Isimiso Esingokomthetho Nenkululeko Yezindaba: Izinsika Zomphakathi Ophilile Nolondekile

Isimiso somthetho nenkululeko yokunyathelisa ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengetshe eliyinhloko lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Basebenza njengamandla ancintisanayo avikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi, aqinisekisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni, futhi athuthukise umphakathi ofundeke kahle. Nakuba isimiso somthetho sinikeza uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lobulungisa nokuhleleka, iphephandaba elikhululekile lisebenza njengeqembu eliqaphile, elikhanyisa ukukhanya kokuxhashazwa okungase kwenzeke futhi lenze izinkulumo zasobala zisebenze. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zinhlangano ezimbili zisebenza kanjani [1] futhi lapho ngezinye izikhathi ziphikisana khona nezindawo ezikhona zidinga ukuqaphela indima yazo emphakathini onempilo.

Lesi sihloko sihlola kokubili abasunguli besimiso somthetho nenkululeko yokunyathelisa, silandelela umsuka wawo ongokomlando, sihlole izinselele zanamuhla, futhi sinikeze ukuqonda okuwusizo ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukuvikela lezi zinsika eziyisisekelo.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho: Ukwakhiwa, Injongo, Nokulandisa

Isimiso somthetho esisebuthweni lentando yeningi singaphezu kweqoqo lemithetho, iqoqo elihlanganisa imithetho, izinqubo, nezinhlangano eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukujezisa ububi, nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ekujuleni kwayo, isimiso somthetho simisa imingcele eqinisekile yokuziphatha, sinikeza izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ukuqonda okucacile kokuvunyelweyo nokungavumelekile.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Somthetho

  • [[IFLT:0] Igatsha elinomthetho-mthetho - Ukwakha imithetho ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Leligatsha kumelwe lilinganise umphakathi nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Igatsha elisebenzayo[ - Imithetho ephoqelelwe ngezinhlangano nangomthetho olandelwayo. Iyakulandisa kokubili kumthetho wendlu yomthetho nasezinkantolo.
  • Igatsha le-judicial – ichaza imithetho, ixazulula izingxabano, futhi ibukeze ukuma komthetho-sisekelo kwemithetho nezenzo zobuphathi. I-construcdiary ibalulekile.

Lesimiso sihlanganisa nezinhlangano zokuqondisa, imithetho yendawo, nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ezingase zihlanganiswe nomthetho wasekhaya. Okubalulekile, isimiso somthetho asimi ndawonye; sivumelana nokulungisa, umthetho omusha, nemithetho yenkantolo evelele esabela ezinguqukweni zezenhlalo.

Indlela Isimiso Somthetho Esiwavikela Ngayo Amalungelo

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yesimiso somthetho iwukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Izivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho, izindleko zamalungelo, kanye namathuluzi amalungelo abantu asungula isivikelo ekuboshweni ngokungeyomfuneko, ukucwaswa, nokucushwa. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula lezisivikelo, ukwenza i-cheke egunyani lokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme ePhakeme New York Times v. United States [197] yagcizelela isimiso sokuthi ukuzibamba kwangaphambi kokukhishwa akunamdlali ukuhlolelwa okungagunyaza ukuvikelwa kwemithetho kanye nokuhlobana phakathi kwesivikelo esingokomthetho nenkululeko.

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi, isimiso somthetho sinikeza izinqubo zokwahlulela kobugebengu, ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, kanye nokubekwa icala. Lezi zinqubo zakha isimo esilindelekile semisebenzi yezezomnotho nezenhlalo, esisekela isisekelo esincike kuso imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile, njengekhono lokuthola izikhangiso zezindaba, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphazanyiswa, futhi zisakaze ngaphandle kokuphindisela.

Izinselele Ezingaphakathi Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho

Azikho izimiso zomthetho eziphelele. Izindaba ezinjengokuthola iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, ukukhohliswa, nezinqubo zokwahlulela ezithatha kancane zinganciphisa ukwethenjwa. Emazweni amaningi, isimiso somthetho sisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuhlupha izintatheli noma ukuvimbela ukungavumelani. Ukumangalela okuhleliwe ngokumelene nokuhlanganyela komphakathi (SAPPS) kuyiqhinga elivamile, lapho abameleli abanamandla bezikhulu zezindaba noma abashisekeli bokuxosha imithombo yabo nokugxeka ngokuthula. Izinguquko ezinjengemithetho emelene ne-SAPP zihloselwe ukuqeda lokhu kuxhaphaza.

Inkululeko Yezindaba: Inja Eqaphile Egcina Amandla

Inkululeko yokunyathelisa ibhekisela elungelweni lokushicilela ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula noma ukulawula kukahulumeni. Ihlanganiswe eziculweni zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke njengeSiphakamiso 19 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu nasemithethweni eminingi yesizwe. Izindaba ezikhululekile azisho ukuthi iphephandaba elingalawulwa − imiyalo emelene nokuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlawuliswa, nokugqugquzelwa kobudlova kuyamukeleka − kodwa i-programa yephutha kumelwe imelane nomthetho kahulumeni.

Umtapo womtholalwazi okhululekile

  • Ukwenza i-Propublic - Izintatheli zibika ngezenzakalo zendawo, zesizwe, nezezizwe zonke, zinikeza izinto ezingalungiswa ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi.
  • Amandla okusungula [ – Emuva kakhulu kubika kuveza ukonakala, ukungalawuleki kwenkampani, nokuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni. Ihlazo leWatergate liyisibonelo esivelele.
  • Ukuveza iPlatform yempikiswano – OP-eds, izinhlamvu eziya kumhleli, kanye nomphakathi we-stations kuvumela ukuba kuzwelwe amazwi ahlukahlukene.
  • Ukuthatha iziqu zokulandisa - Ngokumemezela izikhankaso zenkantolo, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, nezenzo zobuphathi, iphephandaba liqinisekisa ukuba sobala.

Inkululeko iyisihluthulelo. Izindawo zokudayisa zezindaba ezilawulwa uhulumeni noma ezilawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe zivame ukusebenza njengamathuluzi enkulumo - ze kunokuba zibe izinja eziqashelwa umphakathi. Izingcindezi zezentengiselwano zingaphazamisa futhi ukuhlanganisa, kodwa imithombo yezindaba eveza ubuningi (iprint, isakazwa, imishini, nenzuzo engakhi.)

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Zezintatheli

Iningi lemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi linikeza izivikela ezikhethekile kubacosheli bezindaba, njengemithetho evikela imithombo ephoqelelwe. I European Court of Human Rights iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi inkululeko yokunyathelisa ibalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi nanoma yimiphi imingcele okumelwe ilungiswe ngokulinganiselwe. Nokho, lezi sivikelo ziyahluka kakhulu. Kwamanye amazwe, izintatheli zibhekene nokuqashelwa, ukuboshwa, noma ubudlova ngenxa yokwenza umsebenzi wazo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Ababheki Ngaphandle kwe-demorions zihlola inkululeko esemhlabeni wonke futhi zisekela izivikelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho.

Indlela Isimiso Esingokomthetho Nenhlangano Yenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho nezindaba buyi-symbiotic kodwa abuvumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isimiso somthetho sikha uhlelo phakathi kwalesi simo lapho iphephandaba lisebenza khona − sivikela khona inkulumo, ukuthi iziphi izintatheli ezinamalungelo okuthola ukwaziswa. Okunye, abezindaba bahlola isimiso somthetho, bedalula amaphutha ekubekeni umthetho, ukucwasa komthetho, nenkohlakalo yemithetho.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

  • Izinkantolo zingaphoqelela ukuba kukhishwe amarekhodi kahulumeni ngenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa, izintatheli ezibe seziyisebenzisa ukuze zazise umphakathi.
  • Izintatheli zingase zibike ngokuqulwa kwamacala okuqhubekayo, kodwa amajaji angaphoqelela imiyalo yokuvikela ilungelo lommangalelwa ekuqulweni kwecala okufanelekile — ukucindezeleka okudinga ukulinganisela okucophelelayo.
  • Imithetho ikhipha imithetho evumela inkululeko yokunyathelisa (isisho, izivikelo zokushaya ikhwela) futhi iyivimbele (isib., ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuzivikela kwesizwe).

Enye yezinqamulo ezibucayi kakhulu ukuvikelwa kwemithombo. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokuthembisa ukuthungatha, izintatheli eziphenyayo zingalahlekelwa ukufinyelela kwabacuphi abaningi bekhwela. Izimiso zomthetho ezidumisa imfihlo (njenge Internationalters Center for Volumers [] ifaka umbiko onamandla kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, uma izintatheli ziphoqa izintatheli ukuba zambule imithombo, zingakhanyisa izikhala zesikhathi esizayo futhi zilulaze ukuthemba komphakathi.

Lapho Izimiso Zidlangile

Izingxabano ziphakama lapho ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma ukuzifihla komuntu siqu kubhekiswe ekuthetheleleni iziphakamiso zangaphambi kokuba zivinjelwe noma kubekwe icala lobugebengu ezintathelini. Icala likaJulian Assange noWikiLeaks libonisa ukucindezeleka okukhulu: abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba kuyisehlolo esibalulekile ekufihleni imfihlo kahulumeni, kuyilapho abanye bekuphikisa kubeka engozini ukuphila futhi kululaza ukuxhumana nomthetho. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zisebenzise lezi zinkinga ngaphandle kokulahla isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ukucusumbula uhulumeni kuphambene, hhayi umthetho.

Enye i-tease isetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuhlola izintatheli. Emazweni amaningi, izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho zihlola imithombo yezintatheli ngokuyimfihlo ukuze zibone imithombo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wobulungisa wase-U.S. ngokomlando uye wathatha amarekhodi ocingo nemininingwane yokuxhumana ye-imeyili yezintatheli phakathi nophenyo oluvuzayo [1] umkhuba wokuthi iMelika Civil Liberites Union [ ibeke inselele ukwephulwa kwezimiso zokulungisa Izimiso.

Ukusuka Ekubeni Inkosi Kuya Ekuvikelweni Komthetho - sisekelo

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ohulumeni babelawula ngokuqinile umshini wokunyathelisa. ENgilandi, i-Licensing Act ka-1662, kwadingeka ukuba zonke izincwadi zivunyelwe yiSishaya - mthetho. Ukushiyeka kwaleso senzo ngo-1695 kuvame ukuphawulwa njengenkathi yokushintsha. Izazi zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Milton noJohn Stuart Mill zaveza ukukhulumela okukhululekile okubalulekile ukuze kuvele iqiniso. I-American Recomplist Free Const Reformation (1791), kuyilapho iSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu (1789) samemezela ukukhulumisana ngokukhululekile kwemibono njengelungelo elingcwele.

Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Nezindinganiso Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Phakathi kwamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nanesine, izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziye zandisa isivikelo sokuphepha. Icala eliyinhloko lase-U.S. lihlanganisa i-Nearbrov v. Minnesota[FL:1] (1931), ephele ngaphambi kokuba uvimbele ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile; New York Times v. Sullivan [1964]] [1964], eyaphakamisa ibha yezikhulu ukuba zinyukele i-libe i-liber; kanye Branzburg v.[FL:][FLT][1972], eyayithi intathe ukuthi intatheli ayinaso lokukholisa igumbi lokukholisa kodwa igumbi elifanele.

Izizwe zonke, i-European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10) neNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene yeSivumelwano soMhlangano wamalungelo esizwe nezombangazwe (i-Actricity 19) inikeza izibopho ezibophekayo. Izindikimba ezinjengeNkantolo yaseMelika Ephakathi yamalungelo abantu ziye zakhipha imibono yokungavumelani kwemithetho yokuhlambalaza imithetho yobugebengu ngezimiso zentando yeningi.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Zokuphoqelela Inkululeko Nobuqotho Obungokomthetho

Naphezu kwezisekelo eziqinile zokuqanjiswa, isimiso somthetho nenkululeko ephoqelelwayo kubhekene nezinsongo ezingathi sína ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukungaqondi Kwezinombolo Nokungaqondi

I-Internet inyathelise idemocrate kodwa futhi idedensictic idedentiation, inkulumo yenzondo, kanye namagumbi okuvocala. Ohulumeni baye basabela ngemithetho ehloselwe ukunqanda ukwaziswa okungamanga − njengase-International Services Act. Nakuba ihloselwe kahle, lemithetho ingasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukugxekwa okungokomthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amasiteji ezokuxhumana ezenhlalo aba isikwele esisha somphakathi, futhi aqukethe imithetho yokulinganisela esetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ekuhloleni ukwaziswa okungagunyaza ukulawula.

Inkululeko Ekhona Ihlaselwa Ezizweni Eziningi

Ngokwe Amaphepha-ndaba Angenawo uMdanso Wenkululeko , inkululeko yokunyathelisa iye yancipha emhlabeni wonke iminyaka eminingana elandelanayo. Izintatheli zibhekene nokuhlaselwa ngokomzimba, ukuboshwa, nokubulawa emazweni anjengeMexico, iNdiya, neRussia. Ngisho nakuhulumeni wentando yeningi, abezombangazwe bavame ukuvimbela imithombo yezindaba ngokuthi “isitha sabantu,” ukuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi nokudala isimo sezulu lapho ukuhlukunyezwa kuhlala khona. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezenza amaphephandaba obugebengu awezenzwe zezentengiselwano zesizwe, noma imithetho emelene nomthetho yezembutho yezwe zivame ukusetshenziswa kabi.

Ukucindezela Kwezomnotho Nokuqiniswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Izindawo eziningi zokudayisa imibiko yezindaba ezingokwesiko ziye zancipha noma zavalwa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yinzuzo ekhokhwa emishinini emikhulu yobuchwepheshe. Imithombo yamaphephandaba yasendaweni, ikakhulukazi, iye yaqothulwa. Umphumela “zintsha zezingwadule” /_izindawo zokuxhumana ezingenabika kwendawo. Amamedi ahlanganisa izinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu zinganciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukumelana nalokhu ngokuxhasa kwezentengo zomphakathi ngenxa yokuzibusa kwemithombo yezindaba noma izisusa zentela zokuncintisana kwezincwadi, kodwa izinyathelo ezinjalo ziphikisana nezombangazwe.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Kusongelwa

Isimiso somthetho esingaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe asinakuvikela inkululeko ecindezelayo. Amazwe anjengePoland neHungary aye abona izinguquko zokwahlulela eziphikiswayo abagxeki abathi izinkantolo ezingaphansi kweqembu elibusayo. Lapho abahluleli besaba ukuphindiselwa ngokubusa uhulumeni, sonke isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siphelelwa amandla, futhi abezindaba balahlekelwa umvikeli ogxekayo. IKhomishane yezizwe zonke yabasekeli bamaJurlvest [[ ifaka lamasiko kanye nokusekela ukuzimela kokwahlulela njengokubalulekile ekulawuleni ngentando yeningi.

Indima Yezakhamuzi: Indlela Ongasekela Ngayo Isimiso Somthetho Nezingcingo Ezikhululekile

Umphakathi othembisene ungaqinisa isimiso somthetho futhi ucindezele inkululeko ngezenzo zansuku zonke.

Hlala Unolwazi Futhi Usekela I - Journalism Ephambili

Zibophelele emithonjeni yezindaba edumile, kokubili eyasendaweni nakweyobuzwe. Yiba nesandla ezingenisweni zokuhlola ezingazuzisi njenge Propublica noma i Center for Investigative Reporting. Lapho izakhamuzi zifuna ukubika okuphelele, okunembile, izinhlangano zezokuxhumana ziyofaka imali kuzo. Gwema ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungaqinisekisiwe emithonjeni yezenhlalo; khuthaza ukuqaphela amaqiniso.

Hlanganyela Nesimiso Esingokomthetho

Qonda ekugcinweni komthetho noma ekukhethweni lapho kusebenza khona. Khonza ejajini uma ubizwa. Yiba khona emacaleni enkantolo yendawo ukuze ugcine isimiso sobulungisa esisebenzayo. Qonda amalungelo akho − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqopha amaphoyisa emphakathini(-) futhi uyakwazi ukunikeza amarekhodi omphakathi. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza imithombo yamahhala yokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise isimiso.

Abasekeli Bokuzivikela

Xhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zisekele imithetho emelene ne-SLAP, isivikelo semithetho yezintatheli, nenkululeko eqinile yolwazi imisebenzi. Zisekela izinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo omthetho futhi zifake inkululeko, njenge Committee ukuvikela izintatheli[[[FL:1]] noma i-American Civil Liberesties Union. Umsekeli ngokumelene nomthetho owephula umthetho owephula umthetho.

Khuthaza Ukufundwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Zifundise wena nabanye indlela yokuhlola imithombo, yokuhlukanisa izindaba nombono, nokuqaphela amasu okusebenzisa kabi izintambo. Izikole nemitapo kungangenisa amashabhu. Ukufunda nokubhala kwakha ukumelana nokungatholi ulwazi, okuthi kamuva kunciphise ukufaneleka kokucubungula okukhulu kukahulumeni.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuhlanganyela

Isimiso somthetho nenkululeko yokunyathelisa akuyona imicabango engaqondakali − ayiyondlela esebenzayo elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Isimiso somthetho esisebenza kahle sivimbela ubugebengu, sixazulule izingxabano ngokufanelekile, futhi sivikele amalungelo amancane. Umshini okhululekile ukhanyisa izenzo zikahulumeni, unikeza izwi, futhi unika izakhamuzi amandla okwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Uma zombili zinamandla, umphakathi uphephile, unobulungisa, futhi uqinile.

Kodwa akukho okuzisekelayo. Zincike ekuqapheni komphakathi, ekufuneni ukubusa kwezombangazwe, nasekuvikeleni okungokomthetho okumelana nokuguguleka. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezindawo ezilawula umhlaba zishintsha, usongo luzoshintsha, kodwa izimiso ziyohlala zikhona. Ngokuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho nenkululeko ecindezelayo esebenza ngayo ndawonye, futhi ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuzivikela, futhi izinsika zingaqinisekisa ukuthi lezinsika ziyaqhubeka zisekela ukuphila kobudemokhrasi ezizayo.