, njengokuphishekela noma ukuqothulwa okuseduze kobufakazi; umbono ongachazeki [[FLT:]], lapho isikhulu sithola ubufakazi obusobala; [[FLT] kanye nenani elikhulu elivamile, futhi kungadingeka khona ukuba kutholakale imvume, futhi kutholakale futhi kutholakale imibiko eminingi kakhulu yezindlela.

Ukusetshenziswa Kweziqondiso Zamandla

Ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo kungesinye sezici ezihlolisiswa kakhulu ze-potopholic. Iziqondiso zibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa asebenzisa amandla anengqondo nadingekile lapho esebenzelana nabasolayo. Indinganiso engokomthetho ibekwa iNkantolo Ephakeme e Graham v. Connor[ [19989], ephethe ukuthi ukusebenzisa amandla kwahlulelwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso sesine "ukucabangela" indinganiso. Abaphathi kumelwe bacabangele ubungathwali obubobugebengu, ukuthi osolwayo usongo olusheshayo, futhi noma umcabalelwa uyamelana noma uyazama ukugwema ngokubha ngokundiza.

Ukusetshenziswa kwanamuhla kwezimiso zokuphoqa kugcizelela impoqo eqala ngokuba khona komphathi-mikhosi nemiyalelo yamazwi, kuhamba ezinhlwini ezinciphisweni (njengeziphakamisi, amabhanisi, noma isifutho sikapelepele), futhi kwandiswe emandleni abulalayo kuphela uma kudingekile. [ Amasu angaphambili [] amasu awe-amandla [[[FLT]] [awunyakazayo]] manje ayingxenye ephakathi yokuqeqesha. Abaphathi bafundiswa ukuhlisa izimo, ukwakha ibanga, futhi bacele isivikelo ukuze banciphise isidingo somfutho. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, izikhulu kumelwe zinikeze usizo olusheshayo, ukwazisa umqondisi, futhi umbiko ophelele. Iminyango eminingi idinga futhi ukusetshenziswa kwebhodi lokubukeza ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi isilinganiso sezimiso ze-Rhostmoted. Izindinganiso ze-National, njengoba kutusa i-Primentealstings, izinhlangano ze-Cemotions, i-Frectionalstst, i-omis, i-Fomist,

Izindlela Zokuxoxa

Amasu okuxoxisana abalulekile ekuqoqeni ukwaziswa okuvela kwabasolwayo lapho kubhekiswa emalungelweni abo omthetho-sisekelo. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ekuzixabaniseni, futhi iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Ukuvikela lamalungelo, izikhulu kumelwe zilandele imithetho ekhethekile. Itshe lembombo liyimfuneko yokukhipha izixwayiso Mardanda ngaphambi kwanoma ikuphi ukuphenywa kwemvume. Izixwayiso kumelwe zazise abasolwayo ukuthi banelungelo lokuthula, ukuthi noma yini abathi bangayisebenzisa, ukuthi banelungelo lokunikeza ummeli, nokuthi ummeli uyonikezwa uma bengenakukwazi ukukhokhela.

Ngemva kukaMiranda, osolwayo kumelwe awesule ngokuzithandela lamalungelo aziwayo futhi awenzile ngokuzithandela ukuze aqhubeke. Abaphathi baqeqeshelwe ukusebenzisa amasu athonya ingqondo kodwa angaqhubeki. IReid Technique, indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu, ihlanganisa izigaba ezintathu: ukuhlaziya okungokoqobo, ukuhlaziya kokuziphatha, nokuphenya ngemibuzo ye-computer, nokuncintisana. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokuvuma amanga kuye kwaholela eminyango eminingi ukuba igcizelele [[FLM] ukuphenya okungaqondakaliyo [ ukuhlanganisa zonke izicelo [[FLT]] kusukela ekuqaleni ukuqeda. Eqinisweni, ama-20 manje asho ukuthi ukuqamba ucingo lwemibuzo yezentamo yecala enkantolo eqashelwayo. Abaphathi baqeqeshelwe ukugwema izithembiso ze-empephonsiement, ukusongela, noma yiziphi izindlela zokuvuma ngokuzibophanga. Inqubo yokuphenyanisa inqubo engokomthetho iqala ukuhlanganisa ukuphenywa kwemibuzo.

Izimoto Ziyama

Ukuma kwezimoto kuphakathi kwezinqubo zamaphoyisa ezivame kakhulu, ezihlanganisa ukumisa imoto ngenxa yokusolwa kwemithetho yomgwaqo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe balandele imithetho emisiwe ukuze baqinisekise ukuphepha nokuqashelwa ngokomthetho. Ukuma okuvamile kuqala ngokubona ukwephulwa kwesikhulu esiphethe imoto (njengesidlali esibomvu, noma isibani esiphukile), bese bemisa izibani eziphuthumayo ukuze baphawule umshayeli ukuba aphume. Isikhulu sisondela emotweni ngokuqapha, ngokuvamile esiphuma ohlangothini lomshayeli, kuyilapho siqaphela izimoto nabagibeli bazo. Isikhulu sicela ilayisensele yomshayeli, ukubhalisa, nokuqinisekisa umshuwa, sichaza isizathu sokuma, futhi sinquma ukuthi sikhipha isixwayiso, noma siboshwe uma kusenze ubugebengu obungathi bukhona.

Ukuma kwezimoto kungaba ingozi kuwo womabili izikhulu nezakhamuzi, ngakho izinqubo zigcizelela ukuma kwemoto egadekile nge-engile (ongaphandle) ukuze zakhe indawo ephephile, ukugcina isandla esikhali, nokugada izandla zabahlala kuyo. I-racial profiding[[ ibaluleke kakhulu, iholele izifunda eziningi ukuba zisebenzise izimfuneko zemininingwane yokuhlola ukudiba. Izinkantolo zibophele izimoto zibambelele ekusolweni okunengqondo kokuphulwa kwezimoto futhi zingakwazi ukusheshintshwa ngaphezu kwesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kuphele izinjongo zokuma ngaphandle kokuba kuvele ukusola okunengqondo. Abaphathi bezenziwa ukuba bahlele futhi banciphise ukushukuma kwemizwa. Manje izikhungo zeqembu eziningi zisebenzisa izinkonzo zezimoto phakathi nokuhlola izinhlelo zomthetho. [Foctal provideal produal produal produces]

Ukubaluleka Kokuqeqesha Endleleni Yamaphoyisa

Ukuqeqeshwa kubalulekile kumaphoyisa ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ayaqonda futhi angazisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo izinqubo. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala ezikoleni zamaphoyisa kuhlanganisa umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho womthetho-mthetho, amaqhinga okuvikela, izibhamu, nemisebenzi yemoto ephuthumayo. Nokho, indawo ezungezile yanamuhla ifuna iqhubeke, ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ekuboneni okuqinisa ulwazi lwezenqubo futhi kuthuthukise amakhono abucayi okwenza izinqumo. Izezimali kulo lonke izwe zifaka imali elungiselelwe ukuqeqesha okungokoqobo [[ okuvumela izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, zisebenzise izinqubo zezenze, zisebenzise izinqumo, futhi zithuthukise ukungenela okubucayi endaweni ephansi ezungezile.

Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo zihlanganisa: ukuvuselelwa ngokomthetho ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezinguquko ezingokomthetho ezisemithethweni kamuva; ukukhulumisana namakhono okuqeda izingxabano; ukuqina ngokomzimba nokuzivikela ukuze kuqinisekiswe izikhulu zingasingatha izimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuzithemba ngamandla; futhi ukungenela kwezezinkinga zempilo nokuqaphela kwengqondo ukuze kusize kangcono abantu ababhekene nezinkinga zempilo. Isikhungo se-Policing Ecrective and the International Association of Apost Association system sy inikeza izimiso zobuko nokuqeqesha izinqubo ezingokonganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi manje banikeza ukuqeqeshwa ubandlululo olungokwezehlakazelelweyo nokuqeqeshwa okuqinile] nomthetho owenziwe ngokuqhubekayo ekuqondiseni. Ngaphandle kokuhlikiseka nokuqeqeshwa, izikhulu zingawa emuva emikhubeni noma ukukhohlise ukwethenjwa komthetho. Izelelwa komthetho womphakathi, futhi zisebenzisa izenzakalo ezicacile zezentengo yomphakathi, futhi ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngokusebenza ngokugqa, izimo zomphakathi, izimo zomphakathi, izimo ezi

Imithetho Yomphakathi Nethonya Layo Ezimweni Ezifanele

Amaphoyisa omphakathi agcizelela ukubambisana phakathi komthetho nomphakathi. Kunokuba abheke umphakathi njengabalaleli abangenzi lutho bemisebenzi yamaphoyisa, amaphoyisa omphakathi akhuthaza izikhulu ukuba zakhe ubudlelwane, zihlanganyele emisebenzini yomphakathi, futhi zisebenze nezakhamuzi ukuze zibone futhi zixazulule izinkinga zendawo. Lendlela ingathonya izinqubo zamaphoyisa ngokukhuthaza ukuthembana nokukhuthaza ukuhileleka komphakathi ekuthatheni izinyathelo zokuphepha. Uma izikhulu zibazi abantu ezikhonzayo, ziyosebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha nangokuxazulula izimo ngokwethukela.

Izinzuzo zobupolisa bomphakathi zihlanganisa: ukukhulumisana okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezakhamuzi, okwenza abantu bazimisele ukubika ubugebengu futhi babambisane njengofakazi; ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi ezimpikiswaneni zokuphepha, okuholela ekubeni kuphumelele kakhulu, ikhono lokusingatha izimbangela zobugebengu, njengokungahleleki noma ukuntuleka kwezinkonzo; nokuncipha kwezinga lokusebenza kobugebengu ngokwezinyathelo eziqhubekayo kunokuqiniswa kwemithetho elandelwayo. Izilinganiso zomphakathi ezingase zihlanganise ukugada kwezinyawo, iziteshi, iziteshi ezigcina izinyawo, imihlangano yasikhathi esiseduze, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zezenkonzo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango ungamukela [[FLT:] [[0] iprometic prozeromationtiontions [[FLT:] yezimiso zokusebenza.[FLT] [11], futhi kudinga izinqubo zokuthuthukisa inqubo yomphakathi (ukuhlola, ukuncintisana, ukuvumelana kwemishwa kwemidansiza, ukuncintiswa kwezentethelela kweze yezente yezentethe yezente eyizwe manje.], futhi kuhlanganisa iziyalezo yemiya

Izinselele Ekwelashweni Komthetho

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezimisiwe, ukugcinwa komthetho kubhekene nezinselele eziningana ezingathinta ukuphumelela kwazo. Lezi zinselele zidinga ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo nokushintshwa. Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukubona nokwethemba umphakathi [. Izenzakalo eziphezulu ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ziye zaqeda ukwethembana emiphakathini eminingi, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi yemibala. Lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni ukubambisana namaphoyisa, ukubika ubugebengu, kanye nokushukuma okukhulu phakathi nemicimbi. Izinhlangano zomthetho kumelwe zisebenze ukuvuselela ukubonakala okufanelekile, ukulandisa, nokuphatha ngokulunga.

Ezinye izinselele zihlanganisa: [ imithombo elinganiselwe kanye nokusekela imali [, okungavimbela ikhono lokuqeqesha izikhulu, ukuthenga imishini yesimanje enjengekhamera yendikimba, noma izisebenzi ezanele ukuvumela ukuba inqubo iqhubeke isebenza; [ ukuqina okukhulu kwezimo ezizungezile [[[[FLT:]] okunamandla okunamandla okubangela ukutubeka, ukuqoqa, ukuqoqa imibandela yempilo phakathi kwabaphathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaphutha ekwahluleleni; [[FLT:]] imithetho nezimiso ezidinga ukukhubazeka ngokushesha [[FLT:], njengoba izinguquko zamuva ekuhlonzeni okungokomthetho okuthinta izinqubo zokuhlola, noma ukuvikela kolwazi olusha okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezimiso zezimiso zomzimba, futhi izindleko zezindlela zomphakathi eziwusizo. [ngezikhathi eziningi] izindleko zezimiso zezimiso zomphakathi ezigciniwe ezisemkhanyiselwayo, izindleko zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso ezingokomthetho zezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, eziwusizo.[F] [enye izindleko zezindawo

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamaphoyisa Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buye babuyisela izinqubo zamaphoyisa ngezindlela ezijulile. Amakhamera eBody-worn [ aseyindinganiso eminyangweni eminingi, anikeza umlando oqondile wezimo zobudlelwane nokunciphisa izikhalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo kulawulwa ngezimiso ezilawula ukuthi amakhamera afanele asebenze nini (ngokufana nanoma imuphi umsebenzi wokusebenza) futhi akhululwe kanjani. Ikhamera ye-Dashboard [ ngokufanayo irekhodi yokuvala izimoto nokuphishekela izimoto. Ukwamukelwa kwala mathuluzi kuhlangene nokunciphiswa kwezikhalazo zezakhamuzi nokusetshenziswa kwezehlakalo-octive.

Imininingwane-enye yamathuluzi obupolisa, anjenge ibalazwe lokuhlola nokubikezela okungakhiyo , izinhlangano zisiza ukuba zinikeze imithombo yemali ngokunempumelelo. Nokho, kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuqhubekeka kobandlululo. [[[FLT:]] izinhlangano zeze-FLT] eziqalayo [[FLT:] ukungenela kobuntwana] eziqokomisa kakhulu izindlela zokulungisa [[FLT] izinqubo ezibonisa amasuntwezo kuziphatha okubangela inkinga. Okunye ukusungula kuhlanganisa izimpawu zempikiswanothi (iiiiindlela eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwemigqa yemigqa yemibhoshozo noma izikhala][Foctive]][7] izikhulu zezemishini yezethumbukwane, izikhali ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo ezimpompompomponi zezelelwayo, iziqondiso zezezenkambiso, izinhlangano zezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezezeze, iziphetho, izisekelo ezibonelo ezibonelo

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zamaphoyisa zibalulekile ekuqashelweni kwemithetho, nasekuvikelweni kwezakhamuzi. Zihlela uhlelo oluhleliwe oluqondisa izikhulu ekwenzeni izinguquko ezingokomthetho nemisebenzi engcono kakhulu kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo omthetho-mthetho futhi zikhuthaza ukuphepha. Ngokubopha nezindinganiso zokuhlola ukusebenzisa iziqondiso nokuphenya, inqubo ngayinye iye yamiswa ngomthetho, okuhlangenwe nakho, nokulindela komphakathi. Ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kuyadingeka ukugcina izikhulu zifundiswa ngezinguquko ezingokomthetho nangezenzo ezingcono. Imizamo yamaphoyisa isiza ekusizeni ibhulobe igebe phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho negebebelo, ukukhuthaza ukuthembana nokubambisana komphakathi. Kodwa izinselele zihlala zikhona (nesithiyo sezentethele ukuthenjelwa komphakathi, izimali, ukuvinjelwa, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi zanamuhla, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nokubekwa komthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho kungacwenga okuphumelelayo.