Ukuqonda Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Ngayo Phakathi Nezikhathi

Ukhetho lwe-midtment lumelela ukuhlelwa okubucayi esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika. Uma bethatha phakathi kwegama likamongameli leminyaka emine, baphinde bavule isimo somthetho ngokunquma ukuthi yimaphi amalungu anamandla eSishaya - mthetho. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwemiphakathi nokwenza umthetho kuqondile: ukuhlelwa kweNdlu yabameleli neSishaya-mthetho kulawula ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezikwehlisa izindleko, yiziphi izikweleti, yiziphi izikho eziba umthetho. Abaqondisi abaqonda lobu buhlobo bangahlaziya kangcono izigxaxathu ngasinye esiphakathi kwenkathi futhi babambe abamele abamele abameleli babo abakhethiwe. Le siqondiso siphula inqubo yokubekwa komthetho phakathi kwemikhawulo, sichaza indlela izinto eziphambili zemithetho ezishintsha ngayo, indlela amalungu amasha alawula ngayo, ukuthi yiziphi izikweleze noma ihluleka ngayo ukuphumelela.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kuyibhili Kuya EMthethweni

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole ithonya eliqondile lezikhathi eziphakathi, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela eyisisekelo isigwebo esithatha ngayo ukuze sibe umthetho.

Ukusungulwa Nokuthunyelwa

Iphepha liqala uhambo lwalo lapho ilungu leKhongolo leSishaya-mthetho lilethula eNdlu yabameleli noma eSigele. Umxhasi umane uyinxusa noma umxhumanisi onobuchwepheshe noma isithakazelo kulendaba. UBills angaqala kunoma yiliphi igumbi, nakuba umthetho ohlanganisa inzuzo kumelwe uqale eNdlu. Uma seliqalile, lolu mthetho luthola inombolo futhi lwabelwe ekomitini esekelwe endabeni yalo.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

AmaKomiti athola incazelo ebanzi kakhulu yomthetho. Ikomiti ngayinye isebenza ngokusemthethweni endaweni enjengezolimo, ukuhlangana kwamanye amazwe, noma ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. Phakathi nokubukeza kwekomiti, amalungu ezwa ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, izikhulu zezinhlangano, nabaphethe izikhungo. Bahlola ulimi lwemali, babheke imiphumela engalindelekile, futhi bahlolele ukulungisa. Amakomiti angavota ukudlulisa izivumelwano, ukuzenqaba, noma ukuzibeka eceleni. Izindleko eziningi azizenzi zidlule kulesigaba. Eqinisweni, amaphesenti angaphansi kweshumi emali engenisa intela afinyelela kuyivoti yesiteji.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma ikomiti ivumela isikweleti, singena egumbini eligcwele lengxoxo nokuvota. Endlini, impikiswano ilinganiselwa ngemithetho emiswe yiKomiti Yemithetho. ESigeqeni, inganwetshwa nge-monicbuster, idinga inani elingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu ukuba licele ukuvinjelwa futhi liphele impikiswano. Uma impikiswano iphela, amavota asegumbini lomthetho. Uma idlula, imvume idlulela kwelinye igumbi, lapho yonke inqubo iphinda khona.

Ukubuyisana Nesenzo Sobumongameli

Uma womabili amakamu edlulisa izimvume zesivumelwano esifanayo, kumelwe avumelane ukungefani ngekomiti yengqungquthela noma ngokushintshana. Uma ulimi olufanayo luvunyelwe yiyo yomibili indlu neSigele, umthetho uya kumongameli. Umongameli angawusayina emthethweni, ewuvumela, noma awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi. Umhlangano ungadlula i-veto neningi eliyisithathu kuwo womabili amakamu, nakuba lokhu kungavamile.

Indlela Ukukhetha Phakathi Kwezingxenye Okubuyisela Ngayo Ukubukeka Okuqinile

Ukhetho lwe-mistment luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, futhi banquma zonke izihlalo ezingu-435 eNdlu yabameleli cishe nezihlalo zeNkantolo eyodwa kwezintathu. Ngenxa yokuthi phakathi kwenzeka phakathi ngenkathi kamongameli, ngokuvamile basebenza njenge-arendum emsebenzini kamongameli ohleli. Ngokomlando, iqembu lomongameli livame ukulahlekelwa izihlalo phakathi naphakathi. Lolu shintsho lungaguqula uhlelo lwemithetho.

Ushintsho Ekulawuleni Iqembu

Ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu olungalethwa yizikhawu ukushintshwa kokulawula iqembu elilodwa noma zombili igumbi loMkhandlu. Uma ushintsho lwezihlalo zamakomiti, ukushintsha kwezihlalo, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nokugeleza kwezikweletu ngeKhongolo kungashintsha indlela. Umongameli owayenenhlangano ebambisanayo ngaphambili angabhekana nononya ngokungazelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwenkathi engu-2018, amaDemocrates aphinde alawula indlu, kuyilapho amaRepublicans ayephethe iSigele. Lo mbuso ohlukene washo ukuthi uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho lukaMongameli uTrump wabhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu. UBills wayedlula iNdlu ngokuvamile ivalelwe eSigeqeni, futhi la magumbi amabili ayelwa kanzima ukuvumelana ngomthetho omkhulu. Ngokungafani, izikhawu ezingu-20222 zaphumela eRepublican House inter ne-Démocratic Servery, futhi aphinde akha uhulumeni ohlukene owehlukanisa umthetho owenziwa.

Ukuhola KweKomiti Nokumiswa Kwayo

Ama-midters nawo abuye ahole amakomiti. Iqembu elilawula ikomiti ngayinye likhetha izihlalo zekomiti futhi linqume ukuthi zingaba ngamalungu amaningi ekomitini ngalinye. Abahlali banamandla amakhulu okunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuzwakala nokuvota. Ushintsho oluningi lusho izihlalo ezintsha ezinezimiso ezihlukile. Ikomiti ngaphambili eyayigxile ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile ingahlotshaniswa nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho noma ukuzimela ngemva kokuhamba kwenkathi ephakathi.

Amalungu Asanda Kuzalwa Nezinto Ezintsha Eziza Kuqala

Phakathi nenkathi kuvela iqembu labameleli nabameleli abasanda kukhethwa. Lamalungu asanda kuzalwa ngokuvamile afika nezithembiso ezithile zomkhankaso kanye nemigomo yezimiso. Angase azise izikweleti ezindabeni ezakha izikhankaso, njengenguquko yezempilo, ukufuduka, noma inqubo yentela. Nakuba amalungu asanda kuthakazela enamandla alinganiselwe, isigaba esikhulu esihlangene samalungu angathonya futhi alungise uhlelo lwezimemezelo zomthetho. Amaphakathi ka-2018 aletha inani eliqoshiwe labesifazane nababezokulwa eSishaya iSishaya - mthetho, abaningi babo abafaka phambili ekwakheni amalungelo okuvota kanye nezenzo zesimo sezulu.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithonya Umthetho Phakathi Nezikhathi Eziphakathi Nezikhathi

Ukuqonda lezi zici kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani ezinye izikweleti ziphumelela kuyilapho ezinye zihlupheka.

Ukulawula Iqembu Nobunye Obungokomthetho

Ukulawula isigaba kuyisici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni imiphumela yemithetho. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula kokubili amagumbi oMkhandlu nomongameli, linamandla okukhipha umthetho omkhulu ngokushelela okukhulu, uma nje lilondoloza ubunye bangaphakathi. I-Afford Care Act ngo-202017 ne-The Trust Cuts ne-Jobs Act iyizibonelo zemithetho ebalulekile ebekwe ngaphansi kokulawulwa kweqembu. Uma ukulawulwa kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamagumbi noma phakathi kwe-Congress Congress nomongameli, umthetho omkhulu ufuna ukubambisana kwe-bipartistan, okuyinto engavamile kakhulu kwezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokucindezela Okunamandla

Ama-Midter athuthukisa ithonya lombono womphakathi kubenzi bomthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi wonke amalungu endlu namalungu amaningi ocingo abhekene nokukhethwa eminyakeni emibili, bayiqaphela kakhulu imibono yabo. Abenzi bomthetho bathambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni umthetho othandwayo futhi bagweme amavoti aphikisanayo angawalimaza ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Lokhu kungasiza futhi kuvimbele ukumiswa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhathalela komphakathi okukhulu ngezomnotho kungaphoqelela uKhongolo ukuba luthathe izinyathelo ezishukumisayo ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpikiswano ezihlukanisa kakhulu ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu noma ukulawulwa kwezikhali zingagwenywa njengoba abalungisi bomthetho begwema ukuthatha izikhundla ezingasehlela ekuvoleni u-vocilo.

Ukuhola Nezokugcina Amasango EKomiti

Izihlalo zamakomiti zinegunya lokuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukubiza ofakazi, nokunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweletu ikomiti yabo engazicabangela. Isihlalo esimelene nemali singayibulala ngokuphumelelayo ngokwenqaba ukuyiletha ekuvotelweni. Phakathi naphakathi, isimiso sekomiti siba indawo elwayo yabathathi-mfuno abathatha imingcele. Iqembu elikhulu lisebenzisa ukuhola kwekomiti ukuze liqhube izigijimi zalo, kuyilapho iqembu elincane lisebenzisa amathuluzi okubhala izindleko ukuze linciphise noma livimbele umthetho.

Ukumiswa Kwesimiso Sobumongameli

Isikhundla sikamongameli somthetho sinesisindo esikhulu. Omongameli bangasebenzisa ipulpiti eliqinela umphakathi ukuze basekele izikweletu, baxoxe ngokuqondile nabaholi bobubhishobhi, futhi basongele abaholi ukuba bavimbele umthetho abawuphikisayo. Phakathi naphakathi naphakathi, inhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe ivame ukuba seqophelweni layo ngemva nje kokukhetha noma ukuncipha ngemva kokuphazanyiswa. Umongameli obhekene neSishaya-Mkhandlu esinenzondo angase aphendukele eziyalweni zezikhulu nasezenzweni zokuphatha ukuze afeze izinhloso zemithetho, aphunyule inqubo yemithetho yezehluleke ngokuphelele.

Imithetho Yesigele Nesigebengu

KuyiSigele, i-finbuster iyithuluzi elinamandla elinganciphisa noma livimbele umthetho. Ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje, umthetho omningi udinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze aqede impikiswano futhi aqhubekele kumavoti okugcina. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nabaningi abambalwa kwabangu-51 abanama-senester bangase bangakwazi ukudlulisa umthetho uma iqembu elincane lihlangene. I-monilbuster ibaluleke kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi lapho ukulawulwa kweSigele kungasuka khona ngesihlalo esisodwa noma ezimbili kuphela. Imizamo yokuguqula noma ukuqeda i-Renabuster ithola ukunakekela eminyakeni yamuva, kodwa izinguquko ezinjalo ngokwazo zidinga ukuvota okukhulu, zidala inselele.

Izinkathi Ezingokomlando Ezashintsha I - agenda Engokomthetho

Ukuhlola okhethweni lwangesikhathi esidlule kwembula ukuthi le mincintiswano inethonya elikhulu ekubekeni imithetho.

Izikhawu Zango - 2010 Nokukhula Kwe - grid block

Izikhawu zonyaka ka-2010 zenzeka ngemva komthetho we-Democrates Care Affordble Act ne-Dodd-Franks ikwedlula umthetho wokuguqula ngokwezimali. Izincwadi, zikhungathekiswe ukubuya kancane kokulungisa kwezomnotho, zanikeza amaRepublica alawula iNdlu. Amaningi amasha agxila ngokushesha ekulungiseni i-Affordcable Care Act, ephethe amavoti amaningi okulahla umthetho. Nakuba iSigele noMongameli Obama bevimbele imizamo, izinhlelo zendlu zaqala ngokuphelele ukuqondisa nokuphikiswa. Izinyathelo ezinkulu zemithetho yomthetho zabekwa eqenjini kahulumeni obehhlwini lwe-Obama.

Izikhathi Eziphakathi Nezikhathi Zokubusa Nohulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi Ngo - 2018

Phakathi kuka-2018 kwaphinde kwatholakala amaDemocrates e-Derpartant ephinde athola iNdlu kuyilapho amaRepublicans endisa iningi lawo. Umphumela waba iSishaya-mthetho esihlukene esasizama ukudlulisa umthetho obalulekile. Indlu yadlulisa izikweleti zezesisekelo, amalungelo okuvota, nokunakekela impilo, kodwa iSigele senqaba ukuzithatha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iSigele saqinisekisa okwahlulela, kuhlanganise nabahluleli ababili abaPhakemende eliPhakeme, kuyilapho iNkathi Ephakeme, i House yamisa ukumangalela umongameli uTrump. Lenkathi yabonisa indlela imiphumela yaphakathi ekwazi ngayo ukubuyisela amandla ekwakhelweni ekwakhelweni nasengxandeni.

Ama - 2022 Aphakathi Nezikhathi Zokubuya Kukahulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi

Ama-2022 phakathi nenkathi engu-202 aveza iningi elincane leRepublic eNdlu ngesikhathi amaDemocrates ehlala elawula iSigele. Lokhu kwaphinde kwadala isimo esinzima somthetho omkhulu. UMongameli Biden's ahlela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukukhipha izikweleti kwabafundi, nokuchitha imali engokwenhlalo kwabhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu eNdlu. Iningi elisha lagxila ekupheni nasekuthumeleni izikweletu ezikweletini ezisemngceleni nasemalini yokuchitha imali esetshenziswa kuhulumeni kunokushintsha inqubo. Izikhathi zaphakathi kuka-20222 zaqinisa indlela yokuhlukaniswa kukahulumeni owehlukanisa izikwelenze i-proglock.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Phakathi Nenkathi Yaphakathi Nezikhathi

Inkathi eholela okhethweni phakathi nenkathi ethile nezinyanga ezilandelayo ngokushesha ziphawulwa abaphathi bemithetho abavelele.

Umsebenzi Womthetho Wangaphambi Kokhetho

Ezinyangeni ezingaphambi kokhetho lwaphakathi, uMkhandlu ngokuvamile usebenzela ukumisa umthetho amalungu angawusho njengofezi emkhankasweni. Lokhu kubangela ukucindezela kokudlulisa izikweletu ezithandwayo ezindabeni ezinjengentengo yezidakamizwa ezigunyaziwe, izinzuzo zochwepheshe, noma isisekelo semisebenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungu angagwema amavoti aphikisanayo angasetshenziswa ngokumelene nawo ekukhankasweni komkhankaso. Lokhu kungaholela ekuqhutshekiseleni komsebenzi ekuqaleni konyaka wokhetho olandelwa ukuncipha kwenani likaNovember ukusondela.

Iziqephu ze-Lame-Duck

Ngemva kokhetho kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iSishaya-Mkhandlu esisha sihlangane, kwenzeka isimiso sokukhubazeka. Phakathi nalenkathi, amalungu aphumayo asalokhu ehlala futhi angavota emthetho. Iziqephu ze-Lame-duck zikhiqize umthetho omkhulu, njengokwenezelwa kwentela ngo-2020 CHOVAD-19. Lezi zinhlelo zingaba nezifeza kodwa futhi zibe nempikiswano, njengoba abavoti sebekhiphe isahlulelo sabo ekwenzeni kwamanye amalungu.

Izinsuku Eziyikhulu Zokuqala Zenhlangano Entsha

Uma i-Congress entsha imisa ngo-January ngemva kokhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi, izinsuku zokuqala eziyikhulu zimisa indlela yokusebenza eminyakeni emibili ezayo. Iqembu elikhulu lihamba ngokushesha ukuqhubekisela phambili izikweleti zalo eziphambili, limise izabelo zamakomiti, futhi liqinise izigijimi zalo. Kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezisanda kugunyazwa, lenkathi inikeza ithonya elikhulu ngaphambi kokuba umjikelezo wokhetho olandelayo uqale ukubusa izibalo.

Ukuqonda Indima Yokuzitika Neqembu Elinesithakazelo

Amaqembu anezithakazelo agxile kakhulu enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, futhi ithonya lawo libonakala ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi ezithile.

Indlela Ukubopha Okubukeka Ngayo

I-lobysts imelela izithakazelo eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinkampani ezithakazelelwayo, izinkampani zezohwebo, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, amaqembu ezisebenzi, nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Banikeza abenzi bomthetho ukwaziswa, ubuchwepheshe, neminikelo yomkhankaso. Phakathi naphakathi, umsebenzi okhuthazayo uvame ukuqina njengoba amaqembu efuna ukuthonya amalungu amasha akhethweyo nokuhlela uhlelo lwezimemezelo zomthetho. Ababheki abaphumelelayo basiza ekuhleleni izimemezelo zolimi, ukuhlukanisa amaqembu, futhi bakha ukusekela umphakathi ngemikhankatho yezindaba.

Indima Yamakomiti Ezenzo Zezombangazwe

I-Political Action Committee (ama-PAC) iphakamisa futhi isebenzise imali ukuze isekele abazosebenza abavumelana nezithakazelo zabo. Phakathi nenkathi ephakathi, ukhetho luka-PAC luthela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi emikhankasweni, ekukhangiseni, nasekukhipheni izivumelwano. Ngemva kokhetho, lamaqembu alindele ukufinyelela kubenzi bomthetho nokucabangela okuhle izinqumo zawo eziza kuqala. Ukuhlobana phakathi kweminikelo yomkhankaso nemiphumela yomthetho kuyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo, kodwa ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abanikeleyo banethonya elingenakulinganiswa naka nemali ethola ukunakekela futhi yiziphi izindleko ezinganakwayo.

Umnyango Ojikelezayo

Abenzi bemithetho abaningi nezisebenzi eziphethe bahamba phakathi kwenkonzo kahulumeni nemisebenzi eqashelwayo. Lomnyango ojikelezayo usho ukuthi ababengamalungu oKhongolo-kahulumeni kanye nezinsiza zabo baletha ulwazi olujulile lwenqubo yomthetho emsebenzini wabo wokunxusa. Bayazi ukuthi yimaphi amakomiti okumelwe abekwe kuwo, yimaphi amalungu anamandla okukholisa, nokuthi angawasebenzisa kanjani amathikithi okulawula imingcele. Umnyango owehlayo uphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi inqubo yomthetho ifeza isithakazelo somphakathi noma izithakazelo zabangaphakathi abaxhunyiwe kahle.

Izindawo Eziwusizo Zokuthutha Imali

Ukhetho lwe-mistment lungaphezu nje kokuba i-paresion kumongameli ohleziyo. Bayithuba eliqondile lokuba abavoti bahlele isiqondiso sokwenza umthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole abazothatha i-stade, zihlole amapulatifomu azo, futhi zibanze balandise ngemva kokhetho.

Abaqondisi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu alawula igumbi ngalinye, yiziphi izabelo zekomiti, futhi lapho abazobhapathizwa bemi khona ezindabeni ezinkulu. Kufanele baqaphele izimpawu zikahulumeni ohlukene ongase uholele ekuhlelekeni noma, ngokuhlukile, ukulawula okunobunye okuvumela ushintsho olusheshayo lwenqubo. Ngokulandela izenzo zamalungu asanda kukhethwa phakathi nezinyanga zabo zokuqala ehhovisi kunikeza ifasitela eziza kuqala zeqembu elikhulu.

Okokugcina, abavoti bangahlanganyela ngokuqondile ngokuthintana nabameleli babo, ngokuya emahholo asemadolobheni, nangokusekela izinhlangano ezilandela umsebenzi wokushaya umthetho. Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ingase ibonakale ikude futhi iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isabela ekucindezeleni kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezithembisiwe. Okhetho lwaphakathi kwamapulaneti luyithuba elivamile nelinamandla kakhulu lokusebenzisa lokho kucindezela.

Isiphetho

Okhetho lweMicter bahlela indlela eyisisekelo yokwenza imithetho e-United States. Ngokunquma ukubalwa kweqembu le-Congress, ukuthonya ukuhola kwamakomiti, nokusungula amalungu amasha aneziza kuqala ezintsha, izikhawu zaphakathi zimise uhlelo lwemithetho eminyakeni emibili ezalandela. Inqubo yokuguqula umthetho ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi, ngamunye uthambekele ethonyeni lezombangazwe, ukulawula kwemiqondo, nokucindezela kwangaphandle. Abaqondisi abaqonda lamandla bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo kokhetho nokusekela izimiso ezisekelayo. Ukhetho olulandelayo luzophinde luhlole indlela izilinganiso zesimiso se-Melika ezimelelayo, ukulandisa, ukuphatha nokubusa okuphumelelayo.