Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele EMelika

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona nje incwadi engokomlando; uhlaka oluphilayo oluchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu bakhe. Emsukani walo kukhona isimiso senqubo efanele(a isiqinisekiso sokuthi akekho umuntu ozophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenazimiso ezilungile nezingokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela uMthetho-sisekelo omisa futhi uvikele ngayo inqubo efanele, ukulandelela umsuka wawo, ukukhula kwawo phakathi kokuqedwa kwemiyalo, kanye nokusebenza kwawo kwangempela phakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kudingekile kusenzelwa izakhamuzi zonke, njengoba inqubo yenqubo idinga isisekelo sobulungisa nemingcele kahulumeni.

Lokho Okushiwo Inqubo Efanele Ngaphansi Komthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo elindelekile inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho enobubanzi obubodwa obungalingani. Inqubo efanelekile idinga uhulumeni ukulandela imithetho emisiwe nezinqubo ngaphambi kokuba athathe isinyathelo esithinta amalungelo omuntu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza isaziso, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nokuzwa kahle phambi kwenkantolo engakhethi. Inqubo yokulungisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo ezifanelekile zilandelwa.

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo senqubo efanele sitholakala ngokuyinhloko ezinzimeni ezimbili: iSichibiyelo sesihlanu, esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esinwebela isivikelo esifanayo kohulumeni bombuso nakohulumeni bendawo. Ulimi olukuzo zombili lucishe lufane: “Akekho umuntu oyothiywa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Le nkulumo elula ibangele amakhulu eminyaka encazelo yokwahlulela futhi ihlala iyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika.

Ukuhlola ngokujulile incazelo engokomthetho yenqubo efanele, i-Cornell Information Institute inikeza ukuhlolwa okunegunya kwe- kwakho kokubili izakhi ezisesimweni esivulekile nezingaphansi.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Yokuqala KaClaus

Ngo-1791 yamiswa njengengxenye yeSiphakamiso samalungelo, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sasiyisiqinisekiso sokuqala esicacile senqubo efanele kuMthetho-sisekelo. Injongo yaso eyinhloko kwakuwukuvimbela amandla kahulumeni omusha. Inguquko iqukethe izivikelo eziningi ezihlobene, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokubekwa icala elikhulu, ukuvikela ezingozini eziphindwe kabili, kanye nelungelo lokumelana nokungahlangani komthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho, okusekela isimiso esifanele.

Izivikelo Eziyinhloko Ngaphansi Kwesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

  • Umkhulu uJury Indictedment: Emacalani kahulumeni amakhulu, umuntu akanakuqulwa ngaphandle kokuba umsizi omkhulu wejaji akhiphe icala, eqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka kunesizathu ngaphambi kokuba umshushisi aqhubeke.
  • Isivikelo sokumelana nokuthatha i-opardian: Uma umuntu eselahliwe noma eboshiwe, ngeke baphinde baqulwe icala elifanayo, okuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba ahlukumeze umuntu ngokuphindaphindiwe.
  • [[I- Umuntu akanakuphoqeleka ukuba afakazele, isivikelo esisekela ukubonakala kobumsulwa.
  • I-gue project Claus: Uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.
  • ithatha u Claus:[ impahla yangasese angeke ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, isivikelo esihlobene esiqinisekisa inqubo edingayo yezomnotho.

Lezi sivikelo azilinganiselwe; zisebenza kuphela esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, hhayi ekuziphatheni komuntu siqu, kodwa zimisa umehluko oyisisekelo wokulunga uhulumeni okumelwe awubone ezindabeni zobugebengu nezomphakathi ngokufanayo.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Ukwandisa Inqubo Efanele Kuyizwe

Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, isidingo sokuvikela amalungelo ezigqila ezazisanda kukhululeka saholela ekuthathweni kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868. ISiphendu saso isebenza ngokucacile ku-Accoute Procession Claus: “Noma imuphi uMbuso ngeke unciphise noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lokhu kwakuwukwanda kokuvukela, njengangaphambi kwalokhu kulungiswa, iSimemezelo Samalungelo esizwe sabe sivimbela kuphela uhulumeni.

Ukumiswa Kwezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sabangela futhi ukuba imfundiso yokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi eSiphakamiso Samalungelo ezwe nge-Century Procession Clause. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, iSichibiyelo Sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo, futhi ilungelo leSimemezelo Sesishiyagalo Sezeluleko seSine lafakwa khona. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso nohulumeni bendawo ngeke kuphule amalungelo ayisisekelo kunanoma yimaphi uhulumeni wombuso.

Izimpawu zezwe ezihlanganisayo zihlanganisa [[FLT:] Gitlow v. New York (1925) yenkululeko yokukhuluma, Mapp v. Ohio [1961]] ukuphenya nokusheshisa, kanye Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]] ngelungelo leseluleko. Zonke zalezinqumo zazixhomeke embonweni yalenqubo edinga ukushosho okuyisisekelo.

Inqubo Eyindilinga Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Ngaphezu kwesivikelo se-procedtural, iSichibiyelo seNdlela ka-14 u-Claus sitolikiwe ukuvikela amalungelo athile angaphansi “asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasesikweni salesi sizwe.” Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokufihla, nelungelo lokuphakamisa izingane njengoba umuntu ebona ukuthi zifanelekile. Inqubo efanelekile ihlala iyindawo ephikisanayo, kodwa iye yaba nesisekelo semithetho engokomlando enjenge . Roe v. Wade [1][7]][FLT]][2] 01] .

Ukuhlaziya kwe-Obergefell v. Hodges kuchaza indlela iNkantolo eyayicabanga ngayo ukuthi inqubo efanele ivikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada, kungakhathaliseki ubulili.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela Nezimpawu Ezifanele

Incazelo yenqubo efanele ayigcini phezulu; ishintsha ngezinqumo zokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa i-Cult Process ukuze ikhulumele ezinye zezimpikiswano eziphuthuma kakhulu zokulunga nenkululeko emlandweni waseMelika.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) kanye nelungelo lokuthula

Mhlawumbe icala eliyinqubo eyaziwa kakhulu, imanda v. e-Arizona yasungula ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe azise abasoli ngamalungelo awo ukuba ahlale athule futhi abe nommeli phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola ilungelo lokuthola ilungelo lokuthola ilungelo lokuthola izixwayiso. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso, noma yiziphi izimemezelo ezitholakalayo zithathwa njengeziphoqelelwe futhi azikho enkantolo.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) nelungelo lokuyala

Gideon v. Wainwright, iNkantolo ePhakeme yavumelana ngokuthi iSichibiyelo Sesithupha seseluleko sisebenza ekukhipheni iziphakamiso zobugebengu nge-Century Programmement ye 145th Reconfrence. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ubani omangalelwa ngobugebengu obungathi sína ongakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli kumelwe anikezwe omunye ngezindleko zomphakathi. Icala laguqula isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu, liqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo ayinqumeli ukufinyelela isivikelo.

Goldberg v.Kelly (1970) nenqubo elindelekile kuMthetho ophethe

Inqubo elindelekile ayigcini enkantolo zobugebengu. kuGoldberg v. Kelly, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle ziyimpahla, futhi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni aziqede, kumelwe zinikeze ukuqulwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi. Lelicala landisa inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela emphakathini, ifuna izinhlangano ukuba zinikeze isaziso, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, kanye nesinqumo esingenamkhethe.

[[UMTH:0] Ama-Mathews v. Eldridge[[FL:1] (1976) kanye nokulinganisela

Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiziphi izivikelo ezingokwemvelo ezidingekayo esimweni esithile, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasungula ukuhlolwa okuvumelanayo kokulinganisela [ku- Mathews v. Eldidge. Izinkantolo zinesisindo sezici ezintathu: isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwephutha ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezikhona, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuphumelela nomnotho. Lokhu kuhlola manje kusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya inqubo edingekayo ezindaweni ezisukela ekukhubazekeni ukuze kunikezwe isiyalo sabafundi.

Inqubo Efaneleyo Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Inqubo elindelekile ihlobene kakhulu nenqubo yobugebengu, lapho izigxobo ziphakeme khona qhawe, ukulahlekelwa kwenkululeko noma ukuphila. UMthetho-sisekelo uphoqelela uchungechunge lwezimfuneko ukuze kuhlonishwe inkundla yokudlala phakathi komuntu nombuso.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala komphakathi okusheshayo futhi okungakhethi okwenziwa abahluleli esifundeni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona. Abalweli banelungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukubheka ofakazi, nokuphoqelela ofakazi abahle ukuba bafakazele.

Ukucabanga Ngokungabi Naludolo Nomthwalo Wobufakazi

Lendlela efanelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni abonise icala ngokunengqondo. lokhu kuthwesa umthwalo omkhulu kubonisa ukungathi sína kwesijeziso sobugebengu futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokukholelwa okungalungile. Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa akudingekile ukuba afakazele lutho; uhulumeni uthwele wonke umthwalo.

Ukumangalela Ukuziphatha Okungafanele Nobufakazi Bokuqulwa Kwecala

Inqubo efanele futhi inqabela abashushisi ukuba basebenzise ubufakazi bamanga noma bacindezele ubufakazi obubodwa obamukelekayo kummangalelwa. Icala lengqoko yenkolo Brady v. Maryland (1963) lithole ukuthi umshushisi kumelwe ambule ubufakazi bokuvikela. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kuphula inqubo efanele futhi kungaholela ekugumbuqeleni izinkolelo.

Inqubo Efanele Ngalé Kwezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Inqubo efanele isebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi nezabezokuphatha, lapho uhulumeni enza khona izinqumo ezithinta izithakazelo ezibalulekile.

Inqubo Efaneleyo Emfundweni

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi banesithakazelo sempahla emfundweni yabo nesithakazelo senkululeko edumeleni labo. Ngaphambi kokuba isikole sifake ukuxoshwa noma ukuxoshwa okuthatha isikhathi eside, kumelwe sinikeze isaziso samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba elinenjongo lokuba umfundi aphendule. INkantolo Ephakeme iGos v. Lopez[[FLT] [1] [15] ikholelwa ukuthi ngisho nendleko emfushane idinga okungenani “uhlobo oluthile lokulalela.” Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abaphunyuki esikoleni.

Inqubo Efanele Kuwo Wonke Umsebenzi Nempahla

Izisebenzi zomphakathi ezinesithakazelo sempahla emisebenzini yazo (isib., ngesivumelwano noma ngenqubo) azinakuxoshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni akanakususa ilayisense, imvume yokwakha, noma ukuthatha impahla ngaphandle kokunikeza isaziso seqembu elithintekile nethuba lokuzwakala. Ngisho nokuqedwa kwezinzuzo zenhlala- kahle noma ukukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle kubangela izimfuneko ezifanelekile.

Inqubo Efanele Nezinzuzo Zikahulumeni

Uhulumeni wanamuhla uthinta izakhamuzi ngezinqumo eziningi zokuphatha qha qha — kusukela ekuvumeni kwezindawo ze-Medicass ukufezeka. I-Adrect Processols ifuna ukuba lezi zinqumo zenziwe ngendlela elungile, ngokuvamile ngokuzwa lapho abantu bengabekela inselele izenzo ezimbi inqubo eqondile iyahluka kuye ngomongo, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo siyaqhubeka: uhulumeni ngeke enze ngokungenabulungisa.

Kumqondisi obanzi wenqubo yokuphatha, ukufinyezwa kwe-American Bar Association yomthetho wokuphatha [ kuchaza indlela ukuzwa nokukhanga okusebenza ngayo.

Izinselele Zenqubo Efaneleyo Yomphakathi Wanamuhla

Naphezu kwesisekelo salo somthetho - sisekelo, inqubo edingekayo ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezingase zibangele ukuba ingasebenzi kalula.

Umehluko Okhona Ngokobuhlanga Nezomnotho

Isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu sibathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abanemibala kanye nalabo abanemali elinganiselwe. Ukucwasana kwezinhlanga, ukwahlulela okunobandlululo, namazinga aphakeme okuboshwa kwemiphakathi emincane kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi inqubo yokuvikela inqubo isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo yini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko eziphakeme zebheyili kanye nokumelelwa okungokomthetho kusho ukuthi ingcebo inganquma ukuthi othile uvalelwe noma uthola iseluleko esifanele. Lokhu kuqeda isithembiso senqubo efanele kubo bonke abantu.

Ukuhluthulwa Kwamaningi Nokufakwa Kwemicu Eyingozi

Inqubo elindelekile ivame ukumiswa ngokuxhaphaka kwezicelo ezithengwayo. Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwamaphesenti aphelela emalini yokunxusa, lapho abamangalelwa bewaphula khona ilungelo labo lokudlulisa isigwebo esincitshisiwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isicelo sokucela sinikeza usongo lwemigwebo emide kakhulu ekucindezeleni abantu abangenacala ukuba bavume ukuthi banecala, futhi baphule inqubo efanelekile. Izinguquko zidingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo zamacala ziwukuzithandela ngempela futhi ziyatshelwa.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nenqubo Ezolandela

Ngemva kuka-9/11, uhulumeni uye wamisa amandla abanzi egameni lokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zenqubo efanele. Ukuboshwa kwamasosha alwayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yezempi, nezinhlelo zokuqapha ezingenamthetho konke kuye kwaphakamisa inqubo efanelekile ekhathazayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphindisela emacaleni anjenge Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], iphethe ukuthi ngisho nezakhamuzi ezimiswe njengezitha zinelungelo lokubekela inselele isigwebo sazo sokungatha.

Inqubo Yokuzihlukanisa Nezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe buye badala izinselele ezintsha ezifanele. Ukugcinwa komthetho manje kungathola inani elikhulu lemininingwane yomuntu siqu − i-email, umlando wendawo, amarekhodi okuhlola − kaningi ngaphandle kwemvume noma nge-subpoena. INkantolo Ephakeme Karplateb v. United States [2088] yanquma ukuthi ukufinyelela ulwazi lwendawo yocingo kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwizizathu ezifanele, ukuqaphela ukuthi ucingo luyimfihlo lubalulekile ekukhululekeni. Kodwa imibuzo eminingi isalokhu iphathelene nokuthi inqubo ehambelane nenqubo yokwaziswa, ukuqaphela ubuso, kanye ne-algalgorictic mes.

Inqubo Yokuthuthwa Nokufaneleka Kwabantu

Izenzakalo zokuhlwithwa ziye zabhekwa ngokomlando njengezesizwe kunokuba zibe izigebengu, zivunyelelwa izimpawu ezimbalwa ezizosetshenziswa. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangakho e-United States basanelungelo lenqubo efanelekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lokululeka (nakuba kungezona izindleko zikahulumeni), futhi ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi obukhona. Nokho ukususwa, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwesibopho, nokubukezwa kokwahlulela okulinganiselwe kuyaqhubeka kubekela inselele inqubo efanele esimisweni sokufuduka.

I- ACLU ingcebo yamalungelo abafuduki nenqubo efanele inikeza ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwalokhu kukhathazeka okuqhubekayo.

Indima Ehlala Njalo Yomthetho - sisekelo Ekuvikeleni Inqubo Efanele

Inqubo efanelekile yoMthetho-sisekelo ayikona ukuzibulala; idinga ukuzivikela nokuchazwa njalo. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, izinkantolo ziye zandisa futhi zalungisa lezi sivikelo ukuze ziphendule izinsongo ezintsha futhi zihlanganise nemithetho elandelwayo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ngamunye unommeli ofuna ukuba izikole ziphathe abafundi ngokufanele, inqubo efanele ihlala iyisivikelo esinamandla ebukhosini obunemibono ephambene.

Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lamalungelo kusinika amandla okufuna ukulandisa. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amathuluzi, kodwa kuxhomeke esizukulwaneni ngasinye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanele ayisona nje isimiso esisephepheni kodwa iyiqiniso eliphilayo. Ngokuhlala saziwa ngezinqumo zenkantolo, ngokukhuthaza izinguquko, nangokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi, sisiza ekuvikeleni inqubo efanele esekela ubulungisa nenkululeko kubo bonke abantu.