Table of Contents
Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Olawula Umthetho Wokuthutha
Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States uwumthetho-mthetho wesizwe omdala kunayo yonke ekhona. Amalungiselelo awo, ukulungisa, nezimiso eziyisisekelo ziye zadala izakhiwo ezingokomthetho okuphikiswa ngazo umthetho wokufuduka, ukumiswa, nokuphikiswana ngazo. Kusukela ekuqalisweni kwemvelo kokuqala kusuka eNkantolo Ephakeme yangawo-1790 kuya ezinqumweni zegunya lobuphathisi bemingcele, lomthetho-mthetho uye waqondisa ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho wemithetho ehlangene ngayo nemithetho yokufuduka kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungani imizamo ethile yenguquko iphumelela kuyilapho eminye isebenza eqenjini lokulawula imingcele noma i-provition transfer.
Isimiso soku-inmigration sisendaweni engavamile eMthethweni waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo awuchazi ilungelo lokungena noma lokuhlala e-United States kubantu abangahlali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza bonke abantu abakhona ensimini yase-U.S., kuhlanganise nalabo abangena ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukucindezela kuyaqhubeka kuqhube izinselele zenkantolo, ukubusa, nempikiswano yokuhlanganisa.
Isisekelo Semibhalo Segunya Lokuhlanganisa
Ukubizwa KukaClaus Nokubusa Kwangaphambili Komthetho - sisekelo
ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 8 soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza amandla okumisa umthetho ofanayo wemvelo. Lomusho wawuphakathi kwemibuso ebalayo eyahlukanisa uhulumeni omusha neZihloko zeConfederation ezihloniphekile. Phakathi nenkathi yokusungulwa, uKhongolo-bumba wasebenzisa lamandla ngokushesha ngokudlulisa uMthetho weSigqizo se-Naturation ka-1790, owavumela noma yimuphi umuntu omhlophe okhululekile onobuntu obuhle ukuba abe isakhamuzi ngemva kweminyaka emibili yokuhlala. Umthetho uhlanganisa no-Mozaltation noma i-Classias, owavumela i-Campress ukuba ibeke imingcele yokuthunyelwa kwezigqila ngemva kuka-18808, ebonisa ukuthi izintambo zokulawula ukuhlanganisa abantu ezinhlalweni zokuqala zeRiphabliki.
Ibhizinisi LikaClaus Nokukhula Kwamandla Kahulumeni
ICommerce Claus itolikwa futhi ukusekela igunya likahulumeni ekufudukeni. Ngekhulu leshumi elinethoba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi umthetho wokufuduka uphakathi kwegunya elikhethekile likahulumeni womhlaba wonke kwezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe. Lesi simiso samiswa nge-Asses eziPhakepheni futhi kamuva sacwengisiswa iChy Lung v. Freeman, lapho iNkantolo yeNkantolo yashaya khona imithetho kahulumeni eyayibeka intela ephambili ekufikeni kwabantu abafuduki. Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso ethile ayinakukwazi ukumisa imigoqo yayo siqu yokufuduka, njengoba imisebenzi enjalo iphazamisana amandla okulawula ezohwebo nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe.
Imfundiso Yamandla Abalulekile
Kuyo yonke ikhulu leshumi namashumi amabili namashumi amabili, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasungula imfundiso yamandla afanayo ephethe umthetho wasekhaya, ephethe ukuthi uKhongolose negatsha eliphetheyo cishe banegunya elingenamkhawulo ekuvulweni, ukukhishwa, nokususwa kwezindawo ezingekho. Imfundiso yakhiwa ngomqondo wokuthi ukulawulwa kwezokufuduka kungumthetho wezwe, ukungazithobi kwemithetho engokomthetho ebusayo. UChae Chan Ping v. United States, i-Exclusion Case, iNkamper, isekela igunya likahulumeni lokukhipha izisebenzi zaseChina ngisho nakuba uHulumeni ngaphambili ukuvumela ukuba zingene. Lokhu kusungulwe isivumelwano futhi kushintshe imithetho yabantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo ezimiso. I-PLT. Igunya le process iyaqhubeka nokulawula ukubusa kwezeleleka, nakuba kusekwethulwa kwezena, inqubo yomthetho yesikhashana, ikakhulukazi, lapho ivumela khona imvume engcono kakhulu ngaphansi kwesimiso.
Inqubo Efanele Namalungelo Abantu Abangahlali
ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nezivikelo Zemvelo
ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu ozophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi lesisivikelo sidlulela kubo bonke abantu abase-United States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakwisikhundla sabo sokufuduka. Wang Wing v. United States, iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi abantu abangakholeki ababhekene nesijeziso sobugebengu ngenxa yokuphulwa kwezindawo zokufuduka kumelwe bamukele isivikelo esifanayo njengezakhamuzi ezisesahlulelweni sokuphatha icala. Isinqumo saveza umugqa ocacile phakathi kokususwa kwecala, lapho uhulumeni unenkululeko eyengeziwe, futhi ubugebengu, lapho isivikelo semithetho yemithetho engenakuncitshiswa ngenxa nje yokuthi ummangali ongekho.
Inqubo efanele iyasebenza futhi ezakhamuzini ezisemthethweni ezifaka engozini yokudingiswa. INS v. St. Cylr, iNkantolo ivumela ezinye izizelele ukuba zibeke inselele iziqondiso zokususwa kwemithetho yokufuduka ngoba ukusebenza okusebenzayo komthetho wokufuduka kungaphula inqubo emisiwe. Icala lagcizelela umqondo wokuthi ngisho noma uMkhandlu usebenza phakathi kwamandla awo okufuduka, awunakuqeda iziqinisekiso eziyisisekelo zemithetho yemvelo ngaphandle kokwephula imithetho engokomthetho.
Inqubo Efanele Nokungakunaki Ukungahlali
Ukuvalelwa ejele okuhlobene nokukhishwa kwejele kuphakamisa eminye yemibuzo yenqubo efunwa kakhulu emthetho wanamuhla. uZadvyas v. Davis, iNkantolo yacabangela ukuthi uhulumeni angagcina isigwebo esingesona esiphelele kodwa izwe lakhe elalenqaba ukumamukela. Inkantolo yaveza ukuthi izinyanga eziyisithupha zeposi-reval jele zazinengqondo, kodwa ijele laphakade ngaphandle kwethemba elingokoqobo lokususwa liyophula inqubo efanele. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka ubeka imingcele ngisho nasemongweni yezentengisweni yezentengiselwano. Nokho, izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zafinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngokuthi ukuvalelwa kwayo iziboshwa ngesikhathi sokususwa, kwakhanselela okuqhubekayo.
Isichibiyelo Sesithupha Nelungelo Lokweluleka Ezicaleni Ezingalawuleki
Igebe elibucayi lokuvikela komthetho-mthetho libonakala ekususweni kwemibandela. Isichibiyeli sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho emacaleni obugebengu, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ayikaqinisi isiqinisekiso sokususwa kwamacala abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, okungahlelwa njengezehlakalo zomphakathi. Abantu ababhekene nokudingiswa kumelwe baqinisekise ngezindleko zabo siqu zezeluleko ezingokomthetho. Leligebe elikhulu linemiphumela ephawulekayo, njengoba abafuduki ababoshiwe bengenakukwazi ukukhokha izinqubo zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi kuphela. ISishaya - mthetho siye sazama ukusingatha lokhu ngokuncishiniswa okulinganiselwe kwezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ngokomthetho, kodwa umbuzo ongokomthetho wokuthi inqubo emisiwe idinga iseluleko samaqembu athile angenazisulu ahlala ingaphenduli.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nezimiso Ezimelene Nezingxabano
Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo Nokuhlelwa Kwemvelaphi Yesizwe
I-Umeal Protection Claus eMthethweni weSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seSiphakamiso sezwe senqabela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ehlukanisayo ngesisekelo sohlanga noma sesizwe. Emongweni wokufuduka, lesi simiso sisebenza ngokuyinhloko endleleni imibuso ephatha ngayo abantu abangangeni ngokomthetho kakade abakhona. Isicelo esibaluleke kakhulu sangena Plyler v. Doe, lapho iNkanto ephakeme yashaya umthetho waseTexas owanqaba ukuxhasa imfundo yezingane ezingavunyelwanga ngokomthetho. INkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi isithakazelo esingokomthetho sokulahla imfundo esisekelwe esimweni sokufuduka, nokuthi ubandlululo lwalimaza ukuphila konke abantwana abangenamthetho ababengenakho ukulawula izenzo zabazali bazo.
Isinqumo Plyler silokhu siyisisekelo samalungelo abafuduki. Asenzanga ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokufuduka noma izinzuzo zomphakathi ngokuvamile, kodwa siveza ukuthi abaphathi abanakuhlukanisa izingane ezingabhaliwe ngenxa yokuphathwa ngokhahlo ngaphandle kokulunga okukhulu. Izinkantolo ezisezantsi zitolikele lokhu ukulinganisela imithetho kahulumeni evimbela abafundi ababhalwe emakholijini omphakathi noma ukufinyelela ezimisweni zempilo.
Isilinganiso sezwe se-Uncimence Protection Claus siye sakhulunyelwa futhi e-litigation. ku-Mateus v. Diaz, iNkantolo yasekela umthetho owenqaba ukuthi iMedica inezinzuzo ezingokomthetho kubantu abahlala eUnited States abahlala iminyaka emihlanu. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi i-Congress inenkululeko ebanzi yokukhetha ngokusekelwe ekuphambukeni ezimisweni ezingokwenzuzo zombuso kunokuba imibuso ibe nezinhlelo zayo. Lomehluko phakathi kwemiphakathi negunya likahulumeni uhlala usendaweni ekhuthele yokucandayo.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokwanda Okufanele Kwezakhamuzi
Isigwebo sokuqala seSichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka sinikeza ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe e-United States futhi abangaphansi kwegunya labo bayizakhamuzi. I-Citizenshi Claus yamiswa ngokuyinhloko ukuze igumbuqe .Dred Scott v. Sandford[ nokuqinisekisa ukuba nesizwe kwabantu ababekade begqilaziwe, kodwa ulimi lwabo luye lwahunyushwa kakhulu ukuze luhlanganise cishe wonke umuntu ozalelwe e-U.S. Inhlabathi. eUnited States v. Wong Kim Arks, iNkanto ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi umntwana ozalelwe eUnited States kusizwe esingumthetho wobuShayina obewakhishwe ngokusemthethweni yizakhamuzi. Indatshalo yeze yesizwe kuphela, i-Claviuskist, iyaqhubeka isigaba esithile sobudomast.
Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngobuzibulo ziye zaholela abanye abenzi bemithetho ukuba bafake umthetho noma iziyalezo zezikhulu ezivimbela ukuba izingane ezingabhaliwe zibe yizakhamuzi. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziyavuma ukuthi ukukhokha i-Calaus kungadinga ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho kunoma umthetho ovamile, onikezwa ulimi olucacile lweSichibiyelo seshumi nane nesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme esikhona isikhathi eside. Lendaba iyaqhubeka ibekwa icala ngokwezombangazwe kodwa ayivezanga inselele eqondile eNkantolo Ephakeme eyisisekelo.
Uhulumeni Nemingcele Yemithetho Evimbela Uhulumeni
Ukukhululeka Nokweqisa UClaus
I-Supremacy Claus imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho ophikisanayo wezwe. Kumongo wezokufuduka, lesi simiso sivimbela ukumisa izimiso zazo zokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo ezizophazamisana nesimiso sikahulumeni. Icala eliphambili yi-Arizona v. United States, eyahlola umthetho we-Arizona wale ndawo owadala ubugebengu bamazwe obukhona ezweni ngaphandle kwemvume futhi edinga izikhulu zomthetho ukuba zihlole izinga lokufuduka phakathi nesimiso somthetho sokuzimela indawo lapho kunqamuka inqubo. INkantolo Ephakeme yashaya phansi okuningi kwemilungiselelo kodwa yashiywa endaweni lapho izikhulu zibuza ngesimo sokufuduka, eyaziwa yaziwa njengelungiselelo lesimiso sokuhlukanisa ukubambisana kombuso nezimiso zezwezwe elizimele ekuzameni kwezwe lonke lokubusa kwezwe ekuzakhele ukubusa.
Amaphoyisa Kahulumeni Nemingcele Yawo
I-odol iphethe amaphoyisa okuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi, ukulawula imithetho yomthetho womthetho, nokuphoqelela. La mandla angathinta abantu abangakholeki ngandlela-thile, ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ungakwazi ukulawula ukufuduka. Imithetho yoMbuso ejezisa abaqashi abaqasha izisebenzi ezingagunyaziwe noma edinga ubufakazi bokuba khona ngokomthetho kwamaphepha-mvume abashayeli ngokuvamile ayakwazi ukumelana nezinselele uma engangqubuzani nomthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, amazwe awakwazi ukubeka izijeziso ezengeziwe ngokuba khona okungagunyaziwe ngaphandle kwalokho okunikezwa umthetho kahulumeni, ngoba lokho kungaphazamisa igunya lombuso elikhethekile lombuso ukuze agunyaze ukunqanda ukuviswa kwezindawo.
Ukubambisana Ekufudukeni
Kusukela ngo-1990, uhulumeni wezwe uye wandisa izinhlelo eziye zamisa imisebenzi ethile yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ezindawo ezithile nezokugcinwa komthetho wendawo. Ingxenye 287 (g) yomthetho wokuquliswa kwe-Immigration nomthetho we-Nationality Act ivumela unobhala weNguquko ukuba angene izivumelwano nombuso nezinhlangano zendawo. Uhlelo luye lwaveza inqubo ephindaphindwayo ukuthi abaphathi bezwe bayawedlula yini inani labameleli babo. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela iziqondiso zezinhlelo kodwa ziye zadinga ukuqeqeshwa nokuqondiswa okufaneleyo ukuze zigweme ukuphulwa kwenqubo ethile ezindaweni zendawo. Umthetho umthetho ulinganisela ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa kanjani izinga lokufuduka kwabantu abakhona ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Kuyi-Proviston, izikhulu zeze ukuthunyelwa kwezenzwe ngokuqondile.
Igunya Eliphethe Nezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuhamba Kuvimbela Amacala Nokwakhiwa Kuka - Claus
Umyalo wokulawula ukunqatshelwa kokuhamba wamazwe amaSulumane amaningi wabangela ukubekwa komthetho-mthetho phakathi nonyaka wokuqala we-Trump. Trump v. Hawaii, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela uhlelo lwesithathu lokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, isebenzisa indinganiso elinganiselwe yokuhlola ukuthi lomthetho uphule u-Clausce. UMahluleli uRoberts wabhala ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele ukuvikela kwesizwe sikahulumeni futhi azinakuthembela ezimpindabeni zomkhankaso zokuhlanganisa iziqulo ezingokwenkolo.
Isinqumo sahlukanisa iNkantolo. Abahluleli abaphikisanayo baphikisa ngokuthi iningi limise isithiyo esiphansi kakhulu sokubukeza isenzo sokuphatha esasibonakala siphazamisa iqembu elithile lenkolo. Icala lilokhu libalulekile ngoba libonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zivame ukuhoxa ekufuneni ukulondeka kwezwe ezindabeni zokufuduka, ngisho nalapho lokho kuvuma kuphikisana.
Izinhlelo Ezinesisekelo Nendlela Yokunakekela UClaus
Isimiso seDeferered Action for Childhood Accountings, esenziwe ngumphathi we-memorandum ngo-2012, inikeza impumuzo yesikhashana ekususweni nasekusebenzeni kwabafuduki abangabhalwanga ngemvume abafika besezingane. Uhlelo luye lwabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho eziphindaphindiwe. Ukususwa kwe Homeland Security v. URegents weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[[FLT] , iNkantolo ePhakathi likholelwa ukuthi umzamo womphathi wokubuyisela uhlelo ukwenziwa kwemithetho unephutha, kodwa akazange alawule uhlelo olungaphansi komthetho osemthethweni. Indaba yaqokomisa ukushukuma komthetho ophethe nemfuneko yemithetho engokomthetho ukuthi umongameli unakekela imithetho ekhishwe ngokwethembeka.
IDefered Action for Parents of American program, inkambiso efanayo kubazali abanabantwana, yavinjelwa inkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni ngezizathu zokuthi idlula igunya lokubusa. Indaba engokomthetho ihilela ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lingase limemezele izigaba zokungagunyazi okungalingani nokungagunyazi okungokwesiko. Izinhlelo ezimbili zibonisa imingcele engokomthetho yesimiso sokuthutha kwezezihambi ngisho nalapho i-Hulumeni ihluleka ukudlulisa inguquko ebanzi.
Ukukhishwa Komongameli Nomthetho Wokufuduka Nokuthatha Isinqumo Sesizwe
Abaholi banamagunya amakhulu ngaphansi kwe-Immignation and Nationality Act ukumisa ukungena kwezigaba zezithakazelo ezingahlangene nesizwe abazibona ziyingozi. Ingxenye 212 (f) iye yasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi zokuqondisa ukubeka imingcele yokungena esekelwe ezinkathazweni zezokuxhumana, eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, nakweminye imithetho yangaphandle. INkanto ePhakathi Ephakeme Trump v. Hawaii ikholelwa ukuthi leligunya lomthetho alibonakali uma lisetshenziswa ngenjongo esemthethweni yesizwe yokuvikela ubuso. Ilungiselelo elifanayo liye lasetshenziswa ekuqondiseni imingcele yamuva ekungeneni izimo zempilo phakathi nezimo ze-visa. Umthetho-mthetho-mgalelo-msmeom'insel'i ifaka inselele kulokhu kubhekise phambili ezinqinisweni, kusukela ekubukeni kweze isisekelo esihloniphe kakhulu.
Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo
Inqubo Efanele Ekudingisweni Okuhleliwe
Izinqubo zokususwa kwabantu ezihleliwe zivumela izikhulu ezithile ezifika emachwebeni zingangeni ngaphandle kokuzwa ngokugcwele phambi komahluleli wezokufuduka. Le nqubo yagunyazwa yiKhomishane ngo-1996 futhi yanwetshwa ngezindlela zokuphatha eminyakeni eyalandela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinqubo zokususa ngokuphandle ngendlela yazo yamanje ziphika inqubo enengqondo ngoba ukuzimisela kokuqala kusekelwe ebufakazini obulinganiselwe futhi akuyona isisekelo sokuzihlola kokwahlulela okuzimele.
Umbuzo womthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa ukuthi uhulumeni angasusa yini izikhalo ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwabantu abesaba ukushushiswa. Umthetho we-Immigration noNationality Act unikeza ukuthi abantu ababonisa ukwesaba okuqinisekile koshushiso kumelwe baqulwe phambi kwesikhulu sesikhoselo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalesosivikelo kuye kwahluka kakhulu emathekwini okungena nasemajele. Uhulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi ufeza zonke izimfuneko ezinjalo ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho, kuyilapho amaqembu abaphathi beqhubeka nokubhala imingcele yokungena kwabantu abachayeke ekuvimbeleni abantu abasengozini.
Izingane Ezingenabo Abantwana Nezibopho Zomthetho - sisekelo
Izinkulungwane zezingane ezingahambi ngenyembathisi zifika emngceleni oseningizimu unyaka ngamunye. I-Flores Settlement Agreement, isimemezelo semvume kahulumeni, ifuna ukuba izingane zibekwe esimisweni esinemingcele elinganiselwe kakhulu futhi ukuba kunikezwe ukuzwana kwesibopho kwezinye izingane ezivalelwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, igatsha eliphethe liye lazama ukulungisa indawo ukuze ivumele ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside. INkantolo Ephakeme ayidingi ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo udinga isibopho sezingane ekuboshweni kwezingane ezingeni elisemakhaya, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola inqubo efanelekile yokufuna izinqumo ezithile nezingozi zokubaleka. Impikiswano yemithetho yezokuvikela izingane kanye nenzalo kahulumeni ekuqinisekiseni ukususwa kwemiyalo.
Abafuni Be - asylum Nelungelo Lokufaka Isicelo Sokuvikelwa
Umthetho usungule uhlelo lwezikhundla zezomthetho oluhlanganisa izivikelo zokuvikela labo ababalekayo ngenxa yoshushiso ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, umbono wezombangazwe, noma ubulungu beqembu elithile lezenhlalo. UMthetho-sisekelo awufuni i-United States ukuba inikeze indawo yokukhosela, kodwa uma nje iSishaya - mthetho sidala isimiso, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba abafaki bezicelo bathole ithuba elifanele lokunikeza iziphakamiso zabo. Izikhulu zamuva ziye zabeka imithetho efuna abafuni besivikelo ukuba balinde eMexico ngesikhathi izicelo zabo ziphonswa, noma ukuthi ibhangelwa abantu abadlula kwelinye izwe ngaphandle kokufuna isivikelo. Izimiso ezingokomthetho ziye zanikezwa ithuba elikhulu, ngokufinyelela iziphetho ezinkantolo ezitheni ezihlukene ngokuthi zivumelana yini nezintambo ze-ogalogoastration ziklalwe ukuzisebenzisa.
Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezihlosiwe Nenguquko Yokwakha
Ukulinganisela Komthetho - sisekelo Phakathi KweSishaya - mthetho Nomongameli
Izimpikiswano eziningi zezimiso zokufuduka ekugcineni zinciphisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokunikezwa amandla afanele phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. ISishaya-mthetho siye samisa imithetho ebanzi yokufuduka, kodwa igatsha eliphethe linesizo oluqinile ngokugcinwa kwemithetho, ukuboshwa, nezinqumo zokukhishwa kwesigwebo. UMthetho-sisekelo unika iSishaya - mthetho amandla okuguqula imvelo kuKhongolo, kodwa umongameli uqhuba ubuhlobo bangaphandle futhi unegunya ngokukhishwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kukhiqizwa komthetho kuye kwabangela ukuphinda ukuphikisana phakathi kwamagatsha egunyeni legunya lezikhulu ukunikeza usizo ekususweni.
Ezinye izazi ziye zahlongoza ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kucaciswe ukulinganisela kwamandla phezu kwesimiso sokufuduka. Lezi zihlongozo zihlanganisa ukuchaza izimpawu zokubekwa kwemvelo ngokuqondile eMthethweni, ukumisa isilinganiso esicacile sokuvalelwa kwezisebenzi ezizimele, noma ukusungula isimiso esihlukile senkantolo yezokufuduka nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esifana naleso esisezinkantolo III. Akukho nasinye kulezi zihlongozo esiye sacatshangelwa kakhulu eKhondlu, kodwa zibonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sishiya indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yengxabano.
Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngokufanelekile Nokushintsha Okulindelekile
Abameli bokwenqabela ilungelo lobuzibulo baye bahlongoza umthetho ochaza kabusha ubuSizwe u-Claus ukuze bakhiphe izingane ezingabhaliwe. Ulimi lwezishayamthetho lungachaza ukubuswa kwe-United States ukuba lungahlanganisi labo abanabazali abangenayo i-mustical. Izazi ezinkulu zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ziphethe ukuthi umthetho onjalo uzoba yize ngaphansi uKim Ark[ ngaphandle kokuba ukhatshwe i-mendementment. I-rahimonement i-mentifice enjalo idinga ukuvunyelwa yizindlu ezimbili eziyisithathu zomthetho womthetho-Congresssions kanye nezintathu, umnyango ophakeme ongazange ungene ezingxabeni zanamuhla.
ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo Nokufuduka
I-Uncimence Rights Reformation yathathwa yiSishaya-Mpathiso sango-1971 kodwa ayizange ivunyelwe yizwe elidingekayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, imizamo emisha yokulungisa i-Aumetic Rights iye yaphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ingabe ukuguqulwa kungathinta isimiso sokufuduka uma sisebenza. I-ERA ingachazwa ukuthi inqabela ukuhlelwa kwezinzuzo ezisekelwe ebulilini, izabelo zemvume, noma ukugcinwa kwezinto eziza kuqala. Isimiso sokufuduka manje sihlanganisa izilinganiso zobulili ezisekelwe ezigabani ezithile ze-visa, futhi i-ERA cishe ifuna ukuba i-Hulumeni ithethelelwe noma yikuphi ukwehlukana okusekelwe ngobulili ngokulungako. Isimo somthetho se-ERA sihlala singenakulungiswa, kodwa ukumiswa kwaso okungase kuqalwe yizazi ezingokomthetho.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nomklamo Womthetho - sisekelo
I-United States ayiyona ehlukile ekubhekaneni nezinselele zomthetho-mthetho olawula ukufuduka namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni njengoCanada, i-Australia, kanye ne-European Union zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezinikeza izifundo ezingokwezimpikiswano zezimiso zaseMelika. I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms isebenza kubantu kulendawo futhi ihlanganisa amalungelo okuhamba avimbela amandla ezifundazwe okulinganisela ukufuduka kwangaphakathi. Ukuhlola kwe-Australia akuhlanganisi inqubo eqondile eqinisekisiwe, ukushiya abantu abangakhoni ngesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiphansi kune-United States. Isivumelwano se-European Union sihlanganisa amalungelo okuhamba ngenkululeko ezakhamuzi zayo nezindinganiso ezivamile ezibekwa ngaphansi kwegunyazwe leNkathi ye-Court of the European Union. Ukuhlola kokuvikela akusikiselwa kwemithetho yezomthetho womthetho ka-Fentientian kusikisela ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-ocensicticism kuhlala phambili njalo njalo, kodwa inciphisa izindleko eziphambili zemithetho ezingokomthetho ezicacile.
Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zaseMelika zibhekisela imikhuba yomthetho - sisekelo yakwamanye amazwe ezicabeni zokufuduka, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasho ukuthi izinqumo zakwamanye amazwe azisona isisekelo esilandelwayo sokuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States. Umkhuba wokucaphuna umthetho wakwamanye amazwe ezicabeni zomthetho - sisekelo usaphikisana nabejaji nezazi ezikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika kufanele isekelwe kuphela embhalweni nasemlandweni we - U.S. iNkantolo iye yagomela ukuthi imikhuba yakwamanye amazwe iwusizo kakhulu ekuqondeni incazelo ewusizo yezimiso ezihlukahlukene zomthetho kodwa ayizisi ngokuqondile incazelo yezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.
Isiphetho
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhlelo oluqinile kodwa oluphikiswayo lokusingatha izinselele zenqubo yokufuduka. Izimiso ezivamile zombhalo ziye zavumela isimiso somthetho ukuba sizivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo ngaphandle kokushintsha njalo, kodwa futhi ziye zabangela ukungaqiniseki okuqhubekayo ngemingcele yegunya likahulumeni phezu kwezindawo ezingekho ngqiqweni. Imfundiso yamandla e-endows Congress ekwazi ukumisa imithetho yokungena nokususa, kuyilapho inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo inikeza isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokulunga okungaphunyukiswa uhulumeni. Ukungavumelani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwalemiyalo mithetho yomthetho yemithetho yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko kuqhubekekawuchaza njengobuchwepheshe obusha, ukuguquguquka, izingcindezi ze-Platetic intervity Recesssss areaption i-oventination trantial enqamula imingceleni.
UMthetho-sisekelo awugunyazi noma iyiphi indlela ekhethekile yokufuduka, kodwa umisa indlela yokuklama okumelwe kukhethwe ngayo izinqubo. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe bahlale beqaphela izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho bephishekela izinyathelo ezithandwa kwezombangazwe, futhi abameleli bamalungelo abavela kwamanye amazwe kumelwe basekele iziphakamiso zabo ezisemthethweni ezisebenza kubo bonke abantu e-United States. Ikusasa lenkambiso yokufuduka yaseMelika liyoxhomeka ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi besizwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, umsebenzi uMthetho-sisekelo owawuklanyelwe ukusekela nokucindezela.