Ukuqonda Indima Yokudluliswa Kwamacala Esimisweni Sokwahlulela

Ikhono lokubekela inselele isinqumo senkantolo ngokudlulisa icala liyisici esiyinhloko sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho kudinga ukubukezwa nokulungiswa okunenzuzo. Kubafundi bomlando, uhulumeni, nomthetho, baqonda indlela ukunxusa okusebenza ngayo nendlela izinkantolo eziphakeme ezisebenza ngayo kunikeza ukuqonda okubucayi ekulinganiseni amandla, ukuziphendukela kwezimiso zomthetho, nokulandela ubulungisa. Lesihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwenqubo yokudlulisa, isakhiwo sezeluleko ezingokomthetho, kanye nokucabangela okusemthethweni okusebenza.

Yini Ekhangayo?

Isikhalo sisenkantolo ephakeme ecela ukubukeza futhi sishintshe isinqumo esenziwa yinkantolo ephansi. Iqembu elifaka lesisikhalo laziwa ngokuthi isikhulumi, kuyilapho lesi simemezelo siyisiphazamiso. Izikhalo aziwona amathuba okuqulwa kwecala elisha; kunalokho, ligxila ekutheni amaphutha angokomthetho noma angokwesiko ayenzeka phakathi nezenzo zokuqala okungenzeka ukuthi zithinte umphumela.

Kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zezicelo. Appeals njengezesokudla [ iqinisekisa ukuzwa ngokugcwele phambi kwenkantolo ye-appellate ezindabeni ezithile, ngokuvamile ehilela izahlulelo zokugcina. Izikhalo zokudlulisa izikhalo [[[FLT:] zifuna i-appelellant] imvume yokuqala enkantolo, engase yamukele noma ilahle icala. Izinkantolo eziphakeme, njenge-U.S. Inkantolo Ephakeme, i-galelo-mthetho, ngokugqibileyo, ikhetha kuphela izindaba ezikhona lapho kunezimpikiswano zomthetho ezibalulekile noma izimpikiswano ezisezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izimpande ezingokomlando zenqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo zibuyela emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi kanye nokusungulwa kwezinkantolo zasebukhosini. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ilungelo lokudlulisa icala liye lakhula kusukela elungelweni elilinganiselwe kuya ekuvikeleni okuqashelwa kakhulu. Namuhla, inqubo ye-appellate ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ukulungisa amaphutha, ukuqinisekisa ukufana kwencazelo yemithetho, nokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane kwemfundiso engokomthetho ngemibono esekelwe ekucabangeni.

Ukusungulwa Kwezinkantolo Eziphakeme

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zihlelwe ngokulandelana kwazo, futhi ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kubalulekile ukuze kudluliswe inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo. E-United States, isimiso sezinkantolo ezimbili sisho ukuthi kunezindawo ezihlukene kodwa ezihambelanayo zezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukubusa Kwamacala Omphakathi

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinamazinga amathathu ayinhloko. Kuleyo ephansi kunamakhonsathi e-United States District Courts , asebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwawo kunamaBhunga ase-United States e-Applys, ahlukaniswe aba yizifunda eziyi-13: 11 izifunda, i-Foctal of Columbia Flural, neFederal Frients, aphatha izikhalo ezikhethekile njengamacala omthetho wezentengiselwano. Emvukweni yiNkantolo ye-[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLD]], okusebenza okuphelele kwegunyazwe kuwo womazwezwe, kanye nemithetho ehlanganisa isifunda sombuso wombuso.

IziNkantolo ZoMbuso Ezingabefundisi

Umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza isakhiwo sawo siqu sasenkantolo, ngokuvamile uveza isimo sikahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zinenkantolo equlwayo, inkantolo ephakathi, nenkantolo yokugcina, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Nokho, amanye amazwe amancane awanazo izinkantolo eziphakathi, okusho ukuthi izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ziya ngqo enkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Amagama akhethekile, izifunda, nemithetho ye-procedvements ayahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe, okwenza kube okubalulekile ukuba abaqondisi bemithetho yendawo bathintane.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo eziphethe i-applicationte, lesimiso sihlanganisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha izigaba ezithile zomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNkantolo yeTaxi yase-United States , iNkantolo yeNkantolo yeSikhalo , iUnited States of Applications [[FLT] Courts of Veterans [FLT]]. Lezinkantolo zivame ukuveza amajaji anamandla ajulile ezindaweni zazo. Izikhalo ezivela kwezinye izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingaya ezinkantolo zesifunda noma ngokuqondile eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ekwakheni kwenkantolo kahulumeni, i- Office yokuphathwa yeNkantolo yase-U.S. inikeza ukucubungula okunegunya.

Imisebenzi Ehlelekile Yesimiso Sezinhlelo

Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo ezibanzi kusenza siveze ukuthi kungani imiphakathi isebenzisa imali eningi ekubukezeni amaphutha.

Amaphutha Okuqondiswa Nokungagwegwesi

Umsebenzi osobala kakhulu ukulungisa amaphutha enziwa izinkantolo zamacala. Asikho isimiso sokwahlulela esingaphutha. Abahluleli nabejaji bangaphambuka ekusebenziseni umthetho, bavume ubufakazi, noma bafundise ijaji. Ukutholakala kwe-appellate kunikeza isiqiniseko sokuthi isimiso sinikeza isivikelo kumaphutha anjalo, kanjalo siqinisa ukwethemba umphakathi ekulinganiseni imiphumela yokwahlulela.

Ukufana Nezinto Ezizandulelayo

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo, ikakhulukazi emazingeni esifunda nawaseNkantolo Ephakeme kahulumeni, kubhalwa imibono ebophayo ekhomba izinkantolo eziphansi ezingaphansi kwegunya lazo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki endaweni enkulu. Ngaphandle kwale nqubo, umbuzo ofanayo ongokomthetho ungaveza izimpendulo eziphikisanayo ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene, kudala ukudideka nokungalingani.

Ukuthuthuka Ngokomthetho Nokwandisa

Ngemibono yazo, izinkantolo ze-appellate zifeza indima eyinhloko ekulolongeni umthetho. Uma umthetho wobuchwepheshe obusha udida ama-seagnome akhona, izinqumo ze-appellate zinikeza izincazelo ezinegunya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indikimba yemibono eqoqweyo yenze isiko lomthetho ocebile nongaguquguqukiyo. Icala le-Landmark elinjenge- Brown v. Board of Education kanye ne[FLT] Maranda v. Arizona[FLD:3] zaqala njengesicelo esibonisa umthetho waseMelika.

Inqubo Ekhangayo

Nakuba imithetho yezimiso ihlukahluka phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe, izinyathelo eziyinhloko enqubweni yokunxusa zilandela indlela engaguquki. Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda noma ohlanganyela esimisweni sezokunxusa.

Ukuthola Isaziso Sokukhanga

Inqubo yokudlulisa iqala lapho amafasidi eqala amafasidi amanothi okudlulisa izicelo nenkantolo ephansi. Lencwadi imemezela ngokusemthethweni inhloso yokufuna ukubukeza. Ama-flines aqinile futhi anegunya; ukulahlekelwa kwefasitela lokudlulisa izimpawu ezivame ukuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lokudlulisa izicelo. Enkantolo yombuso, umthetho 3 we-Federal Regate Procedture ifuna ukuba isaziso sigcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 zokungenisa ukwahlulela. Ezinye izicelo ze-interlocustory, ezithi zifaka inselele phambili kwesahlulelo sokugcina icala, zikhona ngisho nemibandela emifushane.

Ukulungisa Irekhodi Ngokukhanga

Ummeli kumelwe futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ufakazelwe ekudluliseleni futhi udluliselwe enkantolo edlulisa amacala. Lombhalo uhlanganisa zonke izincengo, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, izibonakaliso, ubufakazi obuvunyiweyo, nemvume yamacala. Inkantolo ephethe incike kuphela embhalweni ukuze ihlole izinqumo zenkantolo engezansi. Ubufakazi obusha abucatshangelwa, ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe ezihilela izinto ezisanda kutholakala ezingeke zinikezwe ngaphambili.

Ukuzithoba Okufushane

Amaqembu afaka ama-brief achaza izimpikiswano zawo zomthetho. Ukufushanisa kwe-apnellant kumisa amaphutha ashiwoyo futhi kuchaze ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo ephansi kufanele sishintshwe noma sishintshwe. Ukuphendula okufushane kwe-appellee ngokuvikela isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Izinkantolo eziningi zivumela noma zifune ukuphendula kafushane. Izifushane kumele zinamathele kakhulu ekuhleleni, ubude, nemithetho echazayo. Isinqumo esifushaye-yokusetshenziswa sisethubeni elibaluleke kakhulu lokuguqula indawo ephansi.

Amampikiswano Omlomo

Ezimpindazweni eziningi, inkantolo izohlela izimpikiswano eziqondene. ama-atperney ohlangothi ngalunye avela phambi kweqembu labahluleli ukuba linikeze amaphuzu ayinhloko futhi liphendule emibuzweni. Izimpikiswano ezivamile ezithatha imizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-30 hlangothini ngalunye, nakuba ezinye izikhangiso zithola isikhathi esengeziwe. Abahluleli basebenzisa lelithuba ukuhlola amandla nobuthakathaka beqembu ngalinye. Eziningi ezingeni eliphezulu noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimpikiswano zomlomo zingathonya umphumela ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, ezinye izikhalo zinqunywa kuphela ngamafishishishini ngaphandle komlomo, ikakhulukazi uma izimpikiswano ziqonde kahle.

Ukulindela isinqumo seNkantolo

Ngemva kokuphikisana ngomlomo, amajaji aveza futhi avote ngomphumela. Inkantolo kamuva inikeza i-opition echaza ukucabanga kwayo. Imibono ingaba nemibono ehlangeneyo noma ehlukeneyo, enemibono ephikisanayo nekhona enikeza eminye imibono. Inkantolo ingaba inqaba [[FLT:] ukuqinisa [[FLT] isinqumo esiphansi], [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [5], noma [[FLT:] ne-ext:] icala lokuqhubeka nombono.

Izindawo Ezivamile Zokukhanga

Ukudlulisa izikhalo akusekelwe nje ekungavumelani ngomphumela, kunalokho, kumelwe kusekelwe ekushiyekeni okukhethekile okungokomthetho noma okungokwemizwa.

Amaphutha Angokomthetho

Iphutha elingokomthetho lenzeka lapho inkantolo equnga icala ithatha umthetho ngokungeyikho noma iwuthathe kabi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa iziyalezo ezinganembile zejaji, incazelo yemithetho eyiphutha, noma isinqumo esiphikisana nesandulela esibophayo. Amaphutha angokomthetho ayisisekelo esivame kakhulu sokudlulisa izikhalo ngoba ikhathalela kakhulu ukuqinisekiswa komthetho kusetshenziswa ngokufanele.

Amaphutha okungokwesayensi

Amaphutha enqubo ahlanganisa ukwehluleka ukulandela imithetho emisiwe elawula ukuziphatha komthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuvuma okungafanele noma ukukhipha ubufakazi, ukuhluleka ukunikeza intuthuko, noma ukuziphatha okubi umahluleli noma iseluleko. Akuwona wonke amaphutha e-procedrobracture afuna ukuguqulwa. Iphutha kumelwe libe [ elibi kakhulu, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lithinta umphumela wecala. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa uvivinyo oluhlukile, njengendinganiso engenangozi noma indinganiso esobala, kuye ngokuthi indinganisweni echasiwe ekuzameni.

Ubufakazi Obunganele

Umuntu oqaphile angase aphikise ngokuthi ubufakazi obabunikezwa lapho kuqulwa icala babunganele ngokomthetho ukusekela lesi sinqumo. Leli qiniso kunzima ukubumisa ngoba izinkantolo zibheka ubufakazi ngendlela evumelana kakhulu neqembu elikhona. Umbuzo awukhona ukuthi amajaji ahlulele amacala ahlukene yini kodwa ukuthi ngabe abahluleli abanengqondo babengathola ubufakazi obusekelwe kubo.

Ubufakazi Obusha

Akuvamile ukuba, iqembu lithole ubufakazi ngemva kwecala obungeke buvulwe ngokuzikhandla okunengqondo ngaphambili. Uma lobu bufakazi obusha buyizinto eziphathekayo futhi mhlawumbe bungaveza umphumela ohlukile, bungase bube isisekelo sokudlulisa noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyanqikaza ukuphinde zivule amacala asekelwe ebufakazini obusha ngenxa yesithakazelo esinamandla sokugcina.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza Nethonya Lazo

Enye yemiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni inqubo ye-panellate i- isisekelo sokubukeza [. Lokhu kubhekisela ezingeni lokuzibamba inkantolo enikeza izinqumo zenkantolo ephansi. Izinga elihlukile lisebenza ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezindaba.

Ukubukeza I - novo

Imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa de novo, okusho inkantolo ethatha indaba ibheka indaba njengentsha ngaphandle kokubhekisa esiphethweni senkantolo ephansi. Lendinganiso isebenza ekuchazeni kwemithetho, imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, nemithetho ye-guversal. Ngoba inkantolo ikwazi ngokufanayo ukuhlaziya imibuzo engokomthetho, yenza isahlulelo esizimele.

Ukubukeza Okwephutha

Ukuthola iqiniso kumahluleli oqulwayo kubukezwa ngaphansi kwephutha elicacile indinganiso. Inkantolo ethathayo ngeke iphazamise okutholakele ngaphandle kokuba ishiyelwe ngokuqiniseka okuqinisekile nokuqinile ukuthi iphutha lenziwe. Lendinganiso ehloniphekile iqaphela ukuthi umahluleli wecala unenzuzo yokuqaphela obala futhi athole ukuthembeka.

Ukusebenzisa Kabi Ukuhlakanipha

Imithetho ehilela ukunquma kwenkantolo equlwayo, njengezinqumo eziphathelene nokuvuma ubufakazi, ukunikeza izivumelwano eziqhubekayo, noma izijeziso ezinkulu, ibukelelwa ukusebenzisa ukuqonda [. Lena indinganiso ehloniphekile kakhulu. Inkantolo izoshintsha kuphela uma isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo singesona esiwumthetho osemthethweni ohluzekile, esingacabangeli, noma esisekelwe embonweni esinephutha.

Ukuqonda lezi zindinganiso kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kuthinta ngokuqondile amathuba okuphumelela ekudluliseleni icala. iphutha elingokomthetho elibukeziwe linikeza ithuba elinamandla lokushintsha kunesinqumo esicatshangelwe ngaphansi kokusebenzisa kabi indinganiso yokusebenzisa ukuqonda.

Ukunakekela Okuwusizo Kokuphishekela Ukukhanga

Ukudlulisa isikhalo akusona nje isinqumo esingokomthetho; futhi kuyisici esiwusizo nesiwusizo.

Izindleko Nesikhathi

Izindleko zihlanganisa izindleko zokukhokha imali, ukulungiselela amarekhodi, ukunyathelisa nokubopha ama-appligames. Le nqubo ithatha nezinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka. Kubantu abanemali elinganiselwe, lemithwalo ingavimbela. Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo zingakhokha imali ekhokhelwayo yemali ebhaliwe, kodwa isikhathi esisele sisalokhu sinzima.

Ubuhle Bempumelelo

Ngaphambi kokubhala, abameli abanolwazi bahlola amandla ezizathu ezingase zidluliselwe, indinganiso esebenzayo yokubukeza, nerekhodi. Ukudlulisa izikhalo ngaphandle kokukhomba okugunyaziwe komthetho akuvamile ukuphumelela. Ukufaka isikhalo esiwubala kungaphumela ngisho nasekutholeni izijeziso ngokumelene nomemezeli noma ummeli wabo.

Ukudluliswa Kwezigwegwe Zokugcina

Izicelo eziningi zivela ekwahluleleni kokugcina, kodwa ezinye izifunda zezindawo zivumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo ezivela eziyalweni ezithile, njengemithetho egunyazwe i-panemin noma i-ace yesigaba. Ukudluliswa kwezicelo kuvame ukungavunyelwa ngoba kubambezela ukuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo zivumela kuphela uma indaba ibalulekile futhi uma ukubukezwa ngokushesha ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kungaqhubekisela phambili ukubekwa kwe-ligijimi.

Indima Yeseluleko Sokuphaphama

Umkhuba wokuqapha udinga amakhono akhethekile ahlukile ekuzameni ukuqulwa. Iseluleko esinempumelelo sokunikeza iziphakamiso kumelwe sibe yingcweti ekucwaningeni ngokomthetho, ekubhaleni okunxenxayo, nasemphikiswaneni. Izinkampani eziningi zomthetho ziye zanikezela imikhuba yokudlulisa izigwebo, futhi abanye abameli bagxila kakhulu ekudluliseleni izikhalo. Kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko sangasese, izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho noma izinhlelo ze-probono zinganikeza usizo ekufanelekeni kwezimo.

Ukuze ubheke ngokujule kakhulu eqhinga elisebenzayo, i-American Bar Association's Appellate Practice inikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokudlulisa ingenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu zesimiso sokwahlulela esilungile nesisebenzayo. Inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokulungisa amaphutha, ukucwenga izimiso zomthetho, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa njalo ezicini ezingenakubalwa. Abafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, baqonda isimo se-iathostrarchan yezinkantolo eziphakeme, isimiso esilandela ijubane eliqinile, futhi ukucabangela okusemqoka okulawulayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngokugcwele indlela ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo.

Labo abafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe okunegunya enqubweni ye-guvernete kahulumeni bangathintana nemithetho ye-Appellate Procediture egcinwe yi-Cornell's Legional Information Institute.