Ukuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu: Uhambo Lokusuka Ekuhlonishweni Kuya Esilahlweni

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisisekelo sendlela umphakathi osabela ngayo ekuziphatheni okunqatshelwe. Uchaza ukuthi yini ewubugebengu, unikeza izinqubo zokumangalela abamangalelwa, futhi unikeza izijeziso zezinkolelo. Kubafundi bomthetho, othisha, nanoma ubani osebenzisa isimiso somthetho, othatha isigaba ngasinye kusukela ekumangaleleni kokuqala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina kubalulekile. Lesiqondiso esinwetshiwe sihamba phakathi nanoma isiphi isigaba esibucayi, sichaza izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho, futhi sigcizelela isivikelo esakhelwe kulenqubo.

Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisimiso semithetho ejezisa ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokuyingozi ekulondekeni komphakathi, ukuhleleka, noma impahla. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, oxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa umbuso njengeqembu lommangaleli. Umbuso kumelwe ufakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho. Lendinganiso ibonisa imiphumela enzima yokukholisa kwecala, kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa kwenkululeko, inkokhelo, kanye nehlazo elihlala njalo.

Icala lobugebengu livame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi:

  • Iziphambeko - Ukuphuka okuncane njengamathikithi omgwaqo, okujeziswa ngenkokhelo.
  • Imisdemers – amacala amakhulu kakhulu anjengeseba noma ukuhlasela okulula, okuthatha unyaka owodwa wesikhathi sasejele.
  • Izentambo [ – Ubugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu obuhlanganisa ukubulala, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ngokuvamile obuphumela ekugwetshweni ejele unyaka owodwa noma ngisho nokuphila.

Injongo yomthetho wobugebengu idlulela ngalé kwesijeziso. Ihlose futhi ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuguqula izihlubuki, nokunikeza izisulu umuzwa wobulungisa. Izinga ngalinye lenqubo liklanyelwe ukulinganisela le migomo kuyilapho kuvinjelwa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo abekwa icala.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Ukusuka Ekucwaningeni Kuya Ekukhipheni Icala

Indlela esuka ekumangaleleni ukuya esinqumweni sokugcina ihilela ukulandelana kwezinyathelo ezicaciswe kahle. Nakuba ikhona ngezimiso ezihlukene, isisekelo sihlala sifana e-United States nezimiso zemithetho eziningi ezivamile. Ngezansi kunesici sokuwohloka kwesiteji ngasinye.

Uphenyo

Yonke into iqala lapho abaphathi bemithetho bethola ukuthi kukhona ubugebengu okuthiwa buyicala eliye lathathwa, ngombiko wobufakazi, noma ngokuhlola. Isigaba sokuhlola silapho kuqoqwa khona ubufakazi, bugcinwe futhi buhlolwa. Izikhulu zixoxa nofakazi, ziqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo (umz., iDNA, iminwe, imininingwane yemishini yamanani), nokuhlola ukulandelela. Umgomo ukusungula imbangela okungenzeka: isisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu benzekile nokuthi umuntu othile obenze bona.

Phakathi nalesi sigaba, abacwaningi kumelwe bavumelane nemingcele engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyisweni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Ubufakazi obutholakele ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni noma ngaphandle (njengezimo ezivumayo noma ezikhipha isigwebo) bungakhishwa ekuqulweni kwecala kamuva. Lomthetho wokuzihlukanisa usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla amaphoyisa.

Ukuboshwa

Uma abacwaningi beqala ukuba nesizathu okungenzeka, bangase babophe. Ukuboshwa kungenzeka ngesiqinisekiso esikhishwa umahluleli noma ngaphandle koyedwa uma isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma sinezici okungenzeka ukuba zibangele isimo esiphuthumayo. Ngesikhathi sokuboshwa, izikhulu kumelwe zifunde amalungelo eMiranda, azisa umgcini-mgodla ilungelo labo lokuthula nelungelo labo kummeli. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza lezi zixwayiso kunganikeza noma isiphi isixwayiso esilandelayo.

Lapho eseboshiwe, lowo muntu ufakwa ejele futhi abhaliswe ngezincwadi — akhutshwe ngenqubo ehlanganisa ukuqopha ukwaziswa kwakhe siqu, ukuthatha iminwe nezithombe, nokugcina lowo muntu osolwayo esejele elizoqala ukubonakala enkantolo.

Ukubheja

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi uhlola umbiko wophenya nobufakazi bokunquma ukuthi kufanele ubhalise amaphutha. Lesi sinqumo asizenzakaleli; abashushisi banokuhlakanipha okukhulu kokwenqaba ukuqulwa uma ubufakazi bubuthakathaka, lokho okuthiwa kuyingozi kuncane, noma ezinye izinhlelo (njengokuzilibazisa) zifanelekile. Imithetho echaza umthetho wobugebengu ophulwe kanye nezinga lomthetho (umk.m., kuqala ukubulala. free alm. g. quam).

Kwezinye izimo, ukumangalelwa kokuqala kungavela ngokumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli, ikakhulukazi emacaleni angathi sína. Iqembu elikhulu labahluleli − iqembu lezakhamuzi − libheka ubufakazi bamacala ngasese futhi livote ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kuqhubeke. Uma bekhipha isaziso esiqinisekile, icala liyaqhubekela phambili.

4. Ukubekwa icala

Icala liyicala lokuqala lommangalelwa avele phambi komahluleli. Inkantolo ifunda amacala, iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba awaqonde, futhi icele isicelo. Izinketho ezivamile yilezi:

  • Guilty - Ummangalelwa uvuma icala, akhiphe ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala futhi athathe isinyathelo esiqondile sokugweba.
  • [ Awunacala - Ummangalelwa uphika amacala, futhi icala liqhubekela ecaleni.
  • [ Akukho ngqungquthela (i-nolo imate) - Ummangalelwa akavumi icala kodwa uyasamukela isijeziso. Lesisicelo asinakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nommangalelwa enkantolo yomphakathi ephuma esimweni esifanayo.

Phakathi nokuphambana, umahluleli futhi unikeza ibheyili. Imali ebekwe ukuqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba abuyele esikhathini esizayo senkantolo. Umahluleli ucabangela izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, izingozi zendiza, kanye nezibopho zomphakathi. ISichibiyelo se-Heighth senqabela ibheyili eqile, kodwa emacaleni angathi sína kakhulu noma uma ummangalelwa eyingozi, umahluleli angaphika ngokuphelele ukuvalelwa nokuyalwa kwesigwebo.

5. Ukuqhubeka Kwamacala

Inkathi phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile iyisigaba eside kakhulu senqubo yobugebengu. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, abameli bahlanganyela ekutholeni (ukufaka ubufakazi obuphindiwe), uhlu lofakazi, nemibiko engochwepheshe. Abameli bamafayela bathatha uhambo oluqinile ukuze baphikise ubufakazi obungaqiniseki, bavimbele izitatimende ezitholakele ngokungemthetho, noma balahle ngokuphelele. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlasela ukucindezela – Argues ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wommangalelwa.
  • Ukukhipha - kusho ukuthi lamacala ahluleka ukuveza ubugebengu noma ukuthi umshushisi unobufakazi obunganele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqunganyiswa kokushintsha i-Venue - - Ifuna ukuyisa icala kwenye indawo ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba noma ubandlululo.

Imihlangano yangaphambi kwenkantolo phakathi kwamajaji nabameli isiza ezimpikiswaneni ezilinganiselwe, ibeke isikhathi, futhi ihlole amathuba esicelo esikhokhelwayo. I-Plea ithena ngo-(/h) lapho ummangalelwa enxusa khona icala ngokushintshana namacala ancishisiwe noma umusholo olulula kakhulu.

6. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma kungekho sivumelwano esifinyelelwayo futhi ummangalelwa elondoloza isikhalo esingenacala, icala liqhubeka liqulwa icala.ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingakhethi, nakuba abamangalelwa bengalikhipha lelilungelo futhi bakhethe ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi phambi kwejaji kuphela.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kulandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe:

  1. [[NT: 0] Ukukhetha (I-Voir Dire) - Izisebenzi ezingaba jubi ziyaphenywa nhlangothi zombili futhi zikhethwe noma zihlatshwe ngenxa yembangela noma inselele yokuzihlenga.
  2. Izinkulumo ezivulayo[ - Zombili izinhlangothi ziveza icala labo kumajaji, kodwa lezi azibona ubufakazi.
  3. Icala le-Chectif' - - Uhulumeni unikeza ofakazi, amaphepha, nobufakazi obungokoqobo. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlola ngokuqondile futhi ahlole.
  4. [ Icala likaDefense [ - Isivikelo singanikeza ubufakazi baso, kuhlanganise nokubiza ofakazi nobufakazi bommangalelwa (ummangalelwa akanakuphoqelelwa ukuba afakazele).
  5. Iveza izimpikiswano – Attorney ifingqa ubufakazi futhi inxusa abasizi bejaji ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile.
  6. [[UMTL:0] Imiyalo e-Jirp - Umahluleli uchaza umthetho osebenzayo kanye nezici okumelwe zifakazelwe.
  7. Jorlibration and Verdict - Amajaji ngasese athatha isinqumo samacala amakhulu ahlanganyelwe. Uma bengenakuvumelana, inkantolo ingakhishwa, futhi abashushisi bangaliphikisa icala.

Kulo lonke icala, ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, futhi abahluleli kumelwe bakhiphe icala uma ubufakazi bungabonisi ukuthi unecala ngokunengqondo.

7. Isinqumo Nezinyathelo Zangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kokuba ijaji noma ijaji lifinyelele isinqumo, kumenyezelwa enkantolo esobala.

  • Guilty – Ummangalelwa walahlwa, futhi icala liqhubekela phambili ekugwebeni.
  • [ Akukhona ukubekwa icala - Ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi kumele akhululwe ngokushesha. I-Reopardy Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ivimbela ukuqulwa kwecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa.

Kulandela isinqumo esinecala, ukuzivikela kungathatha indlela yokuthatha isinyathelo ngemva kwecala, njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha elisekelwe emaphutheni phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala. Umahluleli angabeka eceleni isinqumo uma simelene nobufakazi. Le mithetho ayivamile ukugunyazwa kodwa ibalulekile ekulondolozeni izindaba zokudlulisa isikhalo.

8. Ukugwetshwa

Isigwebo siyingxenye lapho inkantolo iphoqelela khona isijeziso. Ezizweni eziningi, kuqulwa icala elihlukile, lapho kubekwa khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nesijeziso esifanelekile. Umahluleli ucabangela iziqondiso zokugweba zomthetho, ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, izinkulumo zezisulu, nezici ezibangela ukudabuka noma ukubambisana.

Imisho evamile ihlanganisa:

  • ukuboshwa [ – Isikhathi sisejele noma ejele. Ubude bunqunywa umthetho nokwahlulela.
  • Isivumelwano [ – Ummangalelwa uhlala emphakathini oqondiswa futhi kumelwe avumelane nezimo ezinjengokuhlola izidakamizwa noma imithetho yezikhathi zomthetho.
  • [ Finife kanye noRestitution – izijeziso ze-Monetary ezikhokhwa kuhulumeni noma ezisulwini zokulahlekelwa.
  • Inkonzo ye-commonity - Umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga wenhlangano engatholi nzuzo noma kahulumeni.
  • [ Isijeziso esithathelwanayo – Ezizweni ezijezisa ukufa, ubugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu bungaphumela ekubulaweni.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela isijeziso sonya nesingavamile, ngakho isigwebo kumelwe sivumelane nobugebengu.ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisela icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme, ebukeza umlando ngamaphutha angokomthetho.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zemithetho Ezilawula Inqubo

Umbono Wokungabi Nandaba

Wonke ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala. Lesisimiso asiwona nje umthetho ongokomthetho wasenkantolo; sigunyaza ukubikelwa kobufakazi futhi sivikela ummangalelwa ekucatshangelweni kusengaphambili.

Ubufakazi Obungaphezu Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

Lendinganiso idinga ukuba ubufakazi buqine kakhulu kangangokuthi akungabazeki ngecala lommangalelwa. Yindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi emthethweni, eqinile kakhulu kune “ubufakazi” obusetshenziswa ezicaleni zomphakathi. Lesi sigqebhezana siveza imiphumela engathi sína yecala lobugebengu.

Inhlanganiso

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso esilungile samacala, ilungelo lokulalela, ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko, nokungathethelelwa ngokungakhethi. Ukwephulwa kwenqubo efanele kungaholela ekushintsheni ekudluliseni.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa Kuyo Yonke Lenqubo

UMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States unikeza abantu ababhekene namacala obugebengu isivikelo esiningi:

  • [ Akulutho elulekweni – Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesithupha, abamangalelwa banelungelo kummeli kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi. Uma bengakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Akwesokudla sokuhlala uthule – Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ekuzichaseni. Abalweli bangakhetha ukungafakazeli, futhi umshushisi akakwazi ukusho ukuthi bathi thule.
  • Ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo[ - - Ulibaziseko lungakucwasa ukuzivikela, ngakho isiHlanzi sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo. Ukwephuza okungenangqondo kungaphumela ekuxoshweni.
  • Ilungelo lokuhlasela oFakazi [ - Abalweli bangahlangana nofakazi abathwele i-examine futhi baphikise ukwethenjelwa kwabo.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwe-Reopardy - Uke walahlwa ngecala (noma walahlwa) ngenxa yecala, uhulumeni ngeke aphinde athethele ummangalelwa ngecala elifanayo.

La malungelo awaphelele; angakhishwa ngokuzithandela nangokwazi, kodwa izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela abawalahlayo ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi aqotho.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Inqubo ayiqedi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho begwetshwa. Abalweli abakholelwa ukuthi amaphutha awenakele icala labo bangadlulisa isifuba enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigxila ezindabeni zomthetho, hhayi eqinisweni − ukubheka umlando wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kubonwe ukuthi umahluleli wenza amaphutha athinta umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa ukuvuma okungafanele, iziyalezo ezinamaphutha, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, noma usizo lwezeluleko olungaphumeleli.

Uma isikhalo sehluleka, ummangalelwa angase afune usizo lwangemva kokukhipha izicelo ze-habeas corpus enkantolo kahulumeni, ephikisa ngokuthi ukuboshwa kwabo kuphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. La makhambi alinganiselwe futhi angayinkimbinkimbi, kodwa anikeza elinye ikhasi lokuphepha elimelene nezinkolelo ezingalungile.

Indima Yabaphethe Enqubweni Yesigebengu

Abadlali abaningana abayinhloko baqhuba umshini wokwahlulela owephula umthetho:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuphoqelela – i-Pinicedges ubugebengu futhi yenza ukubopha.
  • Abacuphi - - imeleli kazwelonke, inqume ukumangalelwa, futhi idlulise icala enkantolo.
  • [ I-Attorneys - Ummeleli womangalelwa, uvikela amalungelo, futhi ubekela icala likahulumeni inselele.
  • [ Izahluleli - - Ukuqinisekisa izinqubo zomthetho kuyalandelwa, ukubusa ngemida, nokuphoqa imisho.
  • [ I-Juries[ - Isebenza njengabatholi beqiniso enkantolo yamajaji, inikeza izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
  • [ - - Inikeza ubufakazi nemiphumela; amalungelo abo avikelwe ngemithetho enjengemithetho ethi Amalungelo oMthethweni we-Crime.

Ukuqonda imidlalo ephakathi kwalabadlali kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho wobugebengu.

Isiphetho

Uhambo olusuka ekumangaleleni komthetho owenziwe ngomthetho luyinkimbinkimbi, lusekelwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko elingokomthetho nangokomthetho-sisekelo. Isigaba ngasinye (‘uphenya, ukuboshwa, ukuhlasela, ukuthatha isigwebo, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa) lufeza indima ebalulekile ekulinganiseleni izithakazelo zobulungisa, ukulondeka komphakathi, namalungelo omthetho. Ngokuqonda lenqubo, abafundi bomthetho nabafundisi bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani, lapho imicimbi ikhona, futhi inguquko ingaqinisa kanjani ukulandisa nokulunga. Ukuze ufunde, thintane [[FLT] [FF: 0] [4] [f] [f] neSibonelo seSimendo seSimendo somthetho] i-octive Informationations .[FFod org.[5]