Umlando Womthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe netshe eliqinile lokubusa kwaseMelika. Ukuze umuntu aqonde ngokugcwele umklamo walo, kumelwe aqale aqonde izinselele ezinkulu isizwe esincane esabhekana nazo ngemva kweMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ibhukwana lokuqala elibusayo, Artticles of Confederation[, lakha ukuncitshiswa kwemibuso eqinile ngohulumeni onamandla.

Uhulumeni ophethe iZihloko wawungenawo amandla okukhokha intela, ukulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, noma ukuphakamisa ibutho lesizwe. Awukwazanga ukuphoqelela imithetho yawo noma ukuphoqelela amazwe ukuba avumelane nezivumelwano. Umphumela waba yisiyaluyalu sezomnotho, ukungalawuleki kwezinhlangano zangaphakathi, nezinxushunxushu. Izishaya-mthetho zenza izimvume zemali, zamisa imigoqo yokuhwebelana, futhi zazivame ukushaya indiva izicelo zemali zesizwe zemali. Maphakathi nawo-1780, ibhukwili entsha yayilokhu ikhomba ekuwohlokeni.

Iphuzu elibi lafika ’Shays’s Regation ngo1786-1787. Abalimi baseMassachusetts, ababethweswe isikweletu esicinezelwe nentela kahulumeni enzima, bathatha izikhali zokuvala iziteshi zenkantolo futhi bavimbele ukuvinjelwa. Uhulumeni wesizwe wawungenamandla okunqanda ukuvukela; wawungenabutho futhi ungenamali yokuphakamisa enye. Lokhu kuvukela kwaqedwa yizikhungo zikahulumeni ezikhokhelwa ngasese, kodwa kwabangela ukuba kuphinde kuphele kuphele izikhulu zezombangazwe. Abaholi abanjengoJames Magday Magday, u-Alek Hamine, noGeorge Washington baqaphela ukuthi izihloko zazingathathelwa indawo yemithetho eqinile.

Ekuphenduleni, i- Concitutional Convention yahlangana ePhiladelphia ngoMay 1787. Izihambeli ezivela ezifundeni eziyishumi nambili (Isiqhingi seRhode zanqaba ukuhlanganyela) zachitha izinyanga ezine ziminyanisa isakhiwo esisha sikahulumeni. Ibhukwana elaphumela kulo kwakuyizinhloko eziphambili zokuhlehlisa ezazilinganisela izithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane, enyakatho naseningizimu, kanye nabasekeli begunya elinamandla eliphakathi nalabo ababesaba. Umthetho wasayinwa ngo-September 17, 1787, futhi ngemva kwengxoxo enzima, yaba ngokuphumelelayo ngo-1789.

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nezikhungo Zokubusa

UMthetho-sisekelo wamisa ukwakheka kwezimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ukwahlukanisa kwemibuso kanye ne-"FLT] federalist[. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni wezwe ube ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo ekhethekile. Umbuso we-Federalism uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni, udala ubukhosi obumbaxababili. Lesimiso esimbaxambili sasiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici ukuba sibuthelekele amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi ugcine uhulumeni usondelene nabantu.

James Madison, ku-[QL:0] Umdwebi onguNo. 51, waphikisa ngokudume ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwakubalulekile ekulawuleni ukuxhashazwa kukahulumeni: “Uma abantu babeyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni obekungadingeka. Ukuba izingelosi bezingabusa abantu, noma ukulawula kwangaphandle noma kwangaphakathi kuhulumeni bekungadingeka. Ngakho - ke uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igatsha ngalinye ngezindlela zokumelana nokungenela kwabanye, kuyilapho futhi uzinika imithwalo yemfanelo ehlangeneyo.

Federalism, okwamanje, imiswa ngohlelo lwamandla athile oMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni wesizwe eSigabeni I, isiqephu 8, kanye nesabelo sawo wonke amanye amazwe ezwe ezweni iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo [. Lengxenye iye yaba umthombo wempikiswano eqhubekayo ne-ligitation, kodwa isalokhu isici esichazayo se-Melika ebusayo.

Isakhiwo Sikahulumeni Esimiswe Umthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: ISiphakamiso I

Abafaki be-flamens benza igatsha lemithetho laba yisihloko sokuqala nesakhelwe kakhulu soMthetho-sisekelo, bebonisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi uMkhandlu kufanele ube yigatsha eliphethe. ISiphakamiso Ikhandlu yomthetho i-bimear: Indlu yoBameleli [ ne [[FLT:] enkulu] [[FLT]] ISATE[[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [3]]. Lesakhiwo sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu (ezithandwa ngabantu) kanye namazwe amancane (okufuna umfuziselo olingana). Umphumela waba yi-[[FLT] [FLT: 5,], eyasungula indlu esekelwe kubantu abahlala abantu nezigeqekethene nezigebene ezimbili ezinamagesalelo.

UKhongolo-khandlu lunikezwa uhlu lwemibuso ebalayo, kuhlanganise namandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula intengiselwano ephakathi kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi yenza yonke imithetho “edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha lemibuso. i-Nacesary and Fact Claus (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi i-Ellastic Classias) iyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho wegunya likahulumeni ngesikhathi eside.

Izici eziyinhloko zegatsha lemithetho zihlanganisa:

  • Indlu yabameleli:[ Amalungu akhonza izisho zeminyaka emibili, ewenza alandise ngokuqondile kumalungu awo. Zonke izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele endluni.
  • I-Seneta: Amalungu akhonza izinqumo zeminyaka eyisithupha, ne-3-3 kukhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sigunyaza izivumelwano ngevoti emibili-mithathu. Izama futhi ukuphoqa.
  • [ Amandla okuhlela: Indlu inamandla okuphela kwezikhulu zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise noMongameli), kuyilapho iSigele sibamba icala futhi singasusa ngevoti eyisithathu.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Isihloko II

Igatsha eliphethe lisungulwe eSiphakamiso II. Ngemva kokuhlangenwe nakho kukahulumeni wesizwe obuthakathaka ngaphansi kweZihlokwana, abakhi be-flamers bakha umongameli oyedwa njengomphathi omkhulu, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhipha imithetho ngokwethembeka. UMongameli ukhethwa ngokungaqondile ngeKholiji ye-Electoral [[, inqubo ngokwayo eyayiwukuhlehlela phakathi kokhetho oluthandwayo nokhetho oluthandwayo lwe-Congress.

Imibuso kaMongameli ihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhonza NjengoMkhuzi Webutho Lamabutho
  • Ukuthethelela amacala kahulumeni (ngaphandle kwasemacaleni okungalungi)
  • Ukwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko nemvume yezigaba ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele)
  • Ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise amajaji, amanxusa, namalungu eKhabinethi (okunesiqinisekiso seSigele)
  • Ukusayina noma ukukhipha umthetho ophoqelelwe umiswa uMkhandlu

Umongameli ongumsekeli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele (ukubeka amavoti okuthatha isibopho) futhi ungowokuqala ohlwini lokulandelana. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukususwa kukaMongameli ngokunganaki nangokungagunyazi ngesiqinisekiso se- “Ingqondo, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nabadukisi.”

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: ISiphakamiso III

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlelwe eSiphakamiso III, isambatho samandla okwahlulela enkantolo eyodwa ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho ezingase zimiswe. UMthetho-sisekelo awusichazi inani lamahluleli; lelonani limiswe yiKhomishane (manje engu-9). Amajaji akhonza phakathi “nokuziphatha okuhle,” ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni, ngaphandle kokuba ungayifuni.

Igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni linwebela emacaleni aqulwa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwezindawo noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. Amandla abaluleke kakhulu ejaji ayizibukezi negunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba lingachazwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, leligunya lamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme .[[FLT:]] Marbury v. [183]]] [18]]

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlanganisa nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, njengezinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo) nezinkantolo zesifunda zezikhalo. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokuyinhloko ilawula ukuqulwa kwecala, amacala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma uhulumeni.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso se amashekethi namalinganisi iyinqubo igatsha ngalinye elingalinganisela ngayo amandla amanye. Akusiwo uhlaka oluhlukile kodwa luphothwe kulo lonke uMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa futhi uhulumeni usebenza ngokuvumelana nangokuhlehla.

Ukuhlola okukhulu kuhlanganisa:

  • Iziphetho ezisemthethweni kuGunyaziso: Izikhokelo zingayidlula i-veto kamongameli ngevoti ephindwe kabili-mithathu kuzo zombili izindlu. Ilawula uhlelo futhi ivumela ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano. Ingqungquthela ingasusa uMongameli futhi isuse izikhulu eziphethe.
  • Ihlola i-Exectives on the Legist: UMongameli angagunyaza umthetho weveto. UMongameli futhi unamandla okumisa noma ukufungisa iziKhongolo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile. Njengesikhulu esiyinhloko, uMongameli uthonya ukumiswa kwemithetho.
  • Ukuhlola kobujudicicia emagatsheni womabili: INkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi zingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa nguMongameli ngokungavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Nokho, amandla ejaji alinganiselwe ngeqiniso lokuthi alikwazi ukusungula izindaba; linganquma kuphela izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo ezilethwa phambi kwalo.
  • Itshebe kuyi-Judiciary: i-congress ingasiphula futhi isuse abahluleli bakahulumeni. ISishaya-mthetho singaveza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi inqume ukumiswa kwemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme. UMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa, sinikeza ithonya lezombangazwe phezu kokwakhiwa kwezinkantolo.

Lobu buciko obuyinkimbinkimbi bemibuso ehlalisanayo bubangela ukushuba okukhulu okuphoqelela amagatsha ukuba axoxisane futhi ahlehle. Njengoba uMadison abhala, “Ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisane nokufuna ukuvelela.”

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu phakathi nokunqandwa koMthetho-sisekelo yayiwukungabikho kwamalungelo. Abalwa no-Federalist babesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla uzonyathela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuze avikele inkululeko, abasekeli bathembisa ukunezela izivumelwano ezivikela inkululeko eqondile. Umphumela waba yi- Bhill of Rights [, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ezivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo, ezagunyazwa ngo-1791.

I - Imemb of Rights ibeka imingcele ecacile embusweni kahulumeni futhi iqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: sivikela inkululeko yenkolo, inkulumo, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nelungelo lokucela uhulumeni.
  • [[UMTH:0] Isichibiyeli esihlangene: uvikela ilungelo lokuphatha nokuphatha izingalo.
  • ISichibiyelo esiphindwe ka-Third:[ i-Pibit ehlanganisa amasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Isichibiyeli sesine:[ sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; sidinga izimvume ezisekelwe ekutheni kungenzeka.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: Siqinisekisa ukulahlwa okukhulu kwamajaji, sivikela engozini ephindwe kabili nasekuzichaseni, sidinga inqubo efanele, futhi sinqabela ukuthatha impahla yangasese ngaphandle kokukhokha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, ijaji elingakhethi, ukuphikisana kofakazi, kanye neseluleko.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu:[ Ilondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa amacala abahluleli ezinkantolo zomphakathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Ibheyili engaphezulu kakhulu, amafashini, nesijeziso sonya nesobunyoninco.
  • Isichibiyeli seNqanda: iqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lwamalungelo athile aluwaphiki noma luhluphi abanye abantu.
  • Isichibiyeli seTenteth:[ Iziqiwi aziphathiswanga i-United States ezifundazweni noma kubantu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yeBhili yamaLungelo ezifundazweni nge- shodie Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuthatha.” Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bahlonipha futhi lenkululeko eyisisekelo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Njengencwadi Ephilayo: Iziphendu Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

UMthetho-sisekelo wawuklanyelwe ukukhuthazela, kodwa abahleli bawo baqaphela isidingo soshintsho. ISiphakamiso V simisa inqubo yokulungisa, evumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ushintshele esizweni. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngevoti yama-3 ezindlu zombili zeziKhongolo noma ngomhlangano obizwa ama-patton amabili-3 ombuso. I-Ratiation idinga ukuvunyelwa yizindlu zomthetho ezintathu ezine noma imihlangano.

Kusukela ngo-1789, uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-27. Izivumelwano zokuqala eziyishumi (iSigqi Samalungelo) kwakuyisivumelwano esiyisisekelo. Ngokulandelayo ukubuyiselwa kuye kwandisa idemokrasi, kwaqeda ubugqila, nemibuso kahulumeni ecwengisisiwe. Ezinye zezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sesithathu (1865):[ safaka ubugqila obubodwa nobugqila obungahlosiwe.
  • Isichibiyeli se-14th (1868): Ichazwa ukuba isakhamuzi, iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho, futhi yandisa inqubo efanelekile ezenzweni zikahulumeni.
  • Isichibiyeli se15 (1870): Ukunqatshelwa kwamalungelo okuvota okusekelwe ngokohlanga, umbala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.
  • Isichibiyeli se19th (1920):[ Abesifazane bayavuma ilungelo lokuvota.
  • Isichibiyeli sesithathu (1971: sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota yaba ngu-18.

Ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezingokomthetho, uMthetho-sisekelo uye washintsha ngokuchaza , umthetho, nokusebenza. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme (]] imarbury v. Madison[[FLT]] [[FLT]3] [ukubukeza okungokwesiko], [[FLT:]]] [4] MCloch v. Maryland [[FT]] [ukuphakama], [[FLT]]] [FLT]] ububanzi, [[FLT]brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo , [i-[FLT], ne[FLT] [FLT][5] exmagence][9][5]) (intembembembembembembembe i-omthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukuyekethisa Okuyisihluthulelo Okwathonya Umthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo wawungeke ube khona ngaphandle kokuhlehla okuningana okugxekayo. Lezivumelwano zaxazulula ukungavumelani okukhulu phakathi kwezihambeli:

Ukuhlehla Okukhulu (Ukuhlehla Okungaxhunyiwe)

Izifunda ezinkulu zazifuna ukumelelwa kweSishaya-mthetho esisekelwe ehlalweni labantu (i-Virginia Plan); izifunda ezincane zazifuna ukumelelwa okufanayo (iSicwangciso SaseNew Jersey). Ukuyekethisa kwadala isishaya - mthetho se-bidamaral: Indlu yabameleli esekelwe kubantu, neSigele esimelela umbuso ngamunye ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kwanelisa kokubili futhi kuhlala kuyisici esiyisisekelo segatsha lemithetho.

Isithathu Sezinhlanu Siyahlehla

Izifunda zaseNingizimu zazifuna ukuba abantu abagqilaziwe babalwe njengezigqila (okungabanika izihlalo ezengeziwe endlini) kodwa hhayi zentela. Izifunda zaseNyakatho zaphikisa ngokuphambene. Ukuhlehla kwaba bathathu abagqilazwayo ngenxa yakho kokubili ukumelelwa kanye nentela. Lesisivumelwano esinyanyekayo ngokokuziphatha sanikeza amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuthatha imibuso futhi ekugcineni sashintshwa yiziNguquko zekhulu le-13 nele-14.

Ukuyekethisa Kwezentengiselwano Nezentengiselwano Zezigqila

Izifunda zaseNyakatho zafuna ukuba iSishaya - mthetho silawule ezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe neziphakathi kwezwe, kuhlanganise namandla okuvimbela ukungeniswa kwabantu abagqilazwayo. Imibuso yaseNingizimu yamelana. Ukuyekethisa kwanikeza iKhomishane amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano kodwa kwenqabela ukugxambukela ekuhwebeni ngezigqila iminyaka engu-20 (kuze kuphele ngo-18808). Ngempela, uMkhandlu wavimbela ukuthunyelwa kwabantu abagqilaziwe ngokushesha lapho ukuvinjelwa komthetho - sisekelo kuphela.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezwe: Ukulinganisela Amandla Ezwe NoMbuso

Isimiso sikahulumeni soMthetho-sisekelo besilokhu siyinkundla eshukumisayo futhi ephikiswayo. [ISiphakamiso sika-Claus] esiGungwini VI simisa uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano ‘ njengoMthetho wezwe oweqile,” obopha amajaji ombuso ukuba basekele ngisho noma imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni noma imithetho ixabana. Nokho, iSiphakamiso seshumi silondoloza ububanzi bamandla amaphoyisa emibuso, kuhlanganise negunya lemfundo, uhulumeni wendawo, impilo yomphakathi, nentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezwe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulingana kwegunya kuye kwashintsha. Inkathi yeNew Deal yabona ukwanda okukhulu kwegunya likahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Choomment Clause. Inhlangano yamaLungelo e-Civil Rights ithembele ekungeneleni kukahulumeni ekuchitheni ukuhlukaniswa kwezimo zikahulumeni. Muva nje, izimpikiswano ngokunakekela impilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, namalungelo okuvota ziye zavivinya imingcele yamandla esizwe nawamazwe. Umthetho-Constitution unikeza uhlelo lwale ngxoxo eqhubekayo.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nendima Yezinkantolo

Awekho amandla ejaji abaluleke kakhulu kune ukubukeza komthetho. [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison (103] [183]), uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wagomela ukuthi “kugcizelela isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho.” Lesinqumo samisa iNkantolo Ephakeme njengesiphendukusi sencazelo yomthetho-mthetho. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo iye yabukeza izinkulungwane zemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu, ishaya leyo eyithola ingawufuni umthetho.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye (umz., Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo ihlasela isigaba sesikole, ukuchaza izinga lamandla kahulumeni (umz., ] Mcloch v. Maryland iqinisekisa amandla ashiwoyo), nokuhlola ukuphambanisa impatho (umktho wesikole, [[FLT.4]] Intsha ehlohla i-mklot shown & Tube. v.w[FLT]] [FLT]]] inqubo ayiphikisangaphi nampikiswano, njengoba abagxeki kungasayinwa imithetho elawulayo. Kodwa kuhlala imithetho ye-Generalticism.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo Wamandla Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States wamisa uhlelo oluqinile noluvumelanayo lwemibuso kahulumeni osekungamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ngokuhlukanisa amagatsha amathathu, ukwakha isimiso sikahulumeni, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngeBhill of Rights, abakhi bebhukwana bakha ibhukwana elikwazi ukuqondisa isizwe ngoshintsho olujulile. Ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuzivumelanisa nokulungisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela liye lasivumela ukuba sikhule nezwe, kusukela eRepublic esanda kuzalwa kuya embulungeni yonke. Lihlala lingumthetho ophakeme wezwe nesisekelo okubusayo kweMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo kulezihloko, hlola ikopi yeSibonelo sesizwe soMthetho-sisekelo , uhlole [[FLT:]] i-FLT] Constitution Center enikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomlando nezokusebenza kwale mibhalo ephawulekayo.