Indima yokuqapha umthetho emphakathini wentando yeningi kokubili isisekelo futhi igcwele ukucindezeleka. Nakuba umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaphoyisa kuwukulondoloza ukuhleleka, ukuvikela ukuphila nempahla, nokuphoqelela imithetho ebekwe abameleli abakhethiwe, basebenza phakathi kwesimiso esifuna ukulandisa, ukuvezana, nokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokungafani nemibuso ephethe ngokuphoqelela lapho amaphoyisa esebenza njengamathuluzi okulawula umbuso, ukugcinwa komthetho wentando yeningi kuphumela ekuvumeni kwawo okulawulwa yibo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele komthetho owe-accomplist ̱ imisebenzi, izakhiwo zayo zokulandisa, isayensi yomphakathi, izinselele zomphakathi, izinselele zamanje, nendlela ephambili yesimiso sobulungisa esisekela izindinganiso zentando yentando yeningi.

Izisekelo Zomthetho Eziphoqelelwa Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Kuyintando yeningi, izinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho azingaphezulu komthetho; ziboshwe yiwo. Lesi simiso, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-̴ ukulawulwa ngaphansi komthetho, i-̵ siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile, imingcele yemithetho engokomthetho, nokwengamela. Igunya lokuphoqelela imithetho lihlangene nomsebenzi wokuhlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuvikelwa ekufuneni okungacabangeli, kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Umehluko phakathi kwamaphoyisa entando yeningi namaphoyisa abusa ngempoqo ayiyona nje ifilosofi. I-democratic policy igcizelela ukusebenza komphakathi, kuyilapho amaphoyisa acindezela ngempoqo esebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukuze acindezele ukungavumelani. Isici esiyinhloko sokugcinwa komthetho wedemokrasi ukwahlukana kwemibuso: igatsha eliphethe (ngamaphoyisa nabashushisi) limisa imithetho, igatsha lemithetho liyichaza, futhi inqubo yamaphoyisa alawulayo igcizelela ukusebenza kwayo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kusebenza njengesehlakalo ekusebenziseni kabi okungase kubekwe futhi kunikeze izakhamuzi inqubo yokubekela inselele inselele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zentando yeningi zidinga izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho ukuba zisebenze ngendlela esobala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunyathelisa izinqubo, ukulondoloza imishini egunyaziwe, ukugcina iziteshi zivuliwe ngemithombo yezindaba, nokuzithoba ekwangameleni kwezakhamuzi. U.S. uMnyango we- Justice of Community Policision Services (COPS Office) ugcizelela ukuthi ukufaneleka kwamaphoyisa kuxhomeke ekwahluleleni okusemthethweni, ekufezeni izinqumo, nasekuphatheni ngokuthembeka kwazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho Ephoqelelwe

Imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokugcinwa komthetho embusweni wentando yeningi miningi, kodwa ingahlanganiswa ibe imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile.

Ukuvimbela Ubugebengu Nokuwohloka Kwesimilo

Abagada abasebenza ngokuzikhandla, ukuthembisana umphakathi, nokuba khona kwamaphoyisa abonakalayo kuhlose ukunqanda ubugebengu ngaphambi kokuba buvele. Nokho, ukuvimbela kumelwe kulinganiswe nengozi yokungabusebenzisi kakhulu omakhelwane abathile. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izindlela ezihlongozwayo, zokuhlola ukwaziswa zinganciphisa ubugebengu ngaphandle kwemiphakathi ehlukene, uma nje zisetshenziswa ngokubonana nokuziphendulela. Izinhlelo ezinjengo Hot Spots Policing zithembele ekudweni kobugebengu futhi ziye zabonisa ukwehla okulula ebugebengwini uma zisetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo.

Ukuphenya Nobulungisa Bobugebengu

Uphenyo luhlanganisa ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuxoxa nofakazi, nokusola. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, imithetho yobufakazi iqinile: ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho bungakhishwa enkantolo. Lokhu kuvikela, okufakwe eSichibiyelweni sesine e-United States, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphoyisa awayidluli inqubo efanelekile. Izindlela zobuPhinigati ziye zavela ngobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nesayensi yezesayensi, i-akhawunsic, nokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa. I-Actression kumelwe ihlale iqeqeshelwe ukuvuselela ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zenkantolo zokungaguquguquki.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokuhleleka

Abaphathi bamisa imithetho esukela emithethweni yezimoto kuya kweyamagqubu. Kodwa ukuphoqelelwa akuyona inqubo engokomthetho; akudingeki ukuba kuqashelwe. i-democratic policy iqaphela ukuthi akukhona konke ukwephula umthetho okufuna ukusabela okungokomthetho, nokuthi ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amaqembu abantu kubalulekile ukuze kube ngokomthetho. Ukungavumelani nokugcinwa kwamalungelo, ikakhulukazi kanye nokunye okuhambisana nobuhlanga, kululaza ukwethembana futhi kuholele ekufuneni inguquko.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nokusabela Ngokuphuthumayo

Amaphoyisa avame ukuba abokuqala ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kuhlanganise nezingcingo zezokwelapha, izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nezinsongo ezisebenzayo. Lomsebenzi ubeka izikhulu ezizindima ezingase zikhonzwa kangcono abanye ochwepheshe, njengezinkinga zempilo. Iminyango eminingi manje isebenzelana nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle noma i-emedb I-Crisnis Internation Teams [CIT) ukuze iphambukise abantu abathile ekuphumeni ejele kuya ekwelashweni.

Imishini Eyolandisa Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Icala i - linchpin ehlukanisa ukugcinwa komthetho wentando yeningi kusetshenziswa kwempoqo. Ngaphandle kwezinqubo eziqinile zokuthi izikhulu nezinhlangano ziyolandulelwa umphakathi, ukuthembana kuyancipha futhi ukubusa komthetho kuyantengantenga.

Ukulandisa Kwangaphakathi

Izindawo zezindaba zangaphakathi ziphenya izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi, amandla eqile, ukonakala, nokuphulwa kwezimiso. Ngokufanelekile, lamaqembu asebenza ngokwawo phakathi komnyango. Nokho, ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukucwaninga kwangaphakathi ngokuvamile kuphumela ekutheni isijeziso siphansi, okuholela ekubizeni ukuba kuqashwe ngaphandle.

Ukuphatha Kwezakhamuzi

Amabhodi ahlolayo noma amabhodi azimele anikeza ukuhlola okungaphandle ekuziphatheni kwamaphoyisa. Amandla awo ayahlukahluka: ukubukeza nokutusa isiyalo, kanti amanye anamandla angaphansi kwempondo futhi angaphoqelela izinguquko zenqubo. Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxhaswa kwemali eyanele, ukutholakala kokwaziswa, negunya langempela. Amadolobha anjenge San Francisco ne Los Angeles asenesikhathi eside eholi bebuswa abaholi bezwe abathonyele izindinganiso zesizwe.

Ukuphatha Nokwahlulela Kwabantu

Izinkantolo zinendima enzima ngemithetho yokuzihlukanisa, ukumangalelwa kwemithetho yomphakathi (jengesibonelo, icandelo 1983 lisho ku-U.S.), kanye nezimiso zokuvuma. UMnyango woMahluleli uye wasebenzisa uphenyo olufanayo ukuze uphoqelele izinguquko eminyangweni ekhathazekile, njengoba kubonakala e-Forguson, Missouri, naseMnyango Wamaphoyisa eChicago. Imithetho yemvume idinga izinguquko zenkantolo ezigunyaziwe ezimisweni, ukuqeqeshwa, nokuqondisa.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nemininingwane

Umbiko womphakathi wezibalo zobugebengu, ukusebenzisa izenzakalo eziphoqelelwe, ukuma, nokuboshwa kwenza ukuba izintatheli, abacwaningi, namaqembu omphakathi bakwazi ukuqondisa. I-FBI̱ i-Victal Crime Reporting neNational Use-of-Force Colle Trime Account iyizinyathelo eziholela ekubonakaleni kwesizwe, nakuba ukuhlanganyela kuyizinto zokuzithandela nezingaphelele. Ulwazi olungcono lubalulekile ekutholeni ukuhlukanisa nokuhlaziya imizamo yenguquko.

Ukubhekisisa indima yobubonisi, Brennan Center yeJaji inikeza imithombo emikhulu yezokulandisa kwamaphoyisa nokuguqula ukwakhiwa.

Ukuphatha Umphakathi Njengomuntu Onentando Yeningi

Amaphoyisa omphakathi awawona nje amasu; ayifilosofi elungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezakhamuzi. Kunokuba abheke umphakathi njengabathunjwa bomthetho abangenzi lutho, amaphoyisa omphakathi aphatha izakhamuzi njengezisebenzi ezilondekile zomphakathi. Le ndlela ibalulekile kumaphoyisa entando yeningi ngoba akha ukubambisana okusemthethweni, akhuthaza ukubambisana, futhi anciphisa ukwesaba.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Somphakathi

  • [ Isabelo sonombolo-zwe:[ izikhulu zabelwa ezindaweni ezithile eziseduze isikhathi eside, zivumela ukuba zakhe ubuhlobo futhi ziqonde izinto ezikhathazayo zendawo.
  • Iproblem-Somet: Ngaphandle kokusabela ezingcingweni, izikhulu zisebenza nezakhamuzi nezinhlangano zendawo ukuxazulula izimo ezisezicini eziholela ebugebengwini, njengezakhiwo ezilahliwe, ukusebenzisa kabi izinto ezidakayo, noma ukuntula ukukhanya.
  • [ I-commony Information: imihlangano yasikhathi sonke, imikhandlu yezembulo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwenza izakhamuzi zibe nezwi ekuhleleni izinto eziza kuqala futhi zihlole ukusebenza kwazo.

Ubufakazi Bokuphumelela

Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi anganciphisa ukwesaba ubugebengu, athuthukise isimo sengqondo ngamaphoyisa, futhi anciphise ngesizotha ezinye izinhlobo zobugebengu uma zithathwa ngokuthembeka. Umbiko we-National Institute of Justice uqokomisa ukuthi amaphoyisa asekelwe ekuthembekeni aholela ekuzimiseleni okukhulu phakathi kwezisulu kanye nofakazi ukuba bambisane, okubalulekile ekuxazululeni ubugebengu.

Nokho, amaphoyisa omphakathi adinga ukugcinwa kwemali, ukushintsha kwempucuko phakathi kweminyango, nokushintsha kwezindlela ezimvuzayo ezibopha labo abanomvuzo. Uma kuqashelwa, kungaba nemiphumela ebuhlungu, kushiye imiphakathi inomuzwa ongazwiwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kudinga ukuhola nokulandisa ngazo zonke izinga.

Izinselele Zomthetho Wangesikhathi Esidlule Ezibhekene Nokuphoqelelwa

Izinhlangano zentando yeningi zilwa ngokuqhubekayo nombango phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukusetshenziswa kokuqashelwa ebusweni, ukuqashelwa kwelayisense, ama-drones, kanye nokubikezela imithetho yamaphoyisa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu okuyimfihlo. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukuqapha kumelwe kubuswe imithetho ecacile elinganisela ukuqapha, idinga ukuqapha, nokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kokwaziswa. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa, lamathuluzi angahlasela ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi emincane futhi akhulume ngenkululeko ebandayo. Amadolobha amaningana aye avimbela noma abeke imingcele esemthethweni yokuqashelwa kobuso, futhi izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zihlola ukuqashelwa komthetho womthetho wokuhlola okungenamvume.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamaphoyisa Empi

Ukudluliselwa kwemishini yokuqondisa amaphoyisa empi kusuka ngawo-1990 kuye kwaba indawo ebanzi kusukela ngo-1990. Impikiswano yokukhomba ukuphepha kwesikhulu nesidingo sokusabela kubadubuli abasebenzayo noma ubuphekula. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemishini ikhuthaza isimo sengqondo sempi, ukubhebhethekisa, nokuhlanganisa imiphakathi. Uhlelo lwe 1033, oluvumela amaphoyisa ukuba athole impahla eningi yezempi, luye lwashintshwa kodwa lusalokhu lunempikiswano.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nokusebenzisa Amandla

Amashumi eminyaka okwaziswa kwembula ukwahluka okungathi sína kokuma, ukuphenya, ukuboshwa, nokusetshenziswa kwegunya. Ukufa kukaGeorge Floyd, Brenna Taylor, kanye nabanye abaningi kwabangela ukubhikisha kwembulunga yonke kanye nezidingo ezivuselelwe zokushintsha kwezimiso. Ukusingatha lezi zimo ezihlukene akudingi nje ukuqeqeshwa okungcono nokuncitshiswa kodwa futhi nokuhlolwa okunzima kwemithetho nezimiso ezifaka amandla amaningi. Iminyango eminingi iye yamukela izimiso ezigcizelela ukusetshenziswa kobungcwele nobungcwele bokuphila, kodwa iyaqhubeka ingenakuvumelani.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokungabi Nakhaya

Amaphoyisa avame ukusebenza njengabathathi-mdlandla bezempilo yengqondo, indima abavame ukuqeqeshwa ngayo. Umphumela ungabangela inhlekelele: abantu abasosizini bayalimala noma babulawe phakathi nobunzima obungase busingathwe kangcono abasebenza ngemitholampilo. Amaqembu asabela ngenkinga esheshayo, amasampula ashukumisayo, nokuqeqeshwa okubhekene nezinhlekelele ezibucayi kuyanda, kodwa ukusekela imali nokubambisana kusenezinselele. Ukudlulisa izingcingo ezifanele kuwuphawu lomphakathi wentando yeningi obheka ukugcinwa komthetho.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nezimpikiswano Zohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Iminyango eminingi ibhekana nokwehluleka ukuphatha imali nokuncintisana kwezinto eziza kuqala. I-“ i-defound i-popul ̵ umzabalazo, nakuba ngokuvamile ungaqondwa kahle, uye waletha ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi amaphoyisa asebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yokusetshenziswa kukamasipala kuyilapho izinkonzo zezenhlalo zingahlelekile. Ukucabanga ngemithwalo yemfanelo yamaphoyisa kanye nemithombo yemali edinga usizo yangempela kubaphendula ngenye inhlekelele kungukuthambekela okukhulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Imali ekholwe yi-Crethiotives [FLT]] ifaka uphenyo olubhaliwe ekuhlolweni okubhaliwe emadolobheni njenge Denver ne Austin lapho abaphendulayo besingatha khona izingcingo zocingo ezingezo ezingezo zobudlova.

Ikusasa Lokuphatha Ngentando Yeningi

Izinhlangano zentando yeningi kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo sokuhleleka ngokuvikelwa kwamalungelo, futhi umthwalo walokho kulinganisela uncike ngokulinganayo ngokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, abenzi bezimiso nomphakathi.

Ukuwohloka Nokuqeqeshwa

Ukuqeqeshwa kwanamuhla kugcizelela ukuhlaziywa kwe-exansis, ukucwasana okuphelele, ukungenela kwenhlekelele, nokuvivinya okusekelwe ezimweni ezingokomphumela. Ukucwaninga kwezezimo okungokobuPholi uForum (PERF) kuye kwasungula uhlelo lwezimiso zokulingisa, kuhlanganise ne “ 30 Guiding Principles ” ukusetshenziswa ngamandla. Lezindinganiso zisetshenziswa yizinhlangano kulo lonke izwe, kodwa ukuqeqeshwa kumelwe kuqhubekelwe futhi kuqiniswe ngesiqondiso nesiyalo.

Ubuhlobo Bobulungisa Obumisiwe

Ukugcinwa komthetho kungasekela izinhlelo zokulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa ezisusa izaphula-mthetho ezisezingeni eliphansi esimisweni somthetho. Iziyingi, i-media, nezivumelwano ezilandelanayo zingalungisa ukulimala ngaphandle kokuhlazisa abantu noma ukubopha abantu abaningi. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangafeza indima ekuhlukaniseni amacala afanele ukuzilibazisa nokubambisana nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini.

Ukubona Imininingwane Ngokucace Nokulandisa

Njengoba ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane kuthuthuka, ukubonakala komzimba kuyokwenza inguquko. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera okuzimela, abafundi belayisense, kanye nezingodo zokuthumela ezincencedwa ngecomputer kumele kuhlanganiswe ngokuvunyelwa umphakathi nokuhlaziywa. Izikhulu ezivumela ukuba zibukeze izinyawo ngaphambi kwemibiko yokubhala kufanele ziphinde zihlolwe ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho obusobala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso ezixwayisayo zakudala ukuthi izikhulu zefulegi ezinezikhalo eliphezulu lokukhononda noma ukusebenzisa amandla kungavimbela izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zikhule.

Ukubuyisela Indima Yamaphoyisa

Abanye ochwepheshe baphikisa ngokuthi amaphoyisa kufanele akhiphe imithwalo yemfanelo esingathwa kangcono abanye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphoqelelwa kwezimoto ngenxa yeziphambeko ezincane, ukujeziswa kwesikole, nokugula ngengqondo kungadluliselwa ezinhlanganweni ezivamile. Le-#820;unbundling ̵ yomsebenzi wamaphoyisa ingakhulula izikhulu ukuba zigxile ebugebengwini obukhulu kuyilapho zinciphisa ukuxhumana okungathi sína. Izinhlelo ze-pilot ezisemzini wamadolobhani ambalwa zibonisa isithembiso, kodwa ukuziqinisa kudinga ukukhokhwa kwezelizwe futhi kuqhubeke nokutshala imali.

Isiphetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho emphakathini wentando yeningi akuyona nje izinselele zokumisa imithetho; kusekusekeleni izindinganiso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa. Umthetho wamaphoyisa uxhomeke ekunamatheleni kwabo ekubuseni umthetho, ukulandisa kwabo emphakathini, kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukukhonza bonke abantu ngokungakhethi nangenhlonipho. Nakuba izinselele ziningi, kusukela ekusebenziseni imithetho yezobuchwepheshe ehlukene yezinhlanga, isimiso sobudemokhrasi sinikeza amathuluzi enguquko: ukubonakala, ukwengamela, ukubopha umphakathi, nokuzimisela ukuguqula. Ngokuqhubeka bethuthukisa indima yamaphoyisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi asebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho wentando yeningi, izinhlangano zezentando yeningi zingalondoloza kokubili ukuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi ngokwaso sinikeza ukulinganisela kwalokhu.