Ukubukeza ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States singenye yesivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu kuyiBill of Rights, simisa izivikelo ezingokomthetho ezidingekile kubantu abasebenzelana nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Samiswa ngo-1791 ezihlangene nezinye izinguquko ezingu-91 ezihlanganisa iBill of Rights, iSimemezelo sesihlanu sikhuluma ngokungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Amalungiselelo aso adala imingcele engokomthetho evimbela ukuba umbuso ungasebenzisi amandla anganqandeki phezu kwezakhamuzi ezimangalelwe ubugebengu. Ngokufundisa izikhulu zomthetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho osemthethweni abalawula imingcele, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda amalungelo azo, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu simelela isici esiyisisekelo semithetho ye-Ovirisplustra yaseMelika, amaphoyisa, nabezomthetho wokuphatha.

Ukulungiswa kuqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu ezihlukene, ngayinye ivikela izici ezihlukene zamalungelo ngazinye: i-Grand Jury Clausle, i-Reopardy Claus e-Victive, i-Une-Claus ye-Une-Creaste, i-Claus ye-Creaste, kanye nokuthatha u-Claus. Nakuba wonke amalungiselelo amahlanu edinga ukunakwa, umsebenzi we-Session Procescle njengengxenye enkulu kakhulu nevame kakhulu ye-asethi. Ukuqonda indlela lezisivikelo ezisebenza ngayo ekusebenziseni inqubo yabo engokomlando, ukuchaza kwabo ngesibonelo seNkanto ephakeme, kanye nokusebenza kwabo emongweni yezomthetho yamanje.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu asizange siphume esingeni eliphansi. Amalungiselelo aso alandela uhlu lozalo lwabo oluya emasikweni avamile aseNgilandi aseMelika awafika nawo e-Atlantic. Ilungelo elimelene nokuzimela ngokwawo, ngokwesibonelo, lathuthukiswa ngokwezenzo zeStar Chamber neNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNgilandi, lapho iziphathimandla zaphoqelela abantu ukuba bazifakazele ngaphansi kwesifungo. IGrand Jury Clause ngokufanayo ibonakalisa amasiko asemthethweni aseNgilandi ayedinga ukuthatha isigaba somphakathi ekuletheni icala lobugebengu. Amakoloni aseMelika azibonela ngawawo ukuxhaphaza okuthiswa okuthiwa lapho isivikelo semithetho enjalo kungekho esimisweni somthetho.

UJames Madison, owabhalisa iBill of Rights, wasebenzisa lezi zenzakalo zomlando ekusebenziseni ulimi lobungcweti oluzovimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni osanda kumiswa ukuba uphinde ukungalungi okwabangela iNguquko yaseMelika. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuhulumeni esiphambanisayo sabonisa ukuthi uMsunguli ukungabaza ngokujulile amandla akhethekile kanye nokuzimisela kwakhe esimisweni sokuthi abantu bafanelwe ukuphathwa ngokufanelekile lapho bemangalelwa ngesenzo esingalungile.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu UCelas: Ukuhlola Okunemininingwane

IsiHluzi Sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo ezinhlanu ezihlukile, ngayinye ifeza injongo ethile ehlelweni olubanzi lwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda isisho ngasinye ngabanye kucacisa indlela ukulungiswa kwaso okusebenza ngayo njengesimiso sokuvikela esihambisanayo.

Icala Elikhulu

Ngokungafani nejaji elikhulu elinqumayo elinquma icala noma ukuba msulwa, ijaji elikhulu lihlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu othile wenze ubugebengu. Ijaji elikhulu lihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezivamile ezizwa ubufakazi obunikezwa abashushisi futhi linqume ukuthi zingabukhipha yini icala.

Lesivikelo sisebenza njengesehlo kumandla abashushisi, siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke amane afake icala kunoma ubani afisa ukumbeka ngaphandle kokubonisa kuqala ubufakazi obanele endikimbeni engathathi hlangothi yezakhamuzi. Okuphawulekayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi lemfuneko enkulu yokulawula ayisenzi ekumangalelweni kwecala nge-Created Procession ye 147 yeSiphendu sika-Claus, izincazelo zingasebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuqalisa izikhalo zobugebengu, njengokuqulwa kwakuqala noma ukwaziswa okubekwe ngokuqondile ngabashushisi.

Isivikelo Engozini Ephindwe Kabili

I-Reopardy Claus ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba umangalele umuntu kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Lokhu kuvikela kufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kuvimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ingcebo yakhe ephakeme ukuze azame kaningi ukubeka umuntu isigwebo kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni ethola isiqinisekiso. Okwesibili, uvikela abantu ekuvimbeleni okungokomzwelo nangokwezimali kokumangalelwa kaningi. Okwesithathu, ulondoloza ukugcinwa kwezinqumo zokwahlulela.

Izinkantolo ziye zachaza i-Double Jeopardy Claus isebenza kuphela ekwahlulelweni komthetho, hhayi ezenzweni zomphakathi noma emacaleni okuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "icala elifanayo" lidinga ukuhlolisisa ukuthi lezi zikhalo ezimbili zidinga ubufakazi bezakhi ezihlukene. Uma icala ngalinye liqukethe isici esingadibaniyo, ngokuvamile izingozi eziphindwe kabili azikunqandi ukuqulwa ngokulandelana.

Ilungelo Lokumelana Nokuziphikisa

Mhlawumbe ilungiselelo elaziwayo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu, i-Universal Incrimencination Claus inikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu "ozophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye." Lokhu kuvikela kunikeza abantu ilungelo lokuthula lapho ubufakazi babo bungase bubabeke esichengeni sobugebengu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Manda v. I-Arizona (19666) [[FLT]]] yamisa imfuneko manje efunwayo ye-familia enikezwa izikhulu zomthetho ukuba zisole ilungelo labo lokuthula nesolisa isolibolo labo ngaphambi kokuba benze ukuphenyaza kwabo.

U-Uziqudayo u-Claus usebenza kuphela ebufakazini obufakazelwayo, hhayi ubufakazi obungokoqobo obunjengamasampula egazi, iminwe, noma imibhalo. Isebenza futhi kubantu abangokwemvelo kuphela, hhayi ezinhlanganweni noma ezinye izinto ezingezona ezingokokwenziwa. Uma abantu bekhetha ukufakazela ekuzivikeleni kwabo ekuqulweni, ngokuvamile basusa ilungelo labo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu futhi kumelwe baphendule imibuzo ngokuhlola isiphambano.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile

I-Gast Procession Claus inikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Lenkulumo ebonakala ilula iye yabangela ukuchazwa okukhulu nokuchazwa emakhulwini eminyaka. Isigaba sibeka izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zezimfuneko ezisenzweni sikahulumeni: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile. Ukuqonda zombili lezi zigaba kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu esivikela ngayo amalungelo abantu ngabanye asebenzayo.

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu iSinyathelo sika-Claus sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Nokho, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, siqukethe i-Account Procession esebenzayo kuhulumeni. Ngalendlela, iSiphendu sesihlanu sivikelwe kuhulumeni ngeSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyishumi Nane.

Ukuthatha UClaus

Isigaba sokugcina seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi impahla yomuntu siqu akumelwe ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. I-Pitas Clause ifuna uhulumeni ukuba akhokhe imali efanelekile yezentengiselwano lapho ethatha impahla yangasese ngenjongo yomphakathi.

Ukuthatha imithetho yesimanje kukhuluma ngokuquleka kwempahla okungokomzimba futhi nezenzo zokuqondisa ezivimbela abanikazi bempahla ukuba bangalisebenzisi kahle izwe labo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakha iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho elihlukanisa phakathi kokuthatha ngokuqondile isinxephezelo nokusebenzisa amandla angokomthetho amaphoyisa okungadingi ukukhokhwa kubanikazi bempahla.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Elindelekile: Izindlela Ezivamile Nezingaqondakali

Inqubo efanelekile yomthetho imelela isivikelo esiyinhloko seSichibiyelo sesihlanu, esidinga ukuba isenzo sikahulumeni esithinta amalungelo abantu ngokwesilinganiso sifane. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlukanisa inqubo efanele ngokwezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: inqubo efanele, ethinta inqubo nenqubo okumelwe ilandelwe uhulumeni; kanye nenqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo, ethinta lokho okuqukethwe nokulunga kwesenzo sikahulumeni.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Ukuqinisekisa Ubuhle

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla zisebenzise izinqubo ezilungile. Lokho okuhlanganisa izinqubo zobulungisa kuyahluka kuye ngomongo nangesimo sezithakazelo ezisemqoka. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa uhlelo oluvumelanayo Amathews v. Eldridge (1976)[FL:1], okudinga ukuba izinkantolo zilinganisele izici ezintathu: isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintelwe yizenzo zikahulumeni, ingozi yokuncishwa kwephutha ngaphansi kwezimiso zamanje kanye nenani elifanele lezinto zokuvikela iprocratecury, kanye nenzalo kahulumeni yempumelelo ne-ficulture.

Okuncane, inqubo yokuveza iprocedtura ihlanganisa lezizinto ezilandelayo ezisemongweni omningi we-adversarial:

  • I-nothi yesenzo sikahulumeni esihlongozwayo: Abantu kumelwe bathole ukwaziswa okwanele ngalokho uhulumeni afuna ukukwenza nesisekelo sesenzo sakhe.
  • [ Ithuba lokuzwakala: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe babe nethuba elibalulekile lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo lwendaba phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi.
  • Ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bavunyelwe ukuba bazise ubufakazi obuphathekayo obusekela isimo sabo.
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abangebobuqotho: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bavunyelwe ukuba babuze ofakazi abanikeza ubufakazi kubo.
  • A isinqumo esisekelwe eqophisweni: Umenzi wesinqumo kumele asekele ukuzimisela kwabo ebufakazini obunikezwayo, hhayi ekucabangeleni kwangaphandle.
  • Ilungelo lokukhanga: Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bangene emshinini wendlela yokubekela izinqumo ezimbi inselele ngegunya eliphezulu.

Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomongo. Ukuzwa izindlebe eziphelele nabameli, ofakazi, nokuhlola kungadingeka ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, kanti izinqumo zokuphatha ngezinzuzo zikahulumeni zingadinga izinqubo ezivamile ezinjengalezo ezibhaliwe nomqondisi.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo isho isici esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu neyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu senqubo yenqubo efanelekile yokulawula. Ngokungafani nenqubo efanelekile, egxila ezindleleni ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni ukuze asebenzise izenzo zakhe, inqubo eyisisekelo edingayo ihlola ukuthi uhulumeni unesiqinisekiso esifanelekile yini sesenzo sakhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani izinqubo.

Imfundiso yenqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo isekela ukuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo asekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni nasesikweni saseMelika kangangokuthi uhulumeni akanakuwaphazamisa ngaphandle kokulunga okuphoqelelayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba eziningana zamalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngenqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo:

  • Amalungelo okungafundi: Ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo eziseduze zomuntu siqu mayelana nomshado, ukuzala, ukuvimbela inzalo, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, nokuzala umntwana.
  • Inkululeko ezenzekelayo: Ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungafunekiyo nokwenza izinqumo ngomzimba womuntu.
  • [ Amalungelo oParents: Ilungelo labazali lokuqondisa ukukhuliswa, imfundo, nokunakekelwa kwezingane zabo.
  • Amalungelo ombuso: Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezifundazwe nokusungula indawo yokuhlala kunoma isiphi isimo.
  • Amalungelo okuvota: Ilungelo lokuhlanganyela kukhetho nokuba uvoti womuntu abelwe kahle.

Lapho isenzo sikahulumeni siphula ilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe inqubo eyisisekelo edinga ukugcinwa, izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula okuqinile, zifuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise ukuthi isenzo salo sifeza isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe sikahulumeni futhi sisebenzisa izindlela ezingezona ezivimbelayo ezitholakalayo. Lapho isenzo sikahulumeni sithinta izithakazelo ezingezona eziyisisekelo kuphela, izinkantolo zisebenzisa isisekelo esinengqondo, zidinga kuphela ukuba isenzo sihlobane nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni.

Indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokuzinqumela yashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, iNkantolo yasebenzisa le mfundiso ukushaya imithetho yezezomnotho enjengeholo elilinganiselwe nemithetho ephakeme yamahora. Phakathi nekhulu lekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka, iNkantolo iye yashintsha ukugxila kwayo ekuzikhetheleni komuntu siqu namalungelo eyimfihlo, ikakhulukazi [ku- Griswold v. Connecticut [1965] [[FL]] nenzalo yayo. Muva nje, iNkanto eveza ukungaqiniseki mayelana nokwanda kohlobo lwamalungelo ayisisekelo avinjelwe yinqubo efanele, edinga ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi ilungelo lisekelwe kakhulu emlandweni namasiko aseMelika.

Uphawu Lwecala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Lokuchaza Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu iye yaguqula inqubo yobugebengu baseMelika namalungelo abo ngabanye ngezindlela ezijulile. Amacala amaningana aphawulayo abonisa indlela iNkantolo eye yasebenzisa ngayo amalungiselelo okulungisa izimo ezingokoqobo.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

KuMiranda v. Arizona, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngokufaka isicelo sokuncintisana no-Iyedwa u-Claus ekuhlolweni amaphoyisa. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi lapho izikhulu zomthetho zithatha ukusolwa futhi ziqala ukubuza, kumelwe ziqale zazise abasolwayo ngelungelo labo lokuthula, ukuthi noma yini ezithi zingasetshenziswa enkantolo, ilungelo labo lokuthintana nommeli, nokuthi ummeli uyonikezwa uma zingakwazi ukukhokha. Izivumelwano ezitholakele ngokwephula lezimfuneko ngokuvamile azikholeki ecaleni lomshushisi.

Isinqumo sikaMiranda samelela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu futhi sabangela impikiswano enkulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo safaka umthetho ophoqelelwe futhi savumela abasolwayo ukuba baphume ekwahlulelweni. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo sasimane sifuna amaphoyisa ahloniphe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ayekhona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu wayenawo yini umbono, iMiranda iye yagxila kakhulu esikweni lamaphoyisa aseMelika nasekuqondeni okuthandwayo amalungelo omthetho.

UGideon (1963)

Nakuba uGideon ehlangene neSichibiyelo seSihlanu sokukhipha iziphazamiso, siphikisana ngokuphawulekayo nezimiso zenqubo yesihlanu. Inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo se 14 seSinqumo sika-Claus sidinga ukuba kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukukhokhela izigebengu ezicaleni zecala. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abathola ukufinyelela okunenjongo esimisweni sokwahlulela futhi bangasebenzisa amalungelo abo eSiphendulo Sesihlanu ngokuphumelelayo.

Glucksberg (1997)

Ku-Washington v. Glucksberg, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ukuthi inqubo eyisisekelo edinga ukubulawa ivikela ilungelo lokuzibulala kodokotela abasizayo. Inkantolo yenqaba ukuqaphela ilungelo elinjalo, imisa ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezimbili kokuthola amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngenqubo efanelekile. Okokuqala, ilungelo eliqanjiwe kumelwe ligxile kakhulu emlandweni namasiko aseMelika. Okwesibili, ilungelo kumelwe lichazwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuthi likhululwe iziphakamiso ezizobiza ukukhubazeka kwekomiti. Leli cala libonisa indlela yesimanje yeNkantolo ethatha inqubo efanelekile, ligcizelela ukuvinjelwa nokuhlaziywa komlando.

Mathews v. Eldiridge (1976)

Mathews v. I-Eldridge yasungula ukuhlolwa okunezingxenye ezintathu kokulinganisela okusetshenziswa izinkantolo ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edinga inqubo engokwenqubo engokwesiko edinga ukukhishwa kwenqubo yokukhubazeka kwe-Social Security. Icala lalihilela ukuqedwa kokukhubazeka kwe-Social Security ngaphandle kokucaciswa kwangaphambi konyaka. Le nqubo yokuhlelwa kwe-producration ivumelana nezimo futhi idinga ukulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwezimiso zamanje, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulawuleni kahle. Lesi sisakhelo sihlala siyindlela ejwayelekile yokuhlola inqubo efanelekile yomthetho kuzo zonke izindawo.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Ezimisweni Zemfundo

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo sesihlanu esifanelekile sidlulela ezimweni zemfundo, sidinga izikole ukuba zinikeze izinqubo ezilungile lapho zithatha izenzo ezithinta izithakazelo zokufundisa zabafundi. Nakuba abafundi bengazijabuleli izivikelo ezingokomthetho-mthetho ezifana nabantu abadala ekuphathweni kobugebengu, balondoloza amalungelo abalulekile adingekile ezimisweni ezithile.

Intuthuko Efanele Ekulayweni Kwesikole

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngamalungelo enqubo afanele kubafundi Gos v. Lopez (1975), iphethe ukuthi abafundi besikole esisesikoleni esisodwa banelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuqaphela nokuqulwa ngaphambi kokuba baphucwe imfundo. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi imfundo iyinzuzo yempahla evikelwe yi-ARCLE Program Claus nethi abafundi abanakuxoshwa noma balekwe isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiyisisekelo sezemfundo.

Ngezenzo ezincane zokuyala njengezinsukwana ezithatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinsuku eziyishumi, izinqubo ezidingekayo zincane kakhulu. Abafundi kumelwe bathole isaziso ngomlomo noma esibhaliwe samacala abamangalelwa ngawo nethuba lokunikeza izenzakalo zabo. Lokhu kuzwakala ngokwethukela kungenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuba kushiwo ukuthi ukuziphatha kabi futhi kungaqhutshwa yinoma yimuphi umphathi wesikole owayengahilelekile ngokuqondile kulesi senzakalo.

Ngezenzo ezingathi sína kakhulu ezinjengokuxoshwa noma ukukhishwa kwezindawo isikhathi eside, abafundi banelungelo lokuthola isivikelo esikhulu sezemfundo. Lezi zivame ukuhlanganisa isaziso esibhaliwe samacala athile, ilungelo lokubiza ofakazi nobufakazi obukhona, ithuba lokunqamule ofakazi abamelene no-examine, ukumelelwa ummeli noma ummeli, nesinqumo esibhaliwe esichaza isisekelo sanoma isiphi isenzo sokujezisa esithathwe.

Amalungelo Okuzihlukanisa Kwabafundi Ezikoleni

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuzinqanda ekuzichaseni siyasebenza nasezinhlanganweni zesikole, nakuba ubukhulu baso buhlukile kumacala abantu abadala abaphahliwe. Abafundi ababuzwa izikhulu zesikole ngelungelo lokuthula uma izimpendulo zabo zingababeka esimweni sobugebengu. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi izikhulu zesikole azidingeki ukuba zinikeze izixwayiso zeMiranda ngaphambi kokubuza abafundi ngokuphula umthetho ongase uphumele nasekwenzweni kobugebengu.

Lokhu kudala izimo ezinzima lapho abafundi bengase babhekane khona nokuqulwa kwesikole kanye kanye kanye kanye nophenyo lobugebengu. Izinkulumo ezishiwo izikhulu zesikole zingasetshenziswa ekumangalelweni ngobugebengu, ngisho nakuba izikhulu zesikole zinganikezanga izixwayiso zeMiranda. Abafundi nemikhaya yabo kufanele baqonde lezi zindlela ezinamandla futhi bafune iseluleko esingokomthetho lapho izindaba zesikole ziphikisana namacala obugebengu angase abekwe.

Inqubo Efanele Yemfundo Ekhethekile

Amalungu oMthetho wemfundo yokukhubazeka (IDEA) anikeza inqubo edingekayo kubafundi abakhubazekile kunaleyo efunwa yiSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Lezi zivikelo zomthetho zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlanganyela kubazali ekwenzeni izinqumo zokufundisa, ilungelo lohlelo lwemfundo lomuntu siqu (IEP), ilungelo lokuvikela iprocedtural with acuship nenqubo efanelekile yokuzwa, kanye nelungelo lokuhlala ekwakheni kwabo okuhambisana nesinqumo semfundo esihambisana nesinqumo sezemfundo esikhona ngelungiselelo lezemfundo elaziwa ngokuthi "ukubeka ilungiselelo".

Abaphathi besikole kumelwe basebenzise izimfuneko ezizolandelwa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho ezidingekayo futhi baqondise izivikelo zemfundo ekhethekile. Lapho beyala abafundi abakhubazekile, umthetho kahulumeni ubeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe ezicabangela ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi kwakuyisibonakaliso sokukhubazeka komfundi nokuthi uhlelo lwemfundo lomfundi luklanyelwe ukusingatha izidingo zabo zokuziphatha ngokufanelekile yini.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zothisha Nabaphathi Bezikole

Ukuqonda izimfuneko ezifanele zeNguqulo yesihlanu yenqubo kubalulekile kubafundisi nabaphathi besikole abenza izinqumo zokuyala ezithinta abafundi. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza isivikelo esiqinile singaphumela ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho ezigumbuqela izenzo zokuyala futhi zingabeka izikole ezingeni elinecala.

Ukuze zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, izikole kufanele zimise izimiso ezicacile ezichaza izinqubo abafundi abazozithola ngesilinganiso ngasinye sokuyala. Lezizimiso kufanele zichaze isaziso abafundi abazosithola, inqubo yokuzwa ekhona, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi futhi babize ofakazi, ilungelo lokudlulisa izinqumo ezingezinhle, kanye nethuba lokuthatha isinyathelo ngasinye. Izikole kufanele ziqeqeshe bonke izisebenzi ezihlanganyela ezinqumweni ezingokomthetho ezivumelana nezimfuneko ezisebenza ezisemthethweni.

Ukubhalwa kwezincwadi kubalulekile ngokufanayo. izikole kufanele zilondoloze amarekhodi anembile azo zonke izinqubo zokuyala, kuhlanganise namacala aqondile abekwa umfundi, ubufakazi obucatshangelwe, ubufakazi obungatholakali, nesisekelo sanoma isiphi isenzo sokuyala esibekweyo. Ubufakazi obuphelele bubonisa ukuthi isikole sanikeza isivikelo esifanelekile futhi sinikeza isisekelo sokuvikela izinselele ezingokomthetho.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo Yesihlanu iSici seSinqumo sika-Claus Claus sihlala singesinye sezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kumthetho-mthetho we-America, siqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta amalungelo abantu zilungile ngokuyisisekelo. Izimfuneko zaso zidlulela kuwo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni nasezicini eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise nezimo zemfundo lapho amakusasa abafundi engase axhomeke ekulinganiseni kwezinqumo zokuyala. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwenqubo efanelekile yokuhlukanisa, eqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile, nenqubo efanelekile, evikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni okungadingekile, kunikeza isisekelo sokusebenzisa lezizimiso. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zichaza futhi zisebenzisa iSigqi soMpanziso-Mthethwe wesihlanu ezimweni ezintsha, isithembiso sawo sokulunga phambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke njengesicingoso sebulungisa.