UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukwakha isisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika nesimiso sakhe somthetho. Uhlela isakhiwo, imisebenzi, nokulinganiselwa kukahulumeni, ufaka isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye namalungelo. Ngaphezu kwencwadi engokomlando, uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka uyisimiso esiphilayo esiqondisa wonke amagatsha kahulumeni, umthetho omisiwe, futhi uvikela inkululeko yezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda indima yawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela uhulumeni wase-U.S. uhulumeni osebenza ngayo futhi ulawula ngayo.

Umlando Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wabuthelwa ngo-1787 phakathi noMhlangano wePhiladelphia, ukuqoqwa kwezihambeli ezivela ezifundeni eziyishumi nambili (iRhode Island akuzange kube khona). Abaqondisi bemithetho ehloselwe ukusingatha ubuthakathaka beZihlokwana zeConfederation, ezazidale ukuhlangana kwemibuso ngaphandle kwegunya elinamandla. Ngaphansi kweZibonelo, uhulumeni wesizwe wawungeke ukwazi ukukhokha izintela zezentengo, noma ubeke imithetho ephoqeshayo, eholela ekuntengantengantengisweni kwezomnotho nokungalondeki kwezizwe zonke. UShays's's's Waqululisa isidingo sikahulumeni onamandla kakhulu wombuso onamandla okwaziyo ukugcina imvume nobunye.

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando eziholela eMthethweni zihlanganisa:

  • INguquko yaseMelika — Umzabalazo wokuzimela eBrithani wafaka isifiso esijulile sokuzilawula nokuvikela ekucindezeleni.
  • Izihloko zeNhloko-nqumo — zatholwa ngo-1781, lomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe wokuqala wabonakala ubuthakathaka kakhulu, ushiye uhulumeni ophakathi ungaphumeleli.
  • Isidingo sikaHulumeni we-Stroumater Federal — Izinkinga zezomnotho, izingxabano zezohwebo phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezinxushunxushu zangaphakathi zabangela ukuba kube nomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo.
  • Umbambeli noMxube we-Anti-Federalist Impikiswano — Ukukhishwa kwemisebe kwavusa izingxoxo ezinamandla ngokulingana kwegunya, okuholela esithembisweni seBhili lamaLungelo.

I-Constitution ye-Constitution ngokwayo yayiwuchungechunge lokuhlehliswa. Izihambeli zaphikisana ngokumelelwa (ukukhokelwa kweSishaya-mthetho Omkhulu ekwakheni isishayamthetho esiqinile), ukubalwa kwabantu abagqilazwe intela kanye nokumelelwa (iziNkathi Ezintathu ezihlanu zokuhlehla), nomthetho wezentengiselwano. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezine zokuzihlola, uMthetho-sisekelo wasayinwa ngoSeptember 17, 1787, futhi wathunyelwa ezizweni ukuze kuthathwe imvume yokukhokhwazwa. Kwaqala ukusebenza ngoMarch 4, 17899, ngemva kokuba izifundazwe ezingu-9 zigunyazile. I-Bill of Rights, i-andmentations zokuqala eziyishumi, zanezelwa ekhelisweni le-Antifera, kwaqala e-Feda, kwa-1911111, kubhekiselwa ekhelisweni kwenkulumo ye-Antifera ngo-Feda

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa isiqalo, izihloko eziyisikhombisa, kanye nezingu-77. Ingxenye ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile ekuchazeni uhlaka lukahulumeni, futhi ukufisha kwephepha (amagama angu-4 500) kuphikisa ithonya lalo elinamandla. Isakhiwo simisa irepublic kahulumeni ehlukanisa imibuso, sivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu.

Isandulela

Isandulela saqala uMthetho-sisekelo futhi sisho injongo yawo, kusukela ngenkulumo edumile ethi, “Thina bantu.” Igcizelela izimiso zedemokrasi nokubaluleka koku“misa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukulungiselela isivikelo esifanayo, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile, nokuthola izibusiso zenkululeko kithi ngokwethu nezizukulwane zethu.” Nakuba isiqalo singaniki mibuso ethile eqondile, simisa isisekelo sefilosofi sayo yonke incwadi futhi siye sakhonjwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze sichaze imigomo ebanzi yomthetho-mthetho.

Izihloko

Isihloko ngasinye siveza igatsha noma umsebenzi othile onamandla athile nokulinganiselwa okuthile.

  • Article I: Igatsha elinomthetho — Isungula i-bidamaral Congress (Indlu Yabameleli Nendlu) futhi ibala amandla ayo, kuhlanganise nentela, ukuboleka, umthetho wezentengiselwano zezwe, nokukhipha impi. Ihlanganisa futhi i-IRomative , evumela ukuba imithetho edingekayo ukuze kugezwe amandla ayo ahlukene.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article II: Igatsha eliphethe — amandla e-Vests kuMongameli, omisa imithetho, oyala amabutho, omisa izikhulu, noqhuba izingxoxo. Linikeza i-Electoral College, isifungo somongameli, nezinqubo zokuzihlela.
  • Article III: Igatsha Lokwahlulela — Imisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba usungule izinkantolo eziphansi. Ichaza igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa ngecala ngejaji ezinkantolo zobugebengu.
  • Article IV: i-United States’s Power and Milimitas — ama-acres ahlangene phakathi kwezizwe, adinga ukholo olugcwele nodumo lwezenzo zomunye nomunye, ukuthengiselana, nokuvikela ekuhlaseleni. Iphinde ivume futhi izifunda ezintsha futhi iqinisekise uhlobo lukahulumeni weRepublic.
  • Article V: Inqubo yeSichibiyelo — ichaza indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ongalungiswa ngayo, udinga iningi eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu (noma umhlangano wezwe) kanye nokucwengisiswa ngezingxenye ezintathu ezine zezifunda. Lenqubo ehlelwe kahle ivumela umbhalo ukuba uzenzeke ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uvumelana okukhulu.
  • Article VI: Federal Powers and Supremacy — imisa uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nezivumelwano ‘ njengoMthetho wezwe owedlulayo,” owenqaba imithetho kahulumeni ephikisanayo. Kufuna futhi ukuba zonke izikhulu zifumbe isifungo sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo futhi zenqabe ukuhlolwa kwezenkolo.
  • Article VII: Ukuhlanganisa — isho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uzakusebenza ngemva kokugudluzwa ngezifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi nantathu, udlulise ukungalingani okufunekayo ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zoMcimbi.

Iziphendu

UMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-7, uvumela ukuba ushintshe ngokushintsha izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nezidingo. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, iqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko enjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukucindezela, inkolo, umhlangano, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, ukuvikela ukuphehlwa okungacabangeleki nokuqubuka, nelungelo lokubhekana nokuvivinywa okulungile. Kamuva ukulungisa ukudingiswa okujulile: ukuqedwa kobugqila (13th), isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho (14th), amalungelo okuvotela amadoda aseAfrika (15th) nabesifazane (19) kanye nokuncishiswa kwenkathi yokuvota, kanye nokuncishiswa kokuvikelwa kwenkathi yokumiswa kwecala (26). Inqubo yokugcina inqubo i-Constitution iqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala ikulungele ukusabela kubantu ngaphandle kokuthathela inkanuko kwezombangazwe.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo wakhiwe ngezimiso eziningana eziyinhloko ezibumba uhulumeni futhi zichaze ubuhlobo bawo nezakhamuzi. Lezizimiso aziqanjiwe nje; zisetshenziswa ngezakhiwo ezithile nezinqubo eziye zahlala zikhona amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

  • Ubukhosi obuPhakathi
  • [[Ukwehlukana] Ukwahlukanisa Amandla [[[QUL:1]
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isikhombo kanye nokulinganiswa[[Umthetho:1]
  • Federalism[
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukubukeza kwe-Judicial[[UMTL:1]
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhulumeni ohlangene[[[UMTL:1]

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Lesimiso sigomela ngokuthi uhulumeni uthola amandla akhe emvumeni yababuswayo. Igcizelela ukuthi igunya likahulumeni linikezwa abantu, abangenza abaholi balandise ngokhetho nangokuhlanganyela. Amazwi athi “Thina bantu” esethulweni sihlanganisa lomqondo. Ubukhosi obuthandwayo busekela futhi inqubo yentando yeningi: abameleli abakhethiwe, abavoti ekulungiseni iziphakamiso (ngokuqondile ngezishayano zikahulumeni), futhi banganxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene", i-gasmedia, isikhulu, neyahlulelo. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukene yokuvimbela ukubekwa kwegunya. Igatsha lemithetho (i-Conferent) lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe (umholi) liyawuphoqelela, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela (izikhombo) liyawuchaza. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqiniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha (ukukhipha iSishaya-Hulumeni noMongameli, ukumisa ukuphila kwabahluleli bakahulumeni) kanye nemibandela ehlukene yehhovisi, kunciphisa ingozi engenziwa igatsha elilodwa libuse ezinye.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela amandla abanye, ligcine uhulumeni olinganiselayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa uKhongolo-mkhandlu ungawuqeda lowo nyaka kanye neningi eliyizintathu kuzo zombili izindlu. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano. INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. ISishaya-Nkathilo singayikhipha uMongameli nabahluleli abaphethe. Lolu lwembumba oluyinkimbinkimbi lweziphathimandla ezihlala ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho lungabambisana futhi luyekelela, luvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ukuba lingasebenzi ngokuzinye.

Ubumbano

Federalism ibhekisele ekuhlukaneni kwegunya phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo uhlela amagunya akhethekile aphathiswe uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni (jengesibonelo, ukuqongelela imali, ukumisa impi, ukuqondisa ibhizinisi lesifundazwe) kuyilapho ugcine wonke amanye amagunya ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Lokhu kubusa okubili kuvumela ukulinga nokusabela kwendawo, njengoba imibuso ingavumelanisa izimo zayo eziyingqayizivele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulinganisela kwemithetho yombuso wezwe kuye kwashintsha, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenkathi ye-New projectal ne-recumentmentovin Rights, kodwa isimiso sisalokhu sisengxenye enkulu ye-U.S.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Lesi simiso sivumela ikomiti yamajaji ukuba ichaze uMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho engasebenzi ephikisana nawo. Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwamiswa ecaleni eliwuphawu Marbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall aqinisekisa khona amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuqeda umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. I-jajijikijelo liyisici esibucayi sendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela, inikeza izinkantolo inkulumo yokugcina ngemibuzo engokomthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho nezenzo zezikhulu zihlala emithethweni engokomthetho, ivikela amalungelo amancane ngokumelene neningi.

Uhulumeni Olinganiselwe

UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uwumngcele embusweni kahulumeni. Ngokuhlela imibuso kahulumeni, ukuhlukanisa amagatsha, nokuqinisekisa amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, ukha uhulumeni ongenza phakathi kwemingcele ecacile. ISichibiyelo se-Ganda sigcizelela ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile akuwaphikisi amanye agcinwe ngabantu, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi seSichibiyelo esingagunyazwanga emibusoni. Uhulumeni olinganiselwe uvimbela ubushiqela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya aliphelele.

Umphumela Womthetho - sisekelo Kuhulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo unethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni wase-U.S. namalungelo ezakhamuzi zawo. Usebenza njengencwadi ephilayo evumelana nezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi ngokuguqula nokuchaza kokwahlulela. Ithonya lawo lidlulela ngalé kwezinga likahulumeni, imithetho-sisekelo yombuso elungisayo, ohulumeni bendawo, ngisho nemibono yomhlaba wonke yentando yeningi.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

I-Bill of Rights iqinisekisa inkululeko ebalulekile njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. La malungelo avikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni futhi aqinisekisa umphakathi wentando yeningi lapho kungaboniswa khona imibono ehlukahlukene. Ngokulandela iziqondiso ezengeziwe kubantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili, abesifazane, namanye amaqembu, anwebe kancane kancane isigaba samalungelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iBill of Rights isivikelo ezindaweni ngeSikhungo se-Grandmentation’s Intellitementment Claus, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Complion, iqinisekisa isivikelo seyunifomu ezweni lonke.

Umsebenzi Wokwenza Imithetho

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa inqubo yomthetho, ukhomba indlela eyakhiwe ngayo, iphikiswana, futhi ibekwa ngayo. ISiphakamiso Ngisho ukuthi zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu kumelwe zidlulise umthetho ngendlela efanayo futhi uwunike uMongameli ukuze uvume (noma iveto). Lenqubo yamabomu iqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi icatshangelwa, futhi lomthetho uveza ukuvumelana okukhulu. Umthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele ekubekweni komthetho: Ingqungqungquthela ayinakudlulisa imithetho yeposi, izikweleti ze-aschemes, noma i-habeas corpus (ngaphandle kwezenzo zokuhlubuka noma ukuhlasela). Lesimiso somthetho silondoloza umthetho futhi ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Isiqondiso Sokubusa

Izikhulu zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ziqondiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo ezinsukwini zazo nasezinqumweni. Kuyikhomba ekuchazeni umthetho, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nezimiso zikahulumeni. UMongameli ufunga ukuthi “uvikela, uvikela, futhi uvikela uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States,” futhi bonke abahluleli bawuboshelwe yiwo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo somthetho wokulawula nesimiso sikahulumeni, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya eligunyawe. Uma kuphakama izinkantolo zincike embhalweni wemithetho yezomthetho kanye nesibonelo sokuzixazulula.

Izinselele Nezincazelo Zanamuhla

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uye wanikeza ukubusa okuzinzile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 230, ubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha. Izinkinga ezinjengokugada kweze-athom, ukuqapha, ukuhlola izimali, namandla okulawula phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zivivinya ukuvumelana kwencwadi. INkantolo Ephakeme ifeza indima eyinhloko ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze uqonde ubuchwepheshe obusha nemithetho yezenhlalakahle. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphendulo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo kuye kwanwetshwa emakhalekhukhwini nasemisweni yemishini. Ilungelo leSiphendulo Sesibili lokuphatha izikhali liye lachazwa ngokomo wemithetho yanamuhla yemithetho yezikhali. Lezi zincazelo ezishintshayo zibonisa ukuqina komthetho womthetho-mthetho nomthetho.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo ufeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni uhulumeni wase-U.S. futhi ulondoloze amalungelo ezakhamuzi zawo. Izimiso zawo zokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuhlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, ukuhlola ukwahlulela, nohulumeni olinganiselwe ziyaqhubeka zithonya isizwe namuhla, ziqinisekisa uhulumeni olandisa kubantu. Njengoba umthetho ophakeme wezwe, unikeza isimiso esiqinile sokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela inkululeko, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yolwazi (*) okubalulekile ekutholeni izakhamuzi futhi kulondoloze izinhlangano zentando yeningi eziye zahlala cishe amakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo nencazelo, kubhekisa e-' i-National Archives, iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe[, kanye ne- Isikhungo solwazi eCornell Law School.