Umqondo wokulinganisela kwamandla ubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela enziwa ngayo inqubo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Lokhu kulinganisela kugcinwa ngezindima ezihlukile ze-progress, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela kahulumeni. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yalo yemfanelo namandla, elihlangeneyo elidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Abaphathi be-U.S. umthetho-Constitution, odweba ezinkampanini ezicwini ezicwebezelayo njenge-Montesquieu, oklanye ngamabomu ukuvimbela lokhu kwahlukana kwenkululeko nokuvimbela ubudlova. UJames Madison, ku-[Foctiveration:] [0] Fireda.[51], u-Noc. Ingxenye ngayinye yezimiso zokwahlulela ezisebenzayo, iveza ukuthi "umgomo kumelwe wenziwe ukulwa, incazelo ngayinye yegatsha kufanele ishoshoshoshoshosho ukumelana kwabanye abanye. Kuleli ngamakhulu amabili sekhulu, ukulinganisa okukhulu, ukulinganisa okukhulu, ukulinganisa nezigaba segatsha, ukulinganisa okukhulu, ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa, ukunciphisa isilinganiso sengxenye

Imithetho Engokomthetho: Imithetho Yobuciko Nokumelela Abantu

Igatsha lemithetho ngokuyinhloko linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho. E-United States, leligatsha limelelwa uMkhandlu, ohlukaniswa yizindlu ezimbili: iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Indlu ngayinye inezigunya ezihlukile nemithwalo yemfanelo enikela enqubweni yokwenza umthetho. Isakhiwo se-biadral sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane: ukumelelwa kwendlu kusekelwe emphakathini, kuyilapho umbuso ngamunye uthola izigelethi ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bazo. Lomklamo ombambambamba uqinisekisa kokubili izithakazelo eziningi nezindawo zikahulumeni ezisemqoka phakathi nokwakhiwa kwemithetho.

Ukwenza Imithetho Nesimiso Sekomiti

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wegatsha lomthetho uwukwenza amafomu, ukuphikisana, nokukhipha umthetho. Imithetho ingasungulwa kunoma yiliphi igumbi (ngaphandle kwentela yemali ekhokhelwayo, okumelwe iqale eNdlu). Ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sifike phansi, ishukunyiswa amakomiti akhethekile namakomiti anezimemezelo agcina ukuzwakala, umbhalo we-antendix, futhi itusa isenzo. Lesi simiso sekomiti singasungula ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi (kusukela ekuhleleni izinguquko zezempilo ukuze kuvikelwe imvume. Iwebhusayithi ye-webh inikeza umbono okhanyayo ezinkulungwaneni zemali ezazekwethula isiqephu ngasinye.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Abameli bamelela izithakazelo nezinkathazo zabantu abakanye nabo. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho achitha isikhathi esiphawulekayo ezifundeni noma ezifundazweni zawo, ehlangana nabavoti, amabhizinisi, nezikhulu zendawo. Basiza abantu ukuba baqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni, umsebenzi owaziwa njengomsebenzi wokuqulwa kwecala. Lendima ehlukene yokufaka umthetho wezwe ngesikhathi kuxoxwa ngezidingo zendawo, kodwa futhi igcina abamisi-mthetho beqinile ezifweni zansuku zonke zikahulumeni.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

UKhomishane unegunya lokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanele. Ukuqondisa kunezici eziningi: ukuzwa lapho omabhalane bebodwa befakaza khona, ukuphenya kwe-Hulumeni Authority Accountation Office, nokubukeza izimiso zezinhlangano. Amakomiti anamandla njengeSigele seSishaya-Pudicary noma i House Oversing ingabhala izincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-poena futhi iphoqelele ubufakazi. Lokhu kuhlola ngamandla aphethe kubalulekile ekuvuleni indleko, ukukhohlisa, nokuxhaphaza.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nokusikisela

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvumela uhlelo lwemali nokwethula izimali zikahulumeni. "Igunya lesikhwama" lingenye yeziphetho ze-checks enamandla kakhulu kumongameli. Indlu iqala izikweleti zokushaya indiva, futhi iSigele kumelwe sivume. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali evunyelwe, uhulumeni angavala isibonakaliso esiphawulekayo sokulawula i-projekthi. I-Congregational Ballegement Office inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela engekhona kwesigaba, isiza abakhiqinisi bomthetho ukuba benze izinqumo zokusebenzisa imali ngolwazi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukushaya Imithetho Nokubeka Isiqondiso

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho nokusebenzisa uhulumeni. E-United States, uMongameli ukhonza njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, esekelwa nguMongameli ongumsizi noMphathi. Igatsha lanamuhla elikhulu, liqasha izigidi zabantu eminyangweni nasemanxusani ahlukene (jecut) esuka kuMnyango Wezokuvikela kuya ku-Environmental Protection Agency. Ithonya loMongameli lidlulela ngalé kokugcinwa komthetho okulula; ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, izimemezelo, nenkambiso yangaphandle, ngokuvamile isikhulu sihlela isiqondiso sesizwe ngaphandle kwesenzo esiqondile sokulawula izinhlangano.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Igatsha eliphethe liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho eshaywa yigatsha lomthetho iyagcinwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjenge-Department of Justice, i-Department of Homeland Security, nenkonzo yenzuzo yangaphakathi yenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke wokumisa imithetho. UMongameli, njengesikhulu esiphethe, uqondisa lezi zikhungo futhi angabeka iziphakamiso eziphambili.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokubuswa Kwemithetho

UMongameli neKhabhinethi basebenzisa izimiso zikahulumeni nezinhlelo. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zikha iziqondiso ezinemininingwane ephethe umthetho. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ihilela isaziso somphakathi kanye nokuphawula, inikeza abanikezi ithuba lokulinganisela. Nokho, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho edlula igunya lomthetho noma ewubushiqela nengahleleki. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubekwa kwemithetho yesikhulu nokubukezwa komthetho kuyisisekelo sokwenza inqubo yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile nemithetho yezimali.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Neziphakamiso

Igatsha eliphethe igatsha lilawula ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe nezivumelwano. UMongameli ungumphathi omkhulu wesizwe, oxoxa ngezivumelwano namanye amazwe. Nakuba izivumelwano zidinga iseluleko nemvume yezingxenye ezimbili ezithathu zeSishaya-mthetho, izivumelwano eziphethe zingahlelwa ngaphandle kwesikhathi. UMongameli futhi uyala amabutho ahlomile njengeNkulumbuso yeSikhundla, enikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kokhuseleko lwesizwe nakuthembisana kwezizwe zonke. Intuthuko yamanje yenkambiso, indawo yesikhulu sendlu yesikhulu [[FLT:]] ephezulu yendlu ikhipha izenzo nezitatimende zesikhulu.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nesenzo Esingekho

UMongameli angathatha isinyathelo esisheshayo phakathi nezinhlekelele ukuze avikele isizwe. Imibuso ephuthumayo − echazwe ngezimiso njengoMthetho we-National Emerdiations − vumela umphathi ukuba afake imali eqinile, aqondise izimali, amabutho asebenzayo, noma amise imithetho ethile. La mibuso ingaphansi kokuqondisa nokuhlola kokwahlulela, kodwa ngokwesiko, amongameli kuwo womabili amaqembu baye bayisebenzisa kakhulu. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwesenzo esisheshayo nesokulandisa ngentando yeningi kuhlala kuyimpikiswano engokomthetho wemithetho engokomthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Imithetho Nokusekela Umthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ubulungisa. Lihlanganisa isimiso sezinkantolo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iyigunya eliphakeme kakhulu. Igatsha lokwahlulela lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izingxabano nasekusekeleni uMthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamiswa ukuze baphile, okuzivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi kwabamisiwe abaphila amashumi eminyaka.

Ukuchazwa Kwemithetho Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho futhi zinqume ukuthi iwumthetho-sisekelo wazo. Amandla okwahlulela amiswe ku-Marbury v. Madison (1803)(1)(83))(-----accel izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha eziphula umthetho-sisekelo. Lomandla enza ukuba ijaji libe igatsha elilinganayo elikwazi ukuvimbela kokubili ukumiswa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho nesikhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme izwa iqhezu eliyingxenyana yecala edluliselwe emacaleni, ikhetha leyo ephakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ukuxazululwa Kwecala Nomthetho Wecala

Ijaji lixazulula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngesimiso somthetho, amaqembu anikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, futhi amajaji akhipha izinqumo ezibeka isiqalo. Izinkantolo eziphansi , izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda eziningi zokudlulisa izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, isebenzisa isibonelo seNkantolo ephakeme ezimweni eziqanjiwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndikimba yomthetho iyashintsha, ngezinye izikhathi iholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo kwenqubo, njengokumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni yemishadwebeni efanayo noma ushintsho enqubeni yomthetho wezezimali.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Igatsha lokwahlulela livikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko njengoba kuchazwe kuMthetho-sisekelo naku-Bill of Rights. Izinkantolo ziye zandisa isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuvivinya umzimba okungokwenkolo, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ikhono labantu lokubekela inselele isenzo sikahulumeni enkantolo liyi-okisi eliyinhloko. Amacala angokomthetho anjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954]) kanye [FLT] Maranda v. Arizonal [[FLT:] [196] abonisa indlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezingaguqula ngayo imikhuba yezenhlalo nomthetho.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

INkantolo Ephakeme inamandla okubukeza nokugumbuqela imithetho ebhekwa njengengavumelani nemithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlola kusebenza kokubili ezimisweni zikahulumeni nasemithethweni kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zingahlola iziyalezo zezikhulu, iziqondiso zezinhlangano, nezenzo zomongameli zokwaphula umthetho noma umthetho. Nokho, i-judicary ilinganiselwe: ayinakuqala izimpikiswano; kumelwe ilinde ukuba kuvele impikiswano engokoqobo. Futhi izinqumo zayo zithembele emagatsheni aphethe nezomthetho ukuze zifeze impumelelo [1] isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla kuxhomeke ekuhloniphekeni phakathi kwamagatsha. [FLT:] Iwebhsayithi enkantolo esemthethweni inikeza imibono nempikiswano.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Sokuxhumana

Amasesha nama-aspects abalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Igatsha ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela amandla amanye, liqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elinamandla kakhulu. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sidwebe izibonelo eziyinhloko, isimiso esigcwele sigcwele futhi sicacile. Ngezansi kunezinqubo ezengeziwe kanye nokubaluleka kwazo kwangempela.

Izazi Zemithetho Zihlola Isikhulu Nomfundisi

  • IVEto Engakhonzi: Isikhongozelo singadlula i-veto kamongameli ngevoti enkulu yama-3-3 emagumbini womabili. Lokhu okungavamile kuphoqelela abenzi benqubo ukuba bakhe ukusekela okubanzi, i-bipartisan.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu inamandla okuphela (inani) uMongameli, amajaji kahulumeni, noma ezinye izikhulu. Khona - ke iSigele sibamba icala futhi singasilahla isigwebo, sisuse isikhulu ehhovisi. Lenqubo ephezulu isebenziselwe ukulwa nomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (i-tice).
  • Ukuqinisekisa ama-Ofice: ISigele seluleka futhi sivumele izivumelwano zomongameli kumaKhabhinethi, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, naku-aquator ezizimele. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza ithonya elikhulu legatsha lemithetho ngokwakhiwa kwesikhulu nolwejaji.
  • Isivumelwano seTreasure: Izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele kumelwe zivumelwane, ukuvimbela uMongameli ekubekeni isizwe izivumelwano zezizwe zonke kungazelelwe.
  • Amandla entengo: ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo. Ingasebenzisa iziphakamiso ukuze ilinganisele noma ikhuthaze isenzo sokuphatha.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala Nesimiso Sobuculi

  • I-Veto Power: UMongameli angalahla noma isiphi isikwele esidluliswa yi-Congress. Nakuba i-veto ingangagculiswa, iphoqelela ukuzimisela okukhulu ukumisa umthetho ngaphezu kokuphikisa komongameli.
  • A amandla okumisa: uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanjalo alololonga indlela yemibono yejaji yezizukulwane.
  • [ Iphardons kanye neReprieves: UMongameli anganikeza ukuvumelana komthetho kahulumeni, ahlole isigwebo sokwahlulela nokunikeza isihe. Lamandla abanzi kodwa awanakusetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukulahlwa.
  • I-Exect Directed Orders: Ngenkathi ingacacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, iziyalo zezikhulu zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise imisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Izinkantolo zingakhinyabeza imiyalo edlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda:[ Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kuyi-erch yejaji eyinhloko futhi kusetshenziswa njalo kuwo wonke amazinga.
  • [ Ukubekwa phambili kwemithetho: izinkantolo zinquma ukulahlwa komthetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile kulololonga incazelo esebenzayo yomthetho ngaphezu kwalokho okwakuhloswe yiSishaya-mthetho.
  • Amandla e-Injumction:[ Abahluleli bangakhipha iziyalezo zesikhashana ezinqanda imiyalo nemithetho yokumisa izenzo zokuqondisa ezibukwa ngokugcwele, njengoba kubonakala ezinkingeni eziningi zezimiso zokufuduka nendawo ezungezile.
  • Ukuqulwa kweMikhankaso: UMahluleli oPhakeme weNkantolo Ephakeme uqondisa ukuqulwa komongameli eSigeqeni, enezela isici sokwahlulela kulenqubo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Amandla Ekwenzeni Isimiso

Ukulingana kwamandla kubalulekile eqenjini lentando yeningi elisebenzayo. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagxili egatsheni elilodwa, akhuthaza ukulandisa nokuvimbela ubushiqela. Ukuqonda indima ye-propatiotisme, isikhulu, ne-metage maracture kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa. Kodwa lokhu kudlala kanjani ngokwenqubo engokoqobo? Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola amandla ngomlando nangama - lens akhona.

Ukubambisana Nokuhlehla

Inqubo ephumelelayo ngokuvamile idinga ukubambisana emagatsheni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Affordal Care Act ka-2010 yamiswa ngenqubo enzima ehilela ukuxoxa ngendlu nendlu yeSigele, isigqebhezana somongameli, nezinselele zeNkantolo ePhakamileyo ekugcineni. INkantolo yasekela iningi lomthetho i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20] kodwa ibeke i-20202] kodwa isithiyama i-Classiste Claine Licee, iphoqelela ukuba ithembele emandleni ayo okukhokha intela. Lokhu kwayenza inguquko iyimfanelo, hhayi imposiso, hhayi yesimiso, uma amagatsha esebenza ndawonye, izimiso zikhona ziphelele futhi zisekelwa.

Isondo Elihambayo Nemiphumela Yalo

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuwohloka kokulinganisela kungaphumela ekuhlelekeni futhi kungaphumeleli ukubusa. Uhulumeni ohlukene (8) uma elinye iqembu lilawula iWhite House futhi elinye lilawula indlu eyodwa noma zombili zeSishaya-mthetho ) kubangela ukungasebenzi kwemithetho. Imithetho yokulawula imishayo, ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, nokuvinjelwa kunezici zesifo. Ngezinye izikhathi igatsha lokwahlulela lithatha izinyathelo zokuqeda i-logjams, kodwa amakhambi awe angenzanga kakhulu ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-gallerwe ngenguquko yezokufuduka ishiya imibuzo eminingi yemithetho inqunywe ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nemithetho yenkantolo, okungashintsha ngezomthetho ngamunye.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ezinxitshisweni Nokulinganisela

[[FLT: 0] Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho: Umthetho we-Ceat Air Act unikeza i-Evironment Protection ye-oviletic Agency igunya lokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi. Kodwa uMkhandlu kumelwe uxhase i-EPA, uMongameli umisa umqondisi wayo, futhi ubukeze imithetho yawo. Uma i-Obama ikhipha i-Cec Poweral Plan yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon, abaphikisi. Inkantolo Ephakeme yagcina umthetho, futhi umphathi we-Trump wawukhipha kabusha. Ngokulandelayo, i-Bhidena, i-Bhide yakhipha iziqondiso ezintsha. Lokhu kubonisa indlela inqubo yegatsha ngalinye ethonyayo endaweni eyodwa.

ICIIL : Isivumelwano samalungelo esizwe sika-1944 sadluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho (ngaphezu kwe-palbuster ende), esasayinwa nguMongameli Lyndon Johnson, futhi sabe sesibekelwa inselele enkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuqina komthetho ukuzwa kwe-Atlanta Motel v. United States [1964], isebenzisa intelligence Claine. Kamuva, izinkantolo kwadingeka zicacise ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zobandlululo ezazivalelwe, kulokhu kubekwa kuzo zonke izinqumo kusukela ekuhluzinisweni ngokobulili ukuya elungelweni zeLBT. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elinqumayo indlela yokugcina yenkambiso; kunalokho, liguqula ingxoxo eqhubekayo.

Izimfune Zezakhamuzi Nabafundisi

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwe-pactical, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela kubaluleke empilweni yentando yeningi. Igatsha ngalinye linezindima ezihlukile nemithwalo yemfanelo enikelayo enqubweni yokwenza isimiso. Ngokuqonda lezi zindima, abafundi nothisha bangahlanganyela ngokujulile ezimisweni zokubusa kanye nokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela kwezezakhamuzi. Ulwazi lwesimiso lunika izakhamuzi amandla okugcina abameleli bazo, ukusekela ngokuphumelelayo ushintsho lwenqubo, nokuqaphela lapho igatsha lidlula imingcele yalo. [[FLT:] ububanzi bezimiso zombuso. [[FLT:].USA. ukuhlolwa kwamagatsha amathathu kunikeza ukucubuthwa okufinyele, kuyilapho izikhulu eziseceleni, noma iziqondiso eziseceleni zemvume, zinikeza ngisho nakuwo wonke amagatsha angcono, noma kuveza ukuvumelana komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.[FOctives] [Fomp] [Foct:]] [Foctive] [Fom]]]